TESTING EQUIPMENT WITH MAGNIFYING FUNCTION

Abstract

Embodiments disclose a device for testing biological specimen. The device includes a sample carrier and a detachable cover. The sample carrier includes a specimen holding area. The detachable cover is placed on top of the specimen holding area. The detachable cover includes a magnifying component configured to align with the specimen holding area. The focal length of the magnifying component is from 0.1 mm to 3 mm. The magnifying component has a magnification ratio of at least 30.

Claims

1. A device for testing biological specimen, comprising: a sample carrier including a specimen holding area; a detachable cover placed on top of the specimen holding area, the detachable cover including a magnifying component configured to align with the specimen holding area; wherein the focal length of the magnifying component is from 0.1 mm to 3 mm, and the magnifying component has a magnification ratio of at least 30.

2. The device of claim 1, further comprising: a phase plate for shifting phases of light rays from the specimen holding area.

3. The device of claim 1, further comprising: a lateral light source disposed on a side of the carrier for providing illumination to the specimen holding area through the carrier, the carrier including a transparent or translucent material; or a vertical light source disposed on top of or below the carrier for providing illumination to the specimen holding area.

4. The device of claim 3, wherein the sample carrier includes a plurality of light reflecting patterns, light beams from the lateral light source are guided through the carrier and are reflected into the specimen holding area by the light reflecting patterns.

5. The device of claim 1, wherein a distance between the detachable cover and the specimen holding area of the sample carrier is from 0.005 millimeter to 10 millimeters.

6. A system for testing biological specimen, comprising: a device of claim 1; a base component including: an insertion port for inserting the device of claim 1 into the base component; and a camera component for capturing the image of the specimen holding area, or a form-fitting frame for securing a mobile device that includes a camera component for capturing the image of the specimen holding area.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein the base component further includes: a light source for providing illumination to the specimen holding area; a light collimator for collimating light beams emitted from the light source to the specimen holding area; and an annular diaphragm between the light source and the light collimator for forming a hollow cone of light beams that travels through the light collimator and then reaches the specimen holding area.

8. The system of claim 6, wherein the base component further includes a magnifying lens for further magnifying an image of the specimen holding area; and wherein the base component includes an adjustment mechanism for adjusting a distance between the magnifying lens and the specimen holding area and therefor adjusting a magnification ratio for the image of the specimen holding area.

9. A method for testing sperms, comprising the steps of: obtaining the device of claim 1, applying a sperm specimen to the specimen holding area, recording a video or an image of the sperm specimen; determining the sperm count of the sperm specimen based on the at least one frame of the recorded video or the recorded image; and determining the sperm motility of the sperm specimen based on the recorded video or the recorded image.

10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: waiting for a pre-determined time period for liquefaction of the sperm specimen before applying the sperm specimen to the specimen holding area.

11. The method of claim 9, further comprising; placing a mobile device including a camera component on top of the device such that the camera component is aligned with the magnifying component and the specimen holding area; and receiving by the mobile device light signal from the sperm specimen in the specimen holding area via magnification by the magnifying component.

12. The method of claim 9, further comprising: illuminating the specimen holding area by a lateral illumination device disposed on a side of the carrier of the device or a vertical illumination device disposed on top of or below the carrier of the device.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising; guiding light beams from the lateral illumination device throughout the carrier made of a transparent or translucent material; and reflecting the light beams to the specimen holding area by a plurality of light reflecting patterns included in the carrier.

14. The method of claim 9, further comprising: inserting the disposable testing device into a base, the base including a camera component for recording the video of the sperm specimen, or a form-fitting frame for securing a mobile device that includes a camera component for recording the video of the sperm specimen.

15. The method of claim 9, further comprising: extracting at least one frame from the recorded video of the biological specimen; identifying a plurality of sperms from the at least one frame; and calculating the sperm count based on a number of identified sperms and an area recorded by the at least one frame.

16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: analyzing shapes of the identified sperms; and determining a morphology level based on the shapes of the identified sperms.

