Enhanced temperature control of bitumen froth treatment process

Abstract

A method for pre-treating bitumen froth for mixing with solvent for froth treatment includes heating the froth to a froth-solvent mixing temperature below the solvent flash temperature and suitably high to provide reduced bitumen viscosity sufficiently low for complete mixing of the solvent and the froth prior to introduction into a separation apparatus. A method of improving energy use in froth treatment includes reducing heat provided to the solvent, increasing heat provided to the froth prior to adding the solvent to reduce bitumen viscosity and adding the temperature-reduced solvent to the heated froth. A froth treatment separation process includes trim heating first and second solvent streams to adjust the first and second stage separation temperatures.

Claims

1. A process for treating a bitumen froth to produce a diluted bitumen component and a solvent diluted tailings component, comprising: adding a first solvent containing stream to the bitumen froth to produce a diluted bitumen froth; separating the diluted bitumen froth into a first stage overflow component comprising the diluted bitumen component and a first stage underflow component; adding a second solvent containing stream to the first stage underflow component to produce a diluted first stage underflow component; and separating the diluted first stage underflow component into a second stage overflow component and a second stage underflow component comprising the diluted tailings component; wherein the process further comprises adding a chemical viscosity modifier that is derived from the diluted bitumen component, to the bitumen froth, and wherein the first and second solvent containing streams comprise paraffinic solvents.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein the chemical viscosity modifier consists of a recirculated diluted bitumen stream that is a portion of the first stage overflow component.

3. The process of claim 1, wherein the chemical viscosity modifier is added to the froth in an amount below asphaltene precipitation concentration.

4. The process of claim 1, wherein the chemical viscosity modifier consists of a recirculated diluted bitumen stream that is a portion of the first stage overflow component and the chemical viscosity modifier is added to the froth in an amount below asphaltene precipitation concentration.

5. The process of claim 1, wherein the chemical viscosity modifier is added to the bitumen froth before addition of the first solvent containing stream to the bitumen froth.

6. The process of claim 2, wherein the chemical viscosity modifier is added to the bitumen froth before addition of the first solvent containing stream to the bitumen froth.

7. The process of claim 3, wherein the chemical viscosity modifier is added to the bitumen froth before addition of the first solvent containing stream to the bitumen froth.

8. The process of claim 4, wherein the chemical viscosity modifier is added to the bitumen froth before addition of the first solvent containing stream to the bitumen froth.

9. The process of claim 5, wherein addition of the chemical viscosity modifier to the bitumen froth produces a bitumen froth with a reduced viscosity to improve mixing of the first solvent containing stream and the froth and produce a diluted froth that is fully mixed prior to the separation step.

10. The process of claim 1, further comprising heating the bitumen froth to produce a heated bitumen froth, before mixing with the first solvent containing stream.

11. The process of claim 2, further comprising heating the bitumen froth to produce a heated bitumen froth, before mixing with the first solvent containing stream.

12. The process of claim 5, further comprising heating the bitumen froth to produce a heated bitumen froth, before mixing with the first solvent containing stream.

13. The process of claim 9, further comprising heating the bitumen froth to produce a heated bitumen froth, before mixing with the first solvent containing stream.

14. The process of claim 10, wherein the chemical viscosity modifier is added to the heated bitumen froth.

15. The process of claim 14, wherein the heating is conducted by direct steam injection.

16. The process of claim 10, wherein the heated bitumen froth has a temperature ranging from about 75° C. to about 95° C.

17. The process of claim 11, wherein the heated bitumen froth has a temperature ranging from about 75° C. to about 95° C.

18. The process of claim 14, wherein the heated bitumen froth has a temperature ranging from about 75° C. to about 95° C.

19. The process of claim 1, further comprising heating the bitumen froth to produce a heated bitumen froth, before mixing with the first solvent containing stream, and wherein the chemical viscosity modifier consists of a recirculated diluted bitumen stream that is a portion of the first stage overflow component, and the chemical viscosity modifier is added to the heated froth in an amount below asphaltene precipitation concentration.

20. The process of claim 1, wherein the bitumen froth has a bitumen content between about 40 wt % and about 75 wt %.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention.

(2) FIG. 2 is a schematic flow diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention.

(3) FIG. 3 is a schematic flow diagram according to another embodiment of the present invention.

(4) FIG. 4 is a graph of bitumen density versus temperature.

(5) FIG. 5 is a graph of the natural logarithm of viscosity versus temperature of bitumen.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(6) In one embodiment of the present invention, the bitumen froth is heated to a froth mixing temperature that is below the flash temperature of the solvent and suitably high to reduce the viscosity of the bitumen froth to a froth mixing viscosity sufficiently low to allow complete mixing of the solvent and the bitumen froth to form a fully mixed diluted froth prior to its introduction into the separation vessel. Controlling the temperature of the bitumen froth stream, rather than merely the solvent addition stream, the combined diluted froth stream or the separation vessel, allows improved mixing control and results.

(7) Bitumen froth has a composition ranging between about 50 wt % to about 70 wt % bitumen with the remainder comprising mostly water and mineral solids. The initial bitumen viscosity in froth is often in the range of about 1,000 to about 10,000 centipoise (cP). In contrast, the viscosity of the solvent stream added to the bitumen froth is between about 0.1 and about 1 cP, often around 0.2 cP. Adjusting the solvent temperature thus has a negligible effect on mixing and formation of a properly blended diluted froth. In this regard, it is noted that solvent temperature can have effects on the performance of other process steps, which will be further discussed herein-below. As for the step of mixing the solvent and the bitumen froth, the stream that limits mixing efficacy is the bitumen froth. By controlling the temperature of the bitumen froth as high as possible without exceeding the flash temperature of the solvent, the bitumen froth is rendered susceptible to breaking up into droplets having a sufficiently small diameter to ensure dissolution and reactions with the added solvent and thus the mixing efficacy is enhanced.

(8) In one aspect, the froth mixing temperature is controlled sufficiently low such that the mixing with the solvent in the in-line supply system to the separation vessel achieves a fully mixed diluted froth at the discharge into the separation vessel. The in-line supply system may include one or more mixer, piping including pipe lengths and fittings, valves and other in-line devices or arrangements that may impart mixing energy to the blending diluted bitumen. The froth mixing temperature may be tailored to a given in-line supply system and the other operating conditions such as pressure and flow rate. The froth mixing temperature may also be controlled to vary depending on the bitumen froth composition to achieve the froth mixing viscosity required to achieve the blending in a given in-line supply system. It should thus be understood that FSUs and processes may be adjusted or retrofitted to allow froth mixing temperature control based on existing in-line supply systems. The retrofitting may include addition of froth heaters and temperature control system upstream of the solvent addition point.

(9) In another embodiment of the present invention, the solvent containing streams added to the bitumen containing streams are trim heated to maintain consistent temperature in the first and second stage separation vessels. Maintenance of consistent temperatures in the separation vessels allows improved process control and bitumen recovery over variable froth flows and feed compositions.

(10) Embodiments of the present invention will further be described and elaborated in connection with FIG. 1.

(11) FIG. 1 illustrates an FSU 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The FSU 10 is preferably operated in connection with embodiments of the process of the present invention for treating and separating bitumen froth. It should be noted that the bitumen froth treatment process may be paraffinic or naphthenic or may use other mixtures or types of solvents.

(12) The FSU 10 receives bitumen froth 12 from an upstream separation vessel (not illustrated) via pipeline. The bitumen froth 12 may contain a range of bitumen content from about 50 wt % to about 70 wt % with an average of about 60 wt %, for example, and may be measured and characterized to assess a number of variables which may include flow rate, composition, viscosity, density and initial froth temperature which may be used to estimate or calculate additional variables such as heat capacity. One or more measurement devices 14 may be used to ascertain properties of the bitumen froth 12.

(13) In the temperature control scheme for controlling the temperature of the bitumen froth 12, a heater 16 is preferably provided. The heater 16 may include multiple heater sub-units (not illustrated) and is preferably a direct steam injection (DSI) type heater which injects steam 18 directly into the bitumen froth 12 to produce a heated bitumen froth 20. A temperature measurement and control system 22 may be provided for controlling the temperature of the heated bitumen froth 20.

(14) The heater 16 and associated heating step may be provided and operated as described in Canadian patent application No. 2,735,311 (van der Merwe et al.). The heating step for heating bitumen froth with varying heating requirement, may include (a) injecting steam directly into the froth at a steam pressure through a plurality of nozzles, wherein the injecting of the steam and the size and configuration of the nozzles are provided to achieve sonic steam flow; (b) operating the plurality of the nozzles to vary steam injection by varying a number of the nozzles through which the injecting of the steam occurs in response to the variable heating requirements for the froth; and (c) subjecting the froth to backpressure sufficient to enable sub-cooling relative to the boiling point of water.

(15) In one aspect, the heated bitumen froth 20 is supplied to a froth tank 24. Alternatively, the heated bitumen froth 20 may be supplied directly to downstream units. The heated froth 20 is pumped via a froth tank pump 26 toward solvent addition point 28 and mixer 30. The solvent addition point 28 may be part of the mixer 30 or may be immediately upstream of a separate mixer 30. The solvent addition point may be, for example, a pipeline junction such as a tee junction, a co-annular mixing device, or another type of arrangement. A solvent containing stream 32 is thus added to the heated bitumen froth 20 at the solvent addition point 28. Thus, the heated bitumen froth 20 is heated and then mixed with a first solvent-containing stream 32 breaking the bitumen froth into droplets and ensuring mass and heat transfer with the first solvent-containing stream 32. While froth may macroscopically appear to be a homogeneous mixture, at close range the froth fluid comprises discrete droplets, parcels and particles of material. Breaking up the discrete droplets facilitates the hydrocarbons to dissolve. The solvent addition and mixing produce a diluted bitumen froth 34.

(16) The mixer 30 and associated mixing step may be provided and operated as described in Canadian patent application No. 2,733,862 (van der Merwe et al.). The step of adding and mixing solvent with the bitumen froth may include addition, mixing and conditioning performed with particular CoV, Camp number, co-annular pipeline reactor where the solvent is added along the pipe walls, and/or pipe wall contact of lower viscosity fluid.

(17) The diluted bitumen froth 34 is supplied to a first stage separation vessel 36 via a discharge 38 which may extend and be located within the first stage separation vessel 36. It is noted that the solvent and bitumen froth blend and form the diluted bitumen froth 34 within what is referred to herein as an in-line supply system 40, which includes the mixer 30 and all piping, fittings, and in-line devices from the solvent addition point 28 to the discharge 38. The in-line supply system 40 imparts a mixing energy to the blending solvent and froth mixture. In one aspect, the froth temperature controller 22 is managed, operated, designed, calibrated, adjusted to pre-determined to tailor the heating imparted to the bitumen froth 12 so that the temperature of the heated bitumen froth 20 enables a sufficiently low viscosity so that the mixing energy of the in-line supply system 40 is sufficient to produce a fully mixed diluted bitumen froth at least at the discharge 30 into the first stage separation vessel 36. In another preferred aspect, the froth temperature controller 22 tailors the heating so that the temperature of the heated bitumen froth 20 enables a sufficiently low viscosity so that the initial rapid mixing in the given mixer 30 is sufficient to produce a fully mixed diluted bitumen froth flowing out of the mixer 30. The temperature controller 22 may also be coupled and receive information from the measurement devices 14 to adjust the heater 16. For example, the measurement devices 14 may monitor the bitumen content of the froth 12 and the heating may be adjusted to achieve the desired temperature and viscosity in relation to the bitumen content.

(18) In this regard, the heating, mixing and conditioning are coordinated to obtain the diluted froth. Considering the kinetics of mixing the solvent into the bitumen froth, the froth is heated sufficiently such that in the in-line supply system provides sufficient time and conditioning energy to produce the fully mixed diluted bitumen froth at the solvent-bitumen system kinetics. Sufficiently increasing the temperature of the froth causes a viscosity reduction allowing reduced pipeline length and mixing equipment and improving efficiency and performance of control options.

(19) The supplying of the diluted bitumen froth 34 to the separation vessel may also be performed as described in Canadian patent application No. 2,733,862 (van der Merwe et al.). The diluted bitumen froth 34 may be supplied to the vessel with axi-symmetric phase and velocity distribution and/or particular mixing and conditioning features such as flow diffusing and/or flow straightening.

(20) Still referring to FIG. 1, the first stage separation vessel 36 produces a first stage overflow component 42 consisting of diluted bitumen and a first stage underflow component 44 consisting of first stage tailings containing water, mineral solids, residual bitumen and, in paraffinic treatment processes, precipitated asphaltenes in water/solids/precipitated-asphaltene aggregates. The first stage overflow component 42 is pumped via first stage overflow pump 46 for further downstream processing as high diluted bitumen 48. Here it is noted that a portion of the first stage overflow component may be withdrawn as a diltbit recirculation stream 50 for recirculation upstream of the first stage separation vessel 36. For instance, the diltbit recirculation stream 50 may be reintroduced into the bitumen froth 12, the heated bitumen froth 20 upstream or downstream of the froth tank 24 or froth tank pump 26, or the diluted bitumen froth 34, depending on operating parameters and desired effect. In one preferred aspect, the diltbit recirculation stream 50 is reintroduced into the heated bitumen froth 20 in between the froth pump 26 and the mixer 30.

(21) The first stage underflow component 44 is pumped via first stage underflow pump 52 toward a second stage. In the second stage, the first stage underflow component 44 is combined with a second solvent-containing stream 54. The second solvent-containing stream 54 preferably consists essentially of solvent which has been recovered from the SRU and TSRU and also includes fresh make-up solvent. This stream is provided as an unheated solvent stream 56 which is preferably heated in a second stage solvent trim heater 58, which may be a heat exchanger receiving steam S and releasing condensate C. The resulting heated second solvent containing stream 54 is added to the first stage underflow component 44 at a second solvent addition point 60. Like the first addition point 40, the second solvent addition point 60 may be located and arranged in various configurations relative to the other elements of the second stage. A second stage mixer 62 is preferably provided immediately downstream of the second solvent addition point 60. Downstream of the mixer a diluted first stage underflow 64 is supplied to a second stage separation vessel 66 which produces a second stage underflow component 68 which is sent via froth treatment tailings pump 70 to the TSRU as solvent diluted tailings. The second stage separation vessel 66 also produces a second stage overflow component 72 which is pumped via second stage overflow pump 74.

(22) As illustrated, the second stage overflow component 72 contains a significant amount of solvent and is preferably used as the first solvent containing stream 32. The second stage overflow component 72 is withdrawn from the second stage separation vessel 66 at the separation temperature and is preferably heated by a first stage solvent trim heater 76.

(23) In one optional aspect, the solvent trim heaters 58, 76 are regulated to heat the solvent containing streams to a desired temperature to maintain a consistent temperature of the diluted first stage underflow and diluted bitumen froth streams. Thus, trim heating temperature controllers 78, 80 may be used to monitor the temperature of the diluted streams 64, 34 and adjust the trim heating of the solvent accordingly. By providing consistent temperatures for the diluted streams 34, 64 feeding the first and second separation vessels 36, 66, the settling temperature and conditions can be advantageously controlled resulting in improved setting stability and performance.

(24) Referring to FIG. 2, the following legend is presented and will be further discussed herein-below: T.sub.Fi initial froth temperature S steam C condensate T.sub.Fh heated froth temperature T.sub.OFSh heated solvent containing overflow stream temperature T.sub.FS initial froth-solvent temperature T.sub.DF diluted bitumen froth temperature T.sub.SEP1 first stage separation vessel temperature T.sub.OF1 first stage overflow component temperature T.sub.UF1 first stage underflow component temperature T.sub.FSh heated fresh solvent temperature T.sub.FSi initial fresh solvent temperature T.sub.UFS initial underflow-solvent temperature T.sub.DUF diluted underflow temperature T.sub.SEP2 second stage separation vessel temperature T.sub.UF2 second stage underflow temperature T.sub.REC diltbit recirculation stream temperature T.sub.OFSi initial second stage overflow temperature

(25) In one embodiment of the present invention, the FSU temperature control method includes heating the froth to a froth mixing temperature that is below the flash temperature of the solvent and suitably high for adequate viscosity reduction to increase the froth droplet surface area and thus the mixing, breaking and dissolution of the froth droplets with the added solvent.

(26) Since bitumen froth and solvent systems have particular and challenging flow, mixing and reaction characteristics, the temperature control methods of the present invention allow improved control and performance of both mixing and downstream separation performance. For instance, in a paraffinic froth treatment process, if the bitumen froth is at an inadequately high viscosity when paraffinic solvent is added, there are a number of inconveniences. First, due to the high viscosity of the froth, the solvent will have difficulty mixing throughout the froth volume, increasing the occurrence of unmixed parcels of bitumen upon introduction into the separation vessel and thus decreasing the bitumen recovery, decreasing the asphaltene precipitation and increasing solvent consumption due to inefficient use of the added solvent. Second, due to the high viscosity of the froth, the solvent will mix more gradually into the froth, causing more gradual formation of water/solids/precipitated-asphaltene aggregates at different times prior to introduction into the separation vessel, which can result in a non-uniform composition and variable aggregate structures distributed throughout the diluted froth feed causing unstable and decreased settling performance. Third, if the temperature control scheme for the FSU involves heating only the solvent stream or the solvent added froth stream or simply maintaining the separation vessels at a desired temperature, the benefits of initial rapid mixing of bitumen froth and solvent are diminished.

(27) In addition, a PFT process may be designed to minimize solvent use and the conditions may be such that the optimum solvent-to-bitumen ratio (S/B) is between about 1.4 and about 2.0, preferably between about 1.6 and about 1.8. In the case of relatively low S/B, there is an increased importance of reducing and controlling the bitumen viscosity due to the relatively high content of the higher viscosity bitumen, i.e. bitumen, in the froth-solvent mixing.

(28) In one optional aspect, the froth mixing temperature is controlled so as to be sufficiently high to form bitumen droplets having a maximum droplet size d.sub.max of about 100 □m. The d.sub.max is preferably in between about 100 □m and about 25 □m.

(29) For a paraffinic froth treatment process, the froth mixing temperature in most cases is preferably above 60° C. The froth mixing temperature T.sub.Fh may be above 70° C., 90° C., about 100° C., above 110° C. and up to 120° C. for some cases.

(30) The froth mixing temperature is preferably controlled to provide a bitumen viscosity between about 650 cP and about 100 cP.

(31) In another aspect, the heating is performed such that the froth and first solvent containing streams have viscosities as close as possible to each other. For instance, the froth may be heated so that the difference in viscosity between the bitumen and the solvent addition stream is between about 100 cP and about 700 cP. The froth heating may be performed to achieve heated bitumen viscosity of at most about 700 cP higher than the solvent stream viscosity, preferably at most about 200 cP higher, still preferably at most about 150 cP higher.

(32) In another embodiment, the solvent containing streams are trim heated to control the feed temperatures into the first and second stage separation vessels. Due to fluctuating bitumen froth qualities, achieving a consistent temperature of the diluted bitumen froth stream fed into the first stage separation vessel is challenging. By trim heating the second stage overflow stream 72 to produce a trim heated solvent containing stream 32, the diluted froth temperature can be maintained and, in turn, the first stage separation vessel 36 can be operated at a consistent stable temperature. The first stage underflow 44 as also combined with solvent and by trim heating the fresh solvent 56 to produce a trim heated second solvent containing stream 54, the diluted froth temperature can be maintained and, in turn, the second stage separation vessel 66 can be operated at a second consistent stable temperature. For instance, the first stage separation vessel 36 may be operated at a higher temperature, such as about 90° C. and the diluted froth 34 can be maintained at this temperature; and the second stage separation vessel 66 may be operated at a lower temperature, such as about 80° C., thereby reducing the heat requirements of the second trim heater 58 to maintain the second stage diluted feed stream 64 at about 80° C. Thus, the trim heating aspect of the temperature control strategy utilizes a balanced approach of trim heating both the first and second solvent containing streams and also trim heats the first solvent containing stream to a higher temperature for addition into the bitumen compared to the temperature of the second solvent containing stream. This provides improved separation performance and stability of the FSU 10 operation.

(33) In one optional aspect, the solvent addition temperatures T.sub.OFSh and T.sub.FSh are adjusted according to the quality of the respective bitumen froth and first stage underflow component streams. This temperature adjustment is made in order to obtain enhanced mixing and maintain a constant temperature for both the diluted bitumen froth and the diluted first stage underflow component fed to the separation vessels.

(34) The trim heating may be performed with a direct in-line addition of a heat source or with indirect contact with a heat source through a heat exchanger. Preferably, the trim heating is performed in heat exchangers using steam to trim heat the solvent and producing condensate.

(35) In one aspect, the trim heating is performed such that the second solvent temperature T.sub.FSh is controlled above 50° C., preferably between about 60° C. and about 100° C. The second solvent temperature T.sub.FSh may also be controlled in such a way that the diluted first stage underflow component 64 has a viscosity between about 50 cP and about 650 cP.

(36) In another aspect, the extent of trim heating depends on the second stage separating vessel temperature, the first stage underflow component quality and the source of the solvent. Bitumen froth quality often ranges from 50 wt % to 70 wt % of bitumen and the key components which are bitumen, water and mineral differ significantly in heat capacity. The adjustment of the first solvent temperature T.sub.OFSh and second solvent temperature T.sub.FSh may be particularly controlled in accordance with the compositions of the froth or first stage underflow to achieve stable temperature, viscosity and density characteristics of the diluted streams in order to enhance the settling of asphaltene precipitates and aggregates The simultaneous control of the temperature before both the first stage separation and the second stage separation also ensures enhanced stability and separation performance of the froth treatment, which is also beneficial for downstream unit operations, such as solvent recovery operation and tailings solvent recovery operation.

(37) Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, there is one corresponding solvent containing stream with temperatures T.sub.OFSh and T.sub.FSh for addition into each process stream 20 and 44. The temperature of the heated bitumen froth 20 can thus be controlled so as to achieve adequate mixing with a single addition point of the solvent containing stream 32.

(38) Referring to FIG. 3, the FSU may include multiple addition points of two solvent containing streams 32a and 32b into the bitumen froth and may also have an additional stream that is combined with the bitumen froth prior to the first stage separation vessel 36. More particularly, a first solvent stream 32a may be added to the heated bitumen froth 20a and the resulting partially diluted bitumen froth 34a may be subjected to mixing in mixer 30a. Next, a second solvent stream 32b may be added to the partially diluted bitumen froth 34a and the resulting froth-solvent stream 34b may be subjected to mixing in second mixer 30b to ultimately produce the diluted froth 34 for introduction into the first stage separation vessel 36. Preferably, the first solvent stream 32a is added in an amount to provide an S/B in the partially diluted bitumen froth 34a below the asphaltene precipitation threshold thereby largely avoiding formation of water/solids/precipitated-asphaltene aggregates in the partially diluted bitumen froth 34a which has thoroughly mixed solvent throughout. The first solvent stream 32a flow is thus controlled in accordance with the bitumen content of the heated froth 20a to ensure a controlled S/B. The second solvent stream 32b is then added in an amount to exceed the asphaltene precipitation threshold and thus induce asphaltene precipitation and formation of water/solids/precipitated-asphaltene aggregates in the second froth-solvent stream 34b and the fully mixed diluted froth feed stream 34. In addition to multiple staged addition of solvent, the FSU may also include another bitumen containing stream added into the bitumen froth to help heat and/or reduce the viscosity of the bitumen froth prior to the addition of solvent. In one aspect, the additional bitumen containing stream may be the diltbit recirculation stream 50. This diltbit recirculation stream 50 may be added to the bitumen froth before or after heating in heater 16. The diltbit-froth mixture may be subjected to mixing in an additional mixer 82 to produce heated bitumen froth stream 20a. However, it should be noted that the initial heating and temperature control of the bitumen froth enables advantageous mixing with any subsequent stream including viscosity reducing streams, e.g. stream 50, and solvent containing streams, e.g. streams 32a and 32b, facilitating stable and well-performing separation.

(39) In one preferred aspect, the first solvent-containing stream 32 comprises at least a portion of the second stage overflow component 72. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the second stage overflow component 72 may be completely recycled and heated to form the first solvent-containing stream 32. In this configuration, the operating temperatures of the first stage separation and the second stage separation interact. Due to retention volumes in the separating vessels 36, 66, this interaction is delayed and permits gradual temperature adjustments over time. The first solvent temperature T.sub.OFSh and second solvent temperature T.sub.FSh are preferably each controlled with a variation of +/−2° C. The second solvent-containing stream 54 may be essentially solvent such as a recycled solvent coming from upstream or downstream operations, preferably from a SRU and a TSRU. In one aspect, the intent of the solvent trim heaters 58, 76 is to minimize temperature variations in the vessels 36, 66 for promoting operational stability and separation performance of the whole process. Indeed, the gravity separation of components in the vessels 36, 66 depends on both density and viscosity differentials which are affected by temperature.

(40) In another optional aspect, avoiding undesirable temperature variations in the first stage separating vessel 36 and the second stage separating vessel 66 may include controlling the bitumen froth temperature T.sub.Fh higher than the first solvent temperature T.sub.OFSh. In fact, in one aspect, to achieve the same diluted froth temperature T.sub.DF, it is preferable to devote the heating energy to the bitumen froth 12 to obtain a hotter heated bitumen froth 20 than to the first solvent containing stream 32. This heating methodology provides improved utilization of heat energy by reducing the viscosity of the bitumen for better mixing with the same feed temperature outcome, which translates into improved settling stability and performance and efficient utilization of solvent.

(41) In another aspect, the heated froth temperature T.sub.Fh is at least 70° C. and more preferably ranges between about 75° C. and 95° C. Furthermore, the addition of solvent under controlled temperature also helps to ensure maximum mixing with the bitumen froth. In another aspect, the difference between the heated froth temperature T.sub.Fh and the first solvent containing temperature T.sub.OFSh may be controlled between about 2° C. and 20° C. with T.sub.Fh>T.sub.OFSh.

(42) In a further optional aspect, the second stage separating vessel 66 has an operating temperature lower than that of the first stage separating vessel 36, i.e. T.sub.SEP1>T.sub.SEP2. In this aspect, higher temperatures are viewed as less important in the second stage separation vessel partly since separation parameters due the high S/B are easier to achieve in the second stage than the first.

(43) In another aspect, the second stage underflow is controlled so that the solvent diluted tailings 68 are at a temperature T.sub.UF2 sufficient to facilitate downstream TSRU operation. The T.sub.UF2 may be at least about 60° C. and more preferably range between about 70° C. and about 10° C. depending on upstream and downstream temperatures and other unit operating conditions, notably pressure.

(44) In another aspect, the difference between T.sub.UF1 and T.sub.FSh may be controlled between about 2° C. and about 15° C.

(45) In other optional aspects, the temperatures may be maintained sufficiently high to delay the onset of asphaltene precipitation and allow lower S/B. Diluted froth temperatures about 120° C. up to about 130° C. may be achieved with direct steam injection to enable advantageous vessel sizing, mixing and separation performance.

(46) In another aspect, the present invention allows reduction of heating of make-up solvent. The first stage underflow contains an amount of solvent and little bitumen such that it is much easier to mix with make-up solvent compared to the bitumen froth. The viscosity of the first stage underflow is much lower than the bitumen froth and the temperature required to achieve effective mixing with the make-up solvent is thus not as high. The second solvent containing stream and the second stage separation vessel may thus be at lower temperatures. A constraint on the second stage separation vessel is to have sufficiently high temperature so as to produce a solvent diluted tailings hot enough to flash in the downstream TSRU. The trim heater for heating the second stage overflow may be configured to tailor the first solvent containing temperature T.sub.OFSh to froth quality and maintain constant temperature of the separation, not to heat the froth necessarily.

(47) In another optional aspect, the process includes a step of chemically modifying the viscosity of the bitumen froth. A viscosity modifier may be added to the bitumen froth before or after or in between two heating steps. For instance, referring to FIG. 3, a viscosity modifier may be injected into the bitumen froth 12 downstream of the heater 16 and upstream of the additional mixer 82, in this illustrated case as a recirculated diluted bitumen stream 50 from the first stage separation vessel 36. It should be noted, however, that the recirculated diluted bitumen stream 50 may be added upstream or downstream of any one of mixers 82, 30a or 30b or solvent streams 32a or 32b. Preferably, the recirculated diluted bitumen stream 50 is injected into the heated bitumen froth 20 downstream of the heater 16, since the viscosity modifier still needs to be mixable into the bitumen froth stream to modify its viscosity. Thus, addition into the unheated bitumen froth 12 would be less advantageous since the viscosity modifier would not be able to mix as effectively into the froth stream 12. There may also be multiple addition points of the viscosity modifier prior to introduction of the diluted bitumen froth 34 into the separation vessel 36. The viscosity modifier may be derived froth the froth treatment process itself, being a recirculated stream such as recirculated diluted bitumen stream 50; obtained from another oil sands operations such as upgrading or in situ recovery; or provided as a new chemical addition stream, depending on the type of viscosity modifier and available process streams. The viscosity modifier may comprise one or more families of chemicals including naphthenic diluent, paraffinic diluent, light hydrocarbons, other chemical additives, and the like. The viscosity modifier may also be selected to further reduce the viscosity of the froth in response to an increase in temperature. For the case of a paraffinic froth treatment process, the viscosity modifier may be a pre-blending amount of paraffinic solvent which may be a recirculated stream containing paraffinic solvent such as the recirculated diluted bitumen stream 50. Such a pre-blending paraffinic viscosity modifier is preferably added to the froth in an amount below the precipitation concentration to avoid precipitating asphaltenes and thus emphasise the viscosity modification functionality.

(48) In another optional aspect, the solvent containing streams are added and blended in two stages at different S/B. The bitumen froth and first stage underflow streams are thus conditioned according to the characteristics of each stream to add the solvent in the desired amount.

(49) As mentioned herein-above, the bitumen froth is heated to a temperature bellow the flash temperature of the solvent to be added. Thus, this temperature will depend on the pressure of the system as well as the type of solvent being used and its vapour pressure at the given temperature. A light solvent such as butane flashes at lower temperatures compared to heavier solvents such as hexane and heptane. For new designs and operationally retrofitting existing systems, in order to increase the upper temperature limit a solvent with a higher flash temperature could be used or the pressure of the system maybe increased. Increasing the pressure of the system, including the separation vessel, may be relatively expensive especially since vapour pressure increases are exponential with respect to rises in temperature. By way of example, for a design pressure of about 1000 kPaa the upper temperature limit constrained by the vapour pressure of pentane as solvent would be about 112° C. and for a design pressure of about 750 kPaa the upper temperature limit constrained by the vapour pressure of pentane as solvent would be about 99° C. In a preferred aspect, the upper temperature limit is lower than the flashing temperature of the solvent by at least 5° C., preferably by at least about 10° C. In another aspect, the hydraulic liquid load in the separation vessel is also taken into consideration and thus the pressure is provided accordingly lower. In a design with a pressure of about 750 kPaa, the temperature may be preferably up to about 100° C. and higher temperatures up to 120° C. for example could be used with appropriate pressure containment conditions.

EXAMPLES, ESTIMATES & CALCULATIONS

I. Temperature Comparison Calculation Examples

(50) Calculation and estimate testing were performed to assess the relative effect of increased froth temperature on blending froth with solvent where initial blending of bitumen froth and solvent first breaks the bitumen froth to drops which aids solvent dissolving into bitumen. This included estimation of the relative effect of increased froth temperature on mixing. In the initial mixing and blending of bitumen froth and solvent, it was considered that the bitumen (assume controlling) needs to break down to drops to permit the solvent to dissolve the matrix.

(51) Drop size equations incorporating terms for the viscous resistance to drop breakup are identified in Equation 7-27 of “Handbook of Industrial Mixing: Science and Practice”, E. Paul et al., John Wiley & Sons, 2004:

(52) $d_{\max }={K_1\left(\frac{\sigma }{{\rho }_c}\right)}^{0.6}{\left(\frac{{\rho }_c}{{\rho }_d}\right)}^{0.2}{\mathrm{.Math.}}^{-0.4}\left(1+\mathrm{Vi}\right)$ Where: d.sub.max=maximum droplet size K.sub.1=constant for specific mixer (in the order of 1.0: refer to equation 7-24) σ=surface tension ρ.sub.c=density of the continuous phase (assume in this case hydrocarbon due to volume) ρ.sub.d=density of viscous dispersed phase: bitumen in froth assumed as controlling ε=energy intensity=(ΔPV)/(ρL) ΔP=pressure drop V=velocity L=Length Vi=viscosity number=u.sub.dV/σ(ρ.sub.c/ρ.sub.d).sup.0.5 u.sub.d=Dispersed phase viscosity/or elongational viscosity=Newton shear viscosity*3

(53) TABLE-US-00001 2.sup.ND Stage 1st stage 1stage Stream Froth O/F Feed O/F Temperature C. 82.5 80 80.1 80 Density kg/m.sup.3 1032 589 759 673 Viscosity cP 1815.82 0.16 1.55 0.74 Bitumen wt % 52.48 3.26 28.92 35.50 Solvent wt % 0.00 96.64 46.25 64.36

(54) In case 1, two situations were considered: bitumen froth at 70° C. and at 90° C., each blended in a 24 NPS mixer pipe with 2nd stage O/F to froth settler vessel at 80° C.

(55) TABLE-US-00002 D = Pipe ID m 0.575 V = Velocity m/s 3.42 based on bulk flow volume Empty pipe shear rate G′ 47.5 where G′ = 8V/D Eq 7-21 (S.sup.−1) Reynolds Number 1785 Laminar continuous hydrocarbon phase friction factor f 0.0090 Laminar = 16/Nre ΔP = pressure drop/meter 30.8 empty pipe kPa/m = 4 * f* ΔV.sup.{circumflex over ( )}2/(D *2)/1000

(56) TABLE-US-00003 Situation Situation Bitumen Phase 1 2 Temperature ° C. 70 90 Density kg/m.sup.3 987.4 975.4 Bitumen density at temperature Viscosity (cP) 626 176 Bitumen viscosity at temperature u.sub.d 1878 529 Dispersed phase viscosity σ (mN/m) 13 11 s = surface tension: AOSTRA 1989 FIG. 5: 1 g/L NaCl
Calculation of Viscosity Number

(57) TABLE-US-00004 Situation Situation 1 2 ρ.sub.c (kg/m3) 673 673 ρ.sub.c = density of the continous phase V (m/s) 3.42 3.42 velocity based on bulk flow Vi 407 136 Vi = viscosity number
Calculation of Energy Intensity: Based on Empty Pipe

(58) TABLE-US-00005 Situation Situation 1 2 ΔP/L 30.8 30.8 Empty pipe/bulk stream properties ε 0.139 0.139 Same end mixture. K.sub.1 1.0 1.0 Constant in the order of 1.0
Calculation of d.sub.max Per Equation Defined Above

(59) TABLE-US-00006 Situation Situation 1 2 d.sub.max 78.1 23.8 Surface area/drop 19153 1783 Volume/drop 249253 7082 Drops per unit volume 1 35 Net surface area 19153 62767

(60) In conclusion, the reduced viscosity by increasing froth temperature 20° C. improves blending of bitumen froth and solvent by smaller droplets or increased surface area.

(61) TABLE-US-00007 Δd.sub.max 30.5% ΔSurface Area 3.28

II. Example Froth Properties

(62) Density and viscosity of raw bitumen related to temperature is presented in FIGS. 4 and 5.

(63) Density

(64) Density (SG) for hydrocarbons reduces as temperature increases approximately linearly except when approaching critical temperature. For an exemplary range of interest, consider up to 130° C., bitumen is well below critical temperature. Density of raw bitumen correlates as follows: Density (g/cm3) @ temp=−0.0006*(Temp in K or C+273)+1.1932. See FIG. 4.

(65) Viscosity

(66) Viscosity of raw bitumen generally follows Andrade equation (from Perry's Handbook, 6th Edition). In (h.sub.L)=A+B/T, where h.sub.L is the liquid viscosity in centipoises (cP), cP=mPa.Math.s, T is the temperature in K, C+273; In (h.sub.L)=A+B/T=16.56-7888.8/T (K).

(67) Bitumen viscosity dependency on temperature:

(68) h.sub.L=e.sup.(−16.56+7888.8/T)

(69) See FIG. 5.

II. Comparative Conceptual Examples

(70) In order to illustrate certain aspects and embodiments of the present invention, comparative conceptual examples are presented herein-below. The terms used for the various stream temperatures are illustrated in FIG. 2.

Comparative Example A

(71) A1: High temperature bitumen froth heating

(72) T.sub.Fi=65° C. T.sub.Fh=90° C. Froth bitumen d.sub.max=23.8 □m Froth bitumen viscosity=176 cP Froth bitumen density=975.5 kg/m.sup.3 T.sub.OFSi=75° C. T.sub.OFSh=80° C. T.sub.DF=87.5° C. T.sub.SEP1=87.5° C. T.sub.UF1=85° C. T.sub.FSi=60° C. T.sub.FSh=75° C. T.sub.DUF=80° C. T.sub.SEP2=80° C.
A2: Solvent heating for temperature control T.sub.Fi=T.sub.Fh=65° C. Froth bitumen d.sub.max>78.1 □m Froth bitumen viscosity>626 cP Froth bitumen density>987.4 kg/m.sup.3 T.sub.OFSi=75° C. T.sub.OFSh.sup.=110° C. T.sub.DF=87.5° C. T.sub.SEP1=87.5° C. T.sub.UF1=85° C. T.sub.FSi=60° C. T.sub.FSh=75° C. T.sub.DUF=80° C. T.sub.SEP2=80° C.

(73) Comparing examples A1 and A2, both first and second stage separation vessels as well as several process streams are operated at identical temperatures. However, example A1 imparts heating energy to the bitumen froth stream resulting in low viscosity and superior froth-solvent mixing characteristics compared to example A2.

Comparative Example B

(74) B1: High temperature bitumen froth heating with low solvent heating

(75) T.sub.Fi=65° C. T.sub.Fh=95° C. Froth bitumen d.sub.max<23.8 □m Froth bitumen viscosity<176 cP Froth bitumen density<975.5 kg/m.sup.3 T.sub.OFSi=75° C. T.sub.OFSh=approximately 75° C. with optional trim heating 1-2° C. T.sub.DF=85° C. T.sub.SEP1=85° C. T.sub.UF1=82.5° C. T.sub.FSi=60° C. T.sub.FSh=approximately 60° C. with optional trim heating 1-2° C. T.sub.DUF=75° C. T.sub.SEP2=75° C.
B2: Solvent heating for temperature control T.sub.Fi=65° C. T.sub.Fh=70° C. Froth bitumen d.sub.max.sup.=78.1 □m Froth bitumen viscosity=626 cP Froth bitumen density=987.4 kg/m.sup.3 T.sub.OFSi=75° C. T.sub.OFSh=100° C. T.sub.DF=85° C. T.sub.SEP1=85° C. T.sub.UF1=82.5° C. T.sub.FSi=T.sub.FSh=60° C. T.sub.DUF=75° C. T.sub.SEP2=75° C.
B3: Fresh solvent heating for temperature control T.sub.Fi=T.sub.Fh=65° C. Froth bitumen d.sub.max<78.1 □m Froth bitumen viscosity<626 cP Froth bitumen density<987.4 kg/m.sup.3 T.sub.OFSi=80° C. T.sub.DF=70° C. T.sub.SEP1=70° C. T.sub.UF1=67.5° C. T.sub.FSi=60° C. T.sub.FSh=90° C. T.sub.DUF=80° C. T.sub.SEP2=80° C.

(76) Comparing examples B1 and B2, both first and second stage separation vessels as well as several process streams are operated at identical temperatures. However, example B1 imparts heating energy to the bitumen froth stream resulting in low viscosity and superior froth-solvent mixing characteristics compared to example B2.

(77) Comparing examples B1 and B3, the temperature control strategy is quite different particularly insofar as in B1 the first stage separation vessel is hotter that the second and in B3 the second stage separation vessel is hotter than the first. Example B1 has the marked advantage of lowering the viscosity of the bitumen froth stream for superior froth-solvent mixing characteristics compared to example B3.

(78) Indeed, the same amount of heat energy can be imparted in different ways to different streams to achieve the same operational temperature in the separation vessels, e.g. comparative examples A1 versus A2 and B1 versus B2. In embodiments of the present invention, the heat energy is used advantageously to emphasize bitumen froth heating to achieve improved solvent-froth mixing and separation performance particularly in the first stage separation vessel.

(79) It is worth mentioning that throughout the preceding description when the article “a” is used to introduce an element it does not have the meaning of “only one” it rather means of “one or more”. For instance, the apparatus according to the invention can be provided with two or more separation vessels, etc. without departing from the scope of the present invention.

(80) While the invention is described in conjunction with example embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to such embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included as defined by the present description. The objects, advantages and other features of the present invention will become more apparent and be better understood upon reading of the following detailed description of the invention, given with reference to the accompanying drawings.