WATER HEATING APPARATUS FOR CONTINUOUS HEATED WATER FLOW AND METHOD FOR USE IN HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

Abstract

A method of hydraulic fracturing of an oil producing formation includes the provision of a heating apparatus which is transportable and that has a vessel for containing water. A water stream of cool or cold water is transmitted from a source to a means for increasing the temperature of the cool or cold water, the cool or cold water stream being at ambient temperature. The means for increasing the temperature of the cool or cold water has an inlet that receives cool or cold water from the source and an outlet that enables a discharge of a mix of cool or cold water and the hot water. After mixing in the means for increasing the temperature of the cool or cold water, the water assumes a temperature that is suitable for mixing with chemicals that are used in the fracturing process, such as a temperature of about 40°-120° F.+ (4.4° - 48.9° C.+). An outlet discharges a mix of the cool or cold and hot water to tanks. In the mixing tanks, a proppant and an optional selected chemical or chemicals are added to the water which has been warmed. From the tanks, the water with proppant and optional chemicals is injected into the well for part of the hydraulic fracturing operation.

Claims

1-101. (canceled)

102. A method of fracturing an oil and/or gas producing formation, comprising the steps of: a) providing a heating apparatus for heating fluid to a temperature of at least about 40° F. (4.4° C.); b) transmitting a stream of cool or cold fluid to a means for increasing the temperature of the cool or cold fluid, the cool or cold fluid stream being at a temperature of less than a predetermined target temperature; c) the means for increasing the temperature of the cool or cold fluid having a first inlet that receives cool or cold fluid from the stream of step “b” and a first outlet that enables discharge of a substantially continuous stream of fluid; d) the means for increasing the temperature of the cool or cold fluid having a second inlet that enables heated fluid to enter the manifold; e) adding heated fluid from the heating apparatus of step “a” to the means for increasing the temperature of the cool or cold fluid via the second inlet; f) wherein the fluid is heated in the heating apparatus before any fracing chemicals are added to the fluid; g) wherein the heating apparatus has a heating capacity to add at least 15° F. to the fluid at a flow rate of about 20 barrels per minute of fluid discharged from the first outlet; “e”; h) wherein the volume of fluid of step “b” is much greater than the volume of fluid of step i) pumping the fluid exiting the first outlet of the means for increasing the temperature of the cool or cold fluid into a formation producing at least one of oil and gas; j) wherein the fluid of step “i” includes a proppant when pumped into the formation and is pumped into the formation until the formation fractures; and k) wherein fluid flows substantially continuously from the first inlet to the first outlet during the method, and wherein the fluid exiting the first outlet of the means for increasing the temperature of the cool or cold fluid flows at a rate of at least 20 barrels per minute into the formation.

103. The method of claim 102, wherein the heating apparatus is a wheeled vehicle.

104. The method of claim 102, wherein the fluid exiting the first outlet of the means for increasing the temperature of the cool or cold fluid flows at a rate of at least 30 barrels per minute into the formation.

105. The method of claim 102, wherein the cool or cold fluid stream has a temperature of between about 33 and 80° F. (0.6 and 27° C.).

106. The method of claim 102, wherein the means for increasing the temperature of the cool or cold fluid has a tubular body with a bore.

107. The method of claim 102, wherein the heated fluid is water.

108. The method of claim 102, wherein the means for increasing the temperature of the cool or cold fluid comprises a bore and a lip that extends into the bore to partially block flow and to create additional turbulence in the bore.

109. A method of fracturing an oil and/or gas producing formation, comprising the steps of: a) providing a heating apparatus for heating fluid to a temperature of at least about 40° F. (4.4° C.); b) receiving a stream of cool or cold fluid at a means for increasing the temperature of the cool or cold fluid, the cool or cold fluid stream being at a temperature of less than a predetermined target temperature; c) the means for increasing the temperature of the cool or cold fluid having a first inlet that receives cool or cold fluid from the stream of step “b” and a first outlet that enables discharge of a substantially continuous stream of fluid; d) the means having a second inlet that enables heated fluid to enter the means; e) adding heated fluid from the heating apparatus of step “a” to the means via the second inlet; f) wherein the volume of fluid discharged from the first outlet is greater than the volume of heated fluid of step “e”; g) wherein the heating apparatus has a heating capacity to add at least 15° F. to the fluid at a flow rate of about 20 barrels per minute of fluid discharged from the first outlet; and h) wherein the fluid discharged from the means after step “f” is pumped into a formation producing at least one of oil and gas and wherein the fluid pumped into the formation includes a proppant, wherein fluid flows substantially continuously from the first inlet to the first outlet during the method; wherein the fluid exiting the first outlet of the means flows at a rate of at least 20 barrels per minute to provide a substantially continuous flow of fluid and proppant into the formation during the method; and wherein the fluid and proppant are pumped into the formation until the formation fractures.

110. The method of claim 109, wherein the proppant holds open the fractures and provides porosity to allow the oil and/or gas to flow out of the formation.

111. The method of claim 109, wherein the means for increasing the temperature of the stream of cool or cold fluid is a mixer.

112. The method of claim 109, wherein the means for increasing the temperature of the stream of cool or cold fluid is a manifold.

113. The method of claim 109, wherein the cool or cold fluid is water with a temperature of between about 33 and 80° F. (0.6 and 27° C.).

114. The method of claim 112, wherein the fluid pumped into the formation is at least 65° F. (18.33° C.).

115. A method of fracturing an oil and/or gas producing formation, the method comprising the steps of: a) providing a heating apparatus for heating fluid to a temperature of at least about 40° F. (4.4° C.); b) providing a stream of heated fluid from the heating apparatus to mix with a stream of cool or cold fluid, the cool or cold fluid stream being at a temperature of less than a predetermined target temperature prior to the mixing, to provide substantially continuously during a fracturing process a substantially continuous stream of fluid at or above the target temperature; c) wherein the fluid is heated in the heating apparatus to a temperature of between about 120 and 240° F. (48.9 and 116° C.); d) wherein the heating apparatus has a heating capacity to add at least 15° F. to the fluid at a flow rate of about 20 barrels per minute of fluid discharged from a first outlet; e) wherein the volume of the substantially continuous stream of fluid at or above the target temperature is greater than the volume of the stream of the heated fluid; f) wherein the flow rate of the substantially continuous stream of fluid at or above the target temperature during the fracturing process is about equal to the flow rate of fluid being pumped downhole during the fracturing process; g) wherein the flow rate of the substantially continuous stream of fluid at or above the target temperature during the fracturing process is at least 20 barrels per minute; h) wherein the fluid is pumped into the formation so that the formation fractures; i) wherein the fluid includes a proppant when pumped into the formation; and j) wherein the proppant holds open the fractures and provides porosity to allow the hydrocarbons to flow out of the formation.

116. The method of claim 115, wherein the fluid pumped into the formation is at least 65° F. (18.33° C.).

117. The method of claim 115, wherein the mixing occurs in a manifold.

118. The method of claim 115, wherein the fluid is heated in step “c” before any fracing chemicals are added to the fluid.

119. The method of claim 115, wherein the mixing occurs in a piping manifold.

120. The method of claim 115, wherein the flow rate of the substantially continuous stream of fluid at or above the target temperature during the fracturing process is at least 30 barrels per minute.

121. The method of claim 115, wherein the volume of the substantially continuous stream of fluid at or above the target temperature during the fracturing process is about the same as the volume of fluid being pumped downhole.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0035] For a further understanding of the nature, objects, and advantages of the present invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description, read in conjunction with the following drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements and wherein:

[0036] The invention and features of the invention is shown and disclosed by the following Figures and photographs representing informal drawings.

[0037] FIG. 1 is a partial perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention;

[0038] FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along lines 2-2 of FIG. 1;

[0039] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention and illustrating the method of the present invention;

[0040] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of another preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention and illustrating a method of the present invention;

[0041] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a prior art oil well frac pumping system;

[0042] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention;

[0043] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention;

[0044] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of another alternative embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention;

[0045] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of another alternative embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention;

[0046] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of another alternative embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention;

[0047] FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of another alternative embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention; and

[0048] FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of another alternative embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0049] FIGS. 1-4 and 6-12 show preferred embodiments of the apparatus of the present invention, designated generally by the numeral 10 in FIGS. 3 and 6. Alternate embodiments are designated by the numeral 110 in FIG. 4, by the numeral 210 in FIG. 7, by the numeral 310 in FIG. 8, by the numeral 410 in FIG. 9, by the numeral 510 in FIG. 10, by the numeral 610 in FIG. 11, and by the numeral 710 in FIG. 12. In FIG. 6, a water source 11 can be a reservoir, lake or other source of water.

[0050] Mobile heater apparatus 12 is used to super heat water for use in frac operations in an oil well. In general, such frac operations can be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 4,137,182, hereby incorporated herein by reference.

[0051] Mobile heater 12 is a transportable heating apparatus and includes a truck 13 and a trailer 14. Trailer 14 carries a heating vessel 15 which can be, for example, a tank or piping that holds water and that can be heated with electrical or other heating elements or with propane or preferably diesel burners. Water to be injected into an oil well 16 as part of a hydraulic fracturing operation include very hot water that is heated by mobile heater 12 and ambient water that is received from water source 11.

[0052] A pumping apparatus 17 which can include a truck 13 and trailer 18 pumps the prepared water (water plus selected chemical (optional) and proppant) into the well 16. Water from source 11 flows in flowline 19 to mixer 20. Mixer or mixing manifold 20 can be seen in more detail in FIGS. 1 and 2. Mixer 20 receives ambient temperature water from water source 11 and mixes that ambient temperature water with very hot water that is heated in vessel 15 of mobile heater 12.

[0053] The details of mixer 20 are seen in FIGS. 1 and 2. The mixer 20 has a tubular or cylindrically-shaped body 21 defined by a wall 22 which surrounds bore 23. Tubular body 21 has a first inlet 26 in a first inlet end portion 24, and a first outlet 27 in an outlet end portion 25. The bore 23 communicates with flow inlet 26 and flow outlet 27. Arrows 28, 29 illustrate the direction of flow of water in body 21 as shown in FIG. 2. Curved arrows 30 in FIG. 2 illustrate turbulent flow that occurs for ensuring that heated water and ambient temperature water thoroughly mix.

[0054] A pair of conduits are connected to tubular body 21. These include conduit 31 and conduit 32. Conduit 31 is a second outlet and removes ambient temperature water from the bore 23 of tubular body 21. Conduit 32 is a second inlet and injects heated water into bore 23 of tubular body 21 and downstream of conduit 31. In this fashion, conduit 31 does not discharge any heated water from bore 23 of tubular body 21. Rather, the water leaving bore 23 of tubular body 21 via conduit 31 is ambient temperature water. This discharge of ambient temperature from tubular body 21 of mixer 20 is illustrated by arrows 39 in FIG. 2.

[0055] Each of the conduits 31, 32 has a bore. The conduit 31 has bore 33. The conduit 32 has bore 34. Each of the conduits 31, 32 has an inner end portion and an outer end portion. Conduit 31 has inner end portion 35 and outer end portion 36. Conduit 32 has inner end portion 37 and outer end portion 38. Each of the inner end portions 35, 37 occupies a position within bore 23 of tubular body 21 as shown in FIG. 2. In this fashion, bore 33 of conduit 31 occupies a part of bore 23 of tubular body 21. Similarly, fluid discharging from bore 34 of conduit 32 is discharged directly into the bore 23 of tubular body 21. The arrows 40 in FIG. 2 illustrate the discharge of heated water via conduit 32 into bore 23 of tubular body 21.

[0056] While the angle of the longitudinal axis of bore 33 of conduit 31 and the angle of the longitudinal axis of bore 34 of conduit 32 in relation to the longitudinal axis of bore 23 of tubular body 21 are shown to be about 45 degrees, those angles could vary from 0 to 90 degrees, and they need not be the same.

[0057] As can be seen in FIG. 2, first inlet 26 is upstream of second outlet 31, which is upstream of second inlet 32, which itself is upstream of first outlet 27.

[0058] In FIG. 6, flow lines 41 and 42 are used to transfer water in between mobile heater 12 and mixer 20. The flow line 41 receives water from conduit 31, a second outlet, which is ambient temperature water and transports that ambient temperature water to vessel 15 of heater 12. After water has been heated in vessel 15, it is transported via flow line 42 to conduit 32, a second inlet, of mixer 20. It should be understood that the flow of fluids from flow line 41 to and through vessel 15 of heater 12 and then to flow line 42 can be a continuous process. As an example, the flow of ambient temperature water in flow line 19 can be about 20-150 bbls (2.4 - 17.9 kl) per minute, and typically around 60-100 barrels (7.2 - 11.9 kl) per minute. The flow rate in flow lines 41 and 42 can be for example a continuous 7 barrels (0.83 kl) per minute.

[0059] The temperature in the super heated flow line 42 can be in excess of 200° F. (93.3° C.) and in excess of 240° F. (116° C.) if flow line 42 is pressurized. Flow lines 43 and 44 illustrate the transfer of warmed water from mixing tanks or downhole tanks 46 to pumping apparatus 17 and then into the well 16 for use in frac operations. In FIG. 6, surge tanks 45 can optionally be used downstream of mixer 20 and upstream of mixing tanks 46.

[0060] To achieve higher water temperatures, multiple heating units 12 can be used to heat the water all of which is done on a continuous flow basis as shown in FIG. 4. The moving stream of uniformly heated water can be piped to surge tank(s) which can be used as a safety buffer between the water flow and the pumping operations, in the case of a mechanical breakdown or operational problems.

[0061] In FIG. 4, a joint of pipe 47 (commercially available) can be placed in between the two mixers 20 as shown. In FIG. 4, the flow of the mixed heated water can be passed through a second mixer or second mixing manifold 20 and a portion of the mixed heated water is diverted to a second heating unit 12 to heat that water to for example between about 200° F. to 240° F. (93.3° C. to 116° C.). That superheated water can be returned to the mixing manifold 20 for mixing with the continuously moving water stream providing an additional +10° F. to +15° F. (+5.6° C. to +8.4° C.) uniform elevation of the temperature of the water flow. This mixed and heated water can then be piped to mixing tanks 46 for mixing with any selected hydraulic fracturing chemicals and then pumped down hole for use in the hydraulic fracturing process. If needed, multiple sequential heating units 12 (and mixers 20) can be attached along the pumping line to continuously raise the temperature of the continuous flow of water to a required or target temperature. The mixers 20 can be connected in series (as in FIG. 4) or in parallel or a combination of series and parallel (as in FIGS. 10 and 12).

[0062] In FIG. 7 (an alternate configuration), the surge tanks have been eliminated. The mixing tanks 46 can be used to mix any selected chemical and proppant or proppants with the water that has been discharged from mixer 20 and that is ready for use in hydraulic fracturing operation in the well 16.

[0063] Conventional heater trucks 112 shown in FIG. 5 typically produce much less than 20 million BTU (21.1 billion Joules). They could be used in the system and method of the present invention, but more robust heating units 12 (such as those produced by Chandler Manufacturing, Inc. in Wichita Falls, Texas) capable of delivery of 22 million BTU (23.2 billion Joules) or more are preferred. Especially preferred are diesel powered heater units commercially available from Chandler Manufacturing, Inc. in which water flows through a series of metal coils, and there are six burners which heat the coils. An example of such a heater unit can be seen at www.chandlermfg.com/item.php?pid=34 and is identified as an oil-fired frac water heater (and shown in U.S. Pat. Publication no. US 2010/0000508). However, other heater units which can quickly heat large quantities of water can be used. The diesel powered units are preferred because in colder environments propane tends to liquify and not heat as effectively. Preferably one can run 70-100 barrels (8.3 - 11.9 kl) per minute per heating truck of the present invention while getting a temperature rise of at least about 15° F. (8.4° C.).

[0064] Through testing in cold temperatures, the inventor has learned that heating water from around freezing to about 40° F. (4.4° C.) takes a great degree of heat. One might need more heaters 12 when heating water from near freezing, or one might initially preheat some water in additional frac tanks (e.g., 3 or 4 up to 50 or 100 frac tanks) to add heat one needs to move the temperature of the water up from near freezing to about 40° F. (4.4° C.). One could also add heating in a water pit itself (e.g., when the water source 11 is a pond) to help raise the water temperature to around 40 or 45° F. (4.4 or 7.2° C.) (there will be radiant heat loss from the water pit, so typically one would not want to heat the water in the pit much above 40 to 45° F. (4.4 to 7.2° C.)) before further heating the water with the heating system of present invention shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, for example. The heating in the water pit could be done with, for example, a heater or heaters 12 as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 that circulate water through hoses 41 and 42 to and from the water pit.

[0065] Also, while typically water freezes at 32° F. (0° C.), flowing water or water with various substances can sometimes cool below 32° F. (0° C.) without freezing. Thus, sometimes the present invention might start processing water which is below 32° F. (0° C.). Also, sometimes the source water might have ice in it, but it can still be used if the water with ice can flow through mixer 20. However, it is preferred to avoid pulling ice into the intake, as considerable heat can be lost when melting the ice.

[0066] Surge or pivot tanks 45 are preferably upright circular tanks where the water flows in and out (similar to or the same as the mixing tanks 46 shown in FIG. 6). The agitation which occurs in the surge tanks 45 is helpful, and seem to add heat to the water (better mixing seems to occur as well, so even if surge or pivot tanks 45 are not needed for surge, one might want to use 2-20 of these anyway).

[0067] Manifolding among multiple surge or pivot tanks can be done to balance heat. Pivot or surge tanks 45 could be shaped like mixing tanks 46. Preferably the heated water flows through the surge tanks (as shown in FIG. 10, where mixing tanks 46 are acting as surge tanks). The surge tanks provide a buffer in the event of some breakdown or other problem making it difficult to produce heater water. During the breakdown or other problem, heated water from the surge tanks can be routed to the mixing tanks, even though no heated water will be refilling the surge tanks. Preferably, either enough surge tanks are provided that no interruption in fracing occurs during a breakdown or other problem causing an interruption in heated water production, or enough surge tanks are provided that an orderly shutdown of fracing occurs during a breakdown or other problem causing an interruption in heated water production. Typically surge tanks hold around 480-500 barrels (57.2 - 59.6 kl) of heated water per tank.

[0068] Though pumps and valves are not shown in the drawings, appropriate pumps and valves are provided to direct water as desired, and one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to determine where to place such pumps and valves to achieve desired water flow.

[0069] Water lines can be manifolded together and several lines could feed and emanate from a single heating truck.

[0070] Flow rates can be 100 barrels (11.9 kl) per minute (though this could be higher or lower) and with the preferred heater trucks of the present invention, there will preferably be around a 15 degree F (8.4° C.) increase in temperature at 100 barrels (11.9 kl) per minute (for one truck).

[0071] The current normal target water temperature is 70-90° F. (21.1 - 32.2° C.) (but it could be higher). Overheating of the water is not needed (as one must do when heating tanks) as the heat loss (if any) using the on-line heating method of the present invention is typically minimal.

[0072] Maintenance of trucks used in the present invention includes chemical (e.g., hydrochloric acid) washing of the coils to keep heat transfer times low (otherwise there can be buildup on the coils which impedes heat transfer).

[0073] Probably a vertical, round tank (such as mixing tank 46) will work better for mixing hot and cold water to get a more uniform temperature of water to use in fracing.

[0074] FIG. 8 is similar to FIG. 7, but apparatus 310 shown therein includes a mixing tank 46 instead of the manifold 20 shown in FIG. 7 (anything that could cause turbulence could be used instead of the manifold 20 shown in FIG. 1, though the manifold 20 is preferred as it is a relatively simple and compact mixing device). Water drawn from water source 11 travels through flow line 19 and first inlet 56 into mixing tank 46, where some of the water is drawn off through second outlet 61 and line 41 into mobile heater 12, then back through flow line 42 and second inlet 62 into mixing tank 46, where it then continues to flow through first outlet 57 and flow line 19 to mixing tanks 46 which are near frac pumping apparatus 17. From there the water flows as in FIG. 7. It is believed that better mixing of water occurs in tank 46 when first inlet 56 is near the bottom of tank 46, first outlet 57 is near the top of tank 46, and second inlet 62 is somewhere in between. Also, it is believed that better mixing will occur if mixing tank 46 is a vertical cylindrical tank as shown in the drawings.

[0075] FIG. 9 is similar to FIG. 8, but apparatus 410 shown therein includes a half manifold 120 and a mixing tank 46 instead of the manifold 20 shown in FIG. 1. As indicated in FIG. 9, water at the temperature of the water source 11 flows through half manifold 120, where some of the water is diverted out through second outlet (conduit) 31 of half manifold 120 into flow line 41 and to heater 12, then out through flow line 42 into second inlet 62 of mixing tank 46. The heated water from line 42 mixes in mixing tank 46 with the water which is at the temperature of water source 11 which enters tank 46 at first inlet 56. The water then flows out through first outlet 57 through flow line 19 to mixing tanks 46 which are near frac pumping apparatus 17. From there the water flows as in FIG. 7.

[0076] FIG. 10 shows apparatus 510, which includes three mobile heaters 12 with three manifolds 20, two mobile heaters 12 in parallel with one another and located near the water source 11, and one mobile heater 12 closer to the frac pumping apparatus 17. There are three surge tanks 46 in series with one of the mobile heaters 12, though these surge tanks 46 could be in series with both mobile heaters 12 which are in parallel to one another, or they could be in series with all three mobile heaters 12 shown in FIG. 10. Further, there could be as few as none or one surge tank 46 to as many as considered prudent by the operator, which could be for example three or four up to 50 or 100 mixing tanks 46 (or even more). Flow of water through manifolds 20, heaters 12, and surge tanks 46 is as in prior figures.

[0077] FIG. 11 shows apparatus 610, which includes two mobile heaters 12 connected directly to the source water 11 (a pond) with the water being withdrawn from and returned to the pond. There are also three mobile heaters 12, each connected to a mixing tank 46, heating water in the mixing tanks 46. Further, there could be as few as none or one surge tank 46 and associated mobile heaters 12 to as many as considered prudent by the operator, which could be for example three or four up to 50 or 100 mixing tanks 46 with associated mobile heaters 12 (or even more).

[0078] FIG. 12 is similar to FIG. 11, but in FIG. 12 apparatus 710 differs from apparatus 610 in that one truck has moved from the pond 11 and is heating the water as it runs through the flow line 19. FIG. 12 shows three additional mixing tanks 46 in series with pipe 19 and acting as surge tanks. As in FIG. 11, there are also three mobile heaters 12, each connected to a mixing tank 46, heating water in the mixing tanks 46. These mixing tanks 46 are in series with one another in a flow line 119 which runs parallel to flow line 19 and then feeds into flow line 19. Further, there could be as few as none or one surge tank 46 and associated mobile heaters 12 to as many as considered prudent by the operator, which could be for example three or four up to 50 or 100 mixing tanks 46 with associated mobile heaters 12 (or even more).

[0079] There is a huge lake (Lake Sakakawea) in the middle of western North Dakota. Fracing operations were making a tremendous strain on groundwater. Now it is expected that water will be pulled from Lake Sakakawea with permits currently in process. It is believed that companies will soon pump water out of Lake Sakakawea and put it into insulated tanks, where it will be heated in the tanks. The water will then be taken via insulated trucks to a well site where fracing operations occur. The apparatus of the present invention can heat water as it is pumped from the lake into the tanks (and it can continue to heat the water once it is in the tanks). This method can occur in other areas as well.

[0080] The following is a list of parts and materials suitable for use in the present invention:

TABLE-US-00001 PARTS LIST Parts Number Description 10 hydraulic fracturing pumping system 11 water source 12 mobile heater apparatus 13 truck 14 trailer 15 vessel 16 oil and/or gas well 17 frac pumping apparatus 18 trailer 19 flow line 20 mixer 21 tubular/cylindrically-shaped body 22 wall 23 bore 24 inlet end portion 25 outlet end portion 26 inlet 27 outlet 28 arrow 29 arrow 30 curved arrow 31 conduit (second outlet) 32 conduit (second inlet) 33 bore 34 bore 35 inner end portion 36 outer end portion 37 inner end portion 38 outer end portion 39 arrow 40 arrow 41 flow line 42 flow line 43 flow line 44 flow line 45 surge tank 46 mixing tank or downhole tank or surge tank 47 joint of pipe 56 inlet (first) of mixing tank 46 57 outlet (first) of mixing tank 46 61 second outlet of mixing tank 46 62 second inlet of mixing tank 46 110 hydraulic fracturing pumping system 112 prior art mobile heating truck 119 flow line 120 half manifold 210 hydraulic fracturing pumping system 310 hydraulic fracturing pumping system 410 hydraulic fracturing pumping system 510 hydraulic fracturing pumping system 610 hydraulic fracturing pumping system 710 hydraulic fracturing pumping system

[0081] All measurements disclosed herein are at standard temperature and pressure, at sea level on Earth, unless indicated otherwise.

[0082] The foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only; the scope of the present invention is to be limited only by the following claims.