17. The method of claim 9, further comprising: extracting a series of video frames from the recorded video of the sperm specimen; identifying a plurality of sperms from the series of video frames; identifying moving traces of the sperms based on the series of video frames; determining moving speeds of the sperms based on the moving traces of the sperms and a time period captured by the series of video frames; and calculating the sperm motility based on the moving speeds of the sperms.

18. The method of claim 9, further comprising: further magnifying the video or the image of the sperm specimen through a magnifying lens.

19. A method for testing sperms using the system of claim 6, comprising: inserting the device into the base component; recording a video of the sperm specimen in the specimen holding area by the mobile device, the mobile device being secured in the form-fitting frame of the base component; determining a sperm count of the sperm specimen based on the at least one frame of the recorded video; and determining a sperm motility of the sperm specimen based on the recorded video.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: further magnifying the video of the sperm specimen through a magnifying lens.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] FIG. 1A is an exploded view of a testing equipment with magnifying function according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0015] FIG. 1B is an assembled view of the testing equipment of FIG. 1A.

[0016] FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of the testing equipment of FIG. 1A.

[0017] FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of testing equipment.

[0018] FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of testing for a testing equipment according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0019] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a testing equipment with magnifying function according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0020] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a testing equipment with magnifying function according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0021] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the testing equipment of FIG. 5 being used.

[0022] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a testing equipment with magnifying function according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0023] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a testing equipment with magnifying function according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0024] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a testing equipment with magnifying function according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0025] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a testing equipment with magnifying function according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0026] FIGS. 11-13 are views of testing equipment with magnifying function according to another three embodiments of the invention.

[0027] FIG. 14A is a schematic diagram of a test strip inserted into a meter device according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0028] FIG. 14B is a schematic diagram of components of a meter device according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0029] FIG. 15 illustrates a sample process of a semen test by device such as a meter device or an intelligent communications device.

[0030] FIG. 16 illustrates a sample process of determining sperm concentration.

[0031] FIG. 17 illustrates sample sperms and sample sperm trajectories.

[0032] FIG. 18 illustrates a sample process of determining sperm trajectories and motility.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0033] FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate a testing equipment with magnifying function according to an embodiment of the invention. Embodiments disclosed herein are used for illustration purpose and should not be construed as required limitation to the invention. The testing equipment with magnifying function A1 includes: a carrier 10 having a specimen holding area 11 formed on top of the carrier 10, a cover 20 stacked on top of the carrier 10, and at least one magnifying part 30 (also referred to as magnifying component or magnifier) including a convex lens type surface formed on the cover 20.

[0034] The magnifying part 30 of the present embodiment includes a planar convex lens as illustrated in FIG. 1A. However, other type of magnifying lens, e.g., a dual-sided lenticular lens can be included as the magnifying part 30. The magnifying part 30 is disposed to be aligned with and to cover the specimen holding area 11 of the carrier 10. The magnifying part 30 may have various magnification ratios based on testing requirements of various tests. For example, the tests can include semen test, urine test, synovial joint fluid test, dermatological test, water test, etc.

[0035] A test using the testing equipment A1 with magnifying function of the present embodiment does not require additional magnifying lens or laboratory microscopes, which are expensive and time-consuming to operate. Furthermore, there is no needed to align the specimen holding area with the magnifying lens or laboratory microscopes.

[0036] As illustrated in FIG. 1A, the specimen holding area 11 of the carrier 10 may be formed with a dented configuration. The dented configuration design provides a stable and large storage space containing a specimen 40. The dented configuration allows the specimen to rest for a required period of time before performing the testing. For example, before performing a motility testing on a semen specimen, it is necessary to rest the semen specimen in a room temperature for a required period of time before performing the motility testing.

[0037] The specimen 40 can be first instilled in the dented configuration, i.e., the specimen holding area 11 of the carrier 10 to rest for a period of time. As shown in FIG. 1B, a total area of the cover 20 can be smaller than a total area of the carrier 10. A specimen receiving port 12 exposed outside the cover 20 is formed on one side of the specimen holding area 11. The specimen receiving port 12 can be designed to have a shape expanding outwards, which can help smoothly instilling the specimen.

[0038] FIG. 2A shows an air channel 13 that extends beyond the other side of the cover 20 and is formed on the other side of the specimen holding area 11. The air channel 13 may prevent air filling the inside of the specimen holding area 11, which prevent receiving of the specimen when the specimen is in a liquid status.

[0039] As shown in FIG. 2A, a lateral illumination device 50 can be disposed at one side of the carrier 20 of testing equipment A1. The lateral illumination device 50 can provide illumination for the specimen 40 in the specimen holding area 11 and therefore improve resolution of the captured testing images of the specimen 40. In some embodiments, the specimen holding area 11 can receive illustration from light source(s) on the top of or at the bottom of the testing equipment A1.

[0040] As illustrated in FIG. 1A, the magnifying part 30 and the cover 20 may be integrally formed, i.e., the magnifying part 30 and the cover 20 can be a single component. In other embodiments such as the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2B, the detachable cover 20 and the magnifying component 30, which is disposed in the recess 21 of detachable cover 20, can each be separate components that are adapted to be integrated together. In other words, the same type of detachable cover 20 can be integrated with different magnifying components 30 of various magnification ratios.

[0041] In some embodiments, the distance between the bottom of the detachable cover 20 and the specimen holding area 11 is from 0.005 mm to 10 mm. In some embodiments, the distance between the bottom of the detachable cover 20 and the specimen holding area 11 is about 0.01 mm. The testing equipment can include one or more spacers (not shown) to ensure the distance between the bottom of the detachable cover 20 and the specimen holding area 11. The spacer(s) can integrally formed with the detachable cover 20 or the specimen holding area 11 of the carrier 10.

[0042] In some embodiments, the strip including the carrier 10 and the cover 20 is for sperm test. In some embodiments, the optimal magnification ratio for determining sperm concentration and motility is about 100 to 200. In some embodiments, the optimal magnification ratio for determining sperm morphology is about 200 to 300. The thinner the magnifying component, the higher the magnification ratio.

[0043] The focal length of the magnifying component can also relate to the magnification ratio. In some embodiments, a magnifying component with a magnification ratio of 100 has a focal length of 2.19 mm. A magnifying component with a magnification ratio of 156 has a focal length of 1.61 mm. A magnifying component with a magnification ratio of 300 has a focal length of 0.73 mm. In some embodiments, the magnifying component has a magnification ratio of at least 30, preferably at least 50. In some embodiments, the focal length of the magnifying component is from 0.1 mm to 3 mm.

[0044] FIG. 3 illustrates a sample process for performing testing using the testing equipment Al with magnifying function illustrated in FIG. 1B. At step S110, the specimen 40 to be tested is set in the specimen holding area 11. At step S110, the cover 20 is stacked on top the carrier 10, before setting the specimen 40 to be tested in the specimen holding area 11 from the specimen receiving port 12. Alternatively, the specimen 40 to be tested can be set in the specimen holding area 11 directly first, before the cover 20 is stacked on top the carrier 10. At step S120, the specimen 40 is rested in the specimen holding area 11 selectively for a period of time according to testing requirements of the specimen 40. At step S130, an intelligent communication device (e.g., a mobile phone) is attached on the cover 20, and the camera of the mobile phone is aligned with the magnifying part 30, to use the camera of the mobile phone to capture a picture or video of the specimen through the magnifying part 30. At step S140, an application (APP) running at the mobile phone or other analysis device may be used to perform analysis of the picture or video, for obtain testing results.

[0045] As illustrated in FIG. 4, a supporting side (such as a protruding part) 14 may further be formed on a top of the cover 20 of a testing equipment A2 at a border of the magnifying part 30. In some embodiments, the protruding type support structure may be formed on top of the cover 20 by the addition of the protruding part 14. When the user attempts to use an intelligent communications device 60 (e.g., a mobile device such as a smart phone or tablet) to capture the image or video of the specimen, a side of the intelligent communications device 60 having a camera 61 may be secured to the protruding part 14 (along the direction shown by the arrow L1). Thus, the testing equipment A2 allows the user to use the intelligent communications device 60 for capturing the image or video of the specimen, and does not require an expensive testing apparatus for recording the image or video. Furthermore, the height of the protruding part 14 can be pre-determined for a best observation distance based on specification of the camera 61 and the testing equipment A2.

[0046] As shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, a testing equipment A3 can include a barrel type base 70 (also referred to as base component). The barrel type base 70 includes a lower barrel base 71 and a upper barrel body 72 that can be lifted or descended with respect to the lower barrel base 71. The lower barrel base 71 has a lateral insertion port 73 providing an insert position for the cover 20 and the carrier 10 stacked together. An upward lighting device 80 is disposed on a bottom part of the lower barrel base 71, to provide illumination to the combination of the cover 20 and carrier 10 from the bottom. The upper barrel body 72 can include, e.g., at least one additional magnification lens 74 for further magnification.

[0047] The upper barrel body 72 can be attached to the lower barrel base 71 using a screw thread mechanism such that the upper barrel body 72 that can be lifted or descended with respect to the lower barrel base 71 like a screw. In other words, the upper barrel body 72 can be rotated with respect to the lower barrel base 71 along the arrow L2 directions such that the upper barrel body 72 moves up and down along the arrow L3 directions with respect to the lower barrel base 71. By adjusting the height of the upper barrel body 72 with respect to the lower barrel body 71, the system adjusts the height of the magnification lens 74 (hen changing the magnification ratio) and the height of the camera 61.

[0048] An assembling frame 75 (also referred to as form-fitting frame) may be disposed at an upper end of the upper barrel body 72. The assembling frame 75 secures the intelligent communications device 60 at a pre-determined position. The assembling frame 75 has a camera alignment hole 76. The camera 61 of the intelligent communications device 60 can receive light from the specimen through the camera alignment hole 76.

[0049] The camera 61 disposed on current intelligent communications device 60 typically only have a digital zoom function. Generally an optical zoom lens is required for testing with a high accuracy. However, the user using the testing equipment A3 does not need a camera 61 having an optical zoom lens. The high adjustment function of the testing equipment A3 provides a flexible solution for aligning the specimen, the magnifying lens, and the camera 61.

[0050] FIG. 6 shows the intelligent communications device 60 that has been assembled and secured onto the assembling frame 75, which is disposed on the upper barrel body 72. The cover 20 and the carrier 10 containing the specimen 40 are inserted through the lateral insertion port 73. The upward lighting device 80 may provide illumination to and increase the brightness of the specimen.

[0051] The upper barrel body 72 or the barrel type base 70 can rotated along the directions L2, to adjust the height of the magnification lens 74 and the camera 61 upwards or downwards along the directions L3. The height adjustment mechanism enables a function for adjusting the magnification ratio. The camera 61 may capture dynamic videos or static testing images of the specimen 40 after magnification. Furthermore, the intelligent communications device 60 can user its originally equipped functions to store the captured videos or images, to transfer the testing images or videos, and to conduct subsequent processing.

[0052] As shown in FIG. 7, a testing equipment A4 with magnifying function includes a plurality of magnifying parts 30, 30B, 30C with different magnification ratios disposed on the cover 20. The user may shift the cover 20 to align the specimen holding area 11 of the carrier 10 with any of the magnifying parts 30, 30B, 30C with different magnification ratios, in order to obtaining testing results with different magnification ratios. By this design, the testing equipment A4 with magnifying function of a single module can be applied to satisfies magnification requirements of multiple testing protocols, without the need of changing the magnifying part or the cover.

[0053] As shown in FIG. 8, a testing equipment A5 with magnifying function includes a flexible transparent film 15. The flexible transparent film 15 is disposed between the carrier 10 and the magnifying part 30, and covers the specimen holding area 11. The flexible transparent film 15 covers the specimen 40 (in liquid state) such that the specimen 40 in a confined space. Thus, outside influences due to air, dust and dirt are confined to a minimum level. Furthermore, the testing equipment A5 may adjust the focal length by the varying the thickness of the flexible transparent film 15.

[0054] As shown in FIG. 9, the magnifying part 30 of a testing equipment A6 with magnifying function is a planar convex lens, and a surface of the magnifying part 30 facing the carrier 10 is a protruding surface. Therefore, an upwardly concave type hollow part 21 is formed at the surface of the magnifying part 30 facing the carrier 10. A focal length parameter H1 is defined by the thickness of the thickest part of the magnifying part 30 of the planar convex lens. As shown in FIG. 10, a focal length parameter H2 of a testing equipment A7 with magnifying function is different than the focal length parameter H1 of FIG. 9.

[0055] The focal lengths H1 and H2 may be adjusted by changing thickness of the cover 20 or the size of the curvature of the magnifying part 30. For example, the focal length H2 shown in FIG. 10 is greater than the focal length H1 shown in FIG. 9, and is achieved by changing the size of the curvature of the magnifying part 30. In this way, testing requirements of various focal lengths may be satisfied by adopting different magnifying parts 30.

[0056] In some embodiments, the magnifying part 30 can be transparent and the rest of the cover 20 can be opaque. In addition, the carrier 10 may include the specimen holding area 11 which is transparent. The remaining of the carrier 10 can be opaque. When the testing operations are performed on the testing equipment, the light can propagate through the the specimen holding area 11, the magnifying part 30 such that chance of light interference in other parts of the device is suppressed.

[0057] Referring to FIG. 11, in a testing equipment A8 with magnifying function, the carrier 10 of the testing equipment A8 further includes a light beam auxiliary guiding structure 16 formed at the bottom surface of the carrier 10. The carrier 10 can be made of transparent or translucent material. The light beam auxiliary guiding structure 16 can be opaque or include a granular structure, a rough pattern, an engraved pattern, or other suitable structure that scatters the light beam reaching the guiding structure 16. The light beam auxiliary guiding structure 16 may provide a particular pattern for the entire surface or a partial surface of the cover and the carrier. The light beam auxiliary guiding structure 16 may also be formed all around the side surfaces of the carrier 10.

[0058] When the cover 20 and the carrier 10 are stacked and are attached to the intelligent communications device 60 (as illustrated in FIG. 4 for example), the magnifying part 30 is aligned with the camera 61 of the intelligent communications device 60. In addition, a fill light (not shown) can be disposed near the camera 61 on surfaces of the intelligent communications device 60. The light beam provided by the fill light may be guided to the carrier 10 to illuminate the specimen holding area 11 through the cover 20. At the same time, the light beam auxiliary guiding structure 16 of the carrier 10 may cause the light beam provided by the fill light to scatter, further improving the brightness and illumination uniformity of the specimen holding area 11.

[0059] By disposing the light beam auxiliary guiding structure 16, the testing equipment does not require an additional fill light source to illuminate the carrier 10. Therefore, cover 20 includes a light-transmissive material so that the fill light from of the intelligent communications device 60 can reach the specimen through the cover 20. In some alternative embodiments, the device does not include a cover 20 and the fill light directly reach the carrier 10 without propagating through the cover 20.

[0060] The testing equipment A8 with magnifying function can include a non-slip film 92 and a pH test paper 94. The non-slip film 92 is attached on the supporting side (such as the top side) of the cover 20, and is used to stably dispose the cover 20 to the camera 61 of the intelligent communications device 60, as shown in FIG. 4, such that the magnifying part 30 is aligned to the camera 61 of the intelligent communications device 60. Using the non-slip film 92, the positioning of the intelligent communications device 60 relative to the testing equipment A8 is secured to a pre-determined configuration.

[0061] The non-slip film 92 can have an opening aligned to the magnifying part 30, so that the non-slip film 92 does not block the light transmitted from the specimen through the magnifying part 30 to the camera 61. The non-slip film 92 can include a material of, for example, silicon. The pH test paper 94 can be disposed on the specimen holding area 11 of the carrier 10, to provide an indication of the pH value of the specimen. The pH test paper 94 may be replaced after the usage.

[0062] In addition, the magnifying part 30 and the cover 20 can adopt a detachable design. Thus, the user may select another magnifying part 31 different from the magnifying part 30 to replace the original magnifying part 30 based on testing requirements. Various magnifying part can be assembled with the cover 20 are assembled to achieve different magnification ratios or other optical features.

[0063] Now referring to FIG. 12, a testing equipment A9 with magnifying function can further include a specimen collection sheet 42 disposed in the specimen holding area 11. The specimen collection sheet 42, for example, has a specimen collection area 42A. The specimen collection area 42A can use adhesion or other methods to collect sperms, subcutaneous tissue/cells, parasite eggs and the like solid test bodies. In some embodiments, the specimen collection sheet 42 can serve as a spacer to maintain a distance between the cover 20 and the specimen holding area 11.

[0064] Next, referring to FIG. 13, a testing equipment A10 with magnifying function can include an isolation component 98 disposed at the specimen holding area 11 between the carrier 10 and the cover 20. The isolation component 98 can isolate the magnifying part 30 and the testing fluid in the specimen holding area 11, and prevent the testing fluid from contaminating the magnifying part 30. In some embodiments, the isolation component 98 can serve as a spacer to maintain a distance between the cover 20 and the specimen holding area 11. The isolation component 98 can be integrated with the cover 20 as a single component. Alternatively, the isolation component 98 can be integrated with the carrier 10 as a single component.

[0065] FIG. 14A is a schematic diagram of a test strip inserted into a meter device according to another embodiment of the invention. The test strip 5 (also referred to test cartridge) includes a detachable cover 20 and a carrier 10. In other words, a combination of a detachable cover 20 and a carrier 10 (as illustrated in FIG. 1B for example) forms a test strip 5. The test strip 5 in in inserted into a meter device 70 (also referred to as base component) through a lateral insertion port. The meter device 70 can include, e.g., components for capturing images of specimen collected in the test strip 5.

[0066] FIG. 14B is a schematic diagram of components of a meter device according to another embodiment of the invention. The meter device 70 includes a lateral insertion port 73 providing an insert position for the strip 5. The strip 5 includes a carrier 10 and a detachable cover 20. The detachable cover includes a magnifying component 30. The meter device 70 includes a camera 61 for capturing images or videos of the specimen holding area of the carrier 10. The camera 61 is aligned with the magnifying component 30. The meter device further includes a light source 80 for provide illumination for the specimen holding area from the bottom. The carrier 10 can include transparent or translucent materials for light prorogation.

[0067] In some embodiments, the meter device 70 can further include a phase plate for shifting phases of light rays emitted from the specimen holding area. When light rays propagate through the specimen, the speed of light rays is increased or decreased. As a result, the light rays propagating through the specimen are out of phase (by about 90 degrees) with the remaining light rays that do not propagate through the specimen. The out-of-phase light rays interfere with each other and enhance the contrast between bright portions and dark portions of the specimen image.

[0068] The phase plate can further shift the phases of the light rays propagating through the specimen by about 90 degrees, in order to further enhance the contrast due to the interference of out-of-phase light rays. As a result, the light rays propagating through the specimen are out of phase, by a total of about 180 degrees, with the remaining light rays that do not propagate through the specimen. Such a destructive interference between the light rays enhances the contrast of the specimen image, by darkening the objects in the image and lightening the borders of the objects.

[0069] In some alternative embodiments, such a phase plate can be disposed on top of the detachable cover 20 of the strip 5. In other words, the phase plate can be part of the strip 5, instead of part of the meter device 70.

[0070] FIG. 15 illustrates a sample process of a semen test by device such as the meter device 70 or the intelligent communications device 60 as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 14 respectively. At step 1505, the device obtains an image (frame) of the specimen. At step 1510, the device determines the sperm concentration based on the image. By analyzing the color or the grayscale of the pH strip, at step 1515, the device can further determine the pH value of the specimen. Furthermore, the device can determine the sperm morphology (1520), sperm capacity (1525) and sperm total number (1530). At step 1540, the device obtains a series of multiple frames of the specimen. At steps 1545, 1550 and 1555, the device can determine the sperm motility parameters based on the sperm trajectory and determine the sperm motility.

[0071] FIG. 16 illustrates a sample process of determining sperm concentration. At 1605, a camera of the meter device 70 or the intelligent communications device 60 (“the device”), as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 14 respectively, captures a magnified image of the sperm specimen. The captured image is an original image for the determining the sperm concentration. The device then converts the digital color image into digital grayscale image, and further divides the digital grayscale image into multiple regions.

[0072] At step 1610, the device conduct an adaptive thresholding binarization calculation on each region, based on the mean value and standard deviation of the grayscale values of that region. The goal of the adaptive thresholding binarization calculation is to identify objects that are candidates of sperms as foreground objects, and to identify the rest of the region as background.

[0073] Foreground objects in the image after the binarization calculation may still include impurities that are not actually sperms. Those impurities are either smaller than the sperms or larger than the sperms. The method can set an upper boundary value and a lower boundary value for the sizes of the sperms. At step 1615, the device conducts a denoising operation on the image by removing impurities that are larger than the upper boundary value or smaller than the lower boundary value for the sperms. After the denoising operation, the foreground objects in the image represent sperms.

[0074] The method counts the number of sperms in the image based on the head portions of the sperms. At steps 1620 and 1625, the device conducts a distance transform operation to calculate a minimum distance between the foreground objects and the background, and also identify locations of local maximum values. Those locations are candidates of sperm head locations.

[0075] At step 1630, the device conducts an ellipse fitting operation to each sperm candidate object to reduce false positive candidates that do not have ellipse shapes and therefore are not sperm heads. Then the device counts the total number of remaining positive candidates of sperms, and calculates the concentration of the sperms based on the volume represented by the image. The volume can be, e.g., the area of the captured specimen holding area times the distance between the specimen holding area and the bottom of the cover.

[0076] In some embodiments, the device can use multiple images of the specimen and calculate concentration values based on the images respectively. Then the device calculates an average value of the concentration values to minimize the measurement error of the sperm concentration.

[0077] Using a series of images (e.g., video frames) of the specimen, the device can further determine the trajectories and motility of the sperms. For example, FIG. 17 illustrates sample sperms such as sperm 1705 and sample sperm trajectories such as trajectory 1710 and trajectory 1720.

[0078] FIG. 18 illustrates a sample process of determining sperm trajectories and motility. A camera of the meter device 70 or the intelligent communications device 60 (“the device”), as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 14 respectively, captures a series of images (e.g., video frames) of the sperm specimen. The device uses the captured series of images for determining parameters of sperm motility. In order to determine the parameters of sperm motility, the device needs to track the trajectory of each sperm in the series of images.

[0079] The device converts the digital color images into digital grayscale images. The device first identifies the head positions of sperms in the first image of the series (e.g., using a method illustrated in FIG. 16). The identified head positions of the sperms in the first image are the initial positions for the sperm trajectories to be tracked. In some embodiments, the device can use a two-dimensional Kalman filter to estimate the trajectory for the movement of the sperms.

[0080] In some embodiments, the two-dimensional Kalman Filter for tracking sperm s.sub.j with measurement z.sub.j(k) includes steps of: [0081] 1: Calculate the predicted state {circumflex over (x)}.sub.s.sub.j(k|k−1) and error covariance matrix P.sub.s.sub.j(k|k−1):

{circumflex over (x)}.sub.s.sub.j(k|k−1)=F(k){circumflex over (x)}.sub.s.sub.j(k−1|k−1)

P.sub.s.sub.j(k|k−1)=F(k)P.sub.s.sub.j(k−1|k−1)F(k).sup.T+Q(k−1) [0082] 2: Using the predicted state {circumflex over (x)}.sub.s.sub.j(k|k−1), the measurement z.sub.j(k) and error covariance matrix P.sub.s.sub.j(k|k−1), calculate the predicted measurement {circumflex over (z)}.sub.s.sub.j(k|k−1), measurement residual v.sub.s.sub.j(k) and residual covariance matrix S.sub.s.sub.j(k):

{circumflex over (z)}.sub.s.sub.j(k|k−1)=H(k){circumflex over (x)}.sub.s.sub.j(k−1|k−1)

v.sub.s.sub.j(k)=z.sub.j(k)−{circumflex over (z)}.sub.s.sub.j(k|k−1)

S.sub.s.sub.j(k)=H(k)P.sub.s.sub.j(k|k−1)H(k).sup.T+N(k) [0083] 3: if v.sub.s.sub.j(k).sup.TS.sub.s.sub.j(k).sup.−1v.sub.s.sub.j(k)<γ and ∥v.sub.s.sub.j(k)∥/T≦V.sub.max then calculate the Kalman filter gain K.sub.s.sub.j(k), updated state estimate {circumflex over (x)}.sub.s.sub.j(k|k), and updated error covariance matrix P.sub.s.sub.j(k|k):

K.sub.s.sub.j(k)=P.sub.s.sub.j(k|k−1)H.sup.T(k)S.sub.s.sub.j(k).sup.−1

{circumflex over (x)}.sub.s.sub.j(k|k)={circumflex over (x)}.sub.s.sub.j(k|k−1)+K.sub.s.sub.j(k)v.sub.s.sub.j(k)

P.sub.s.sub.j(k|k)=P.sub.s.sub.j(k|k−1)−K.sub.s.sub.j(k)H(k)P.sub.s.sub.j(k|k−1)

[0084] (k|k−1) denotes a prediction of image k based on image k−1, {circumflex over (x)}.sub.s.sub.j is the state of position and velocity of j-th sperm. P.sub.s.sub.j is the covariance matrix of the estimation error, Q(k−1) is the process noise covariance matrix, N(k) is the covariance matrix of white position noise vector, γ is the gate threshold and V.sub.max is the maximum possible sperm velocity.

[0085] When tracking multiple trajectories of multiple sperms, the method can use joint probabilistic data association filter to decide the trajectory paths. The joint probabilistic data association filter determines the feasible joint association events between the detection targets and measurement targets. Feasible joint association events(A.sub.js) is the relative probability values between the detection sperm s and measurement sperm j. Then the method conducts path allocation decisions based on optimal assignment method. A.sub.jt is defined as:

[00001]$A_{\mathrm{js}}=\{\begin{array}{cc}-\ln \left({\lambda }^{-1}.Math.f_{s_j}\left[z_j\left(k\right)\right]\right),& \mathrm{if}.Math..Math.\mathrm{measurement}.Math..Math.\mathrm{sperm}.Math..Math.j.Math..Math.\mathrm{is}.Math..Math.\mathrm{validated}.Math..Math.\mathrm{by}.Math..Math.\mathrm{track}.Math..Math.s\\ \infty ,& \mathrm{otherwise}\end{array}$

[0086] λ is the parameter, f.sub.s.sub.j[z.sub.j(k)] is the Gaussian probability density function of the detection sperms.

[0087] Based on the series of frames within a time period, the method identifies the trajectory of each sperm, such as the trajectory 1805 as illustrated in FIG. 18. Then the method determines various parameters of the sperm mobility based on the trajectories. The parameters include, e.g., curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), linearity (LIN) and amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH). The curvilinear velocity (VCL) 1810 is defined as a summation of movement distances within a unit of time. The straight-line velocity (VSL) 1815 is defined as a straight-line movement distance within a unit of time. The linearity (LIN) is defined as VSL divided by VCL. The amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) 1820 is defined as twice the amplitude of the lateral displacement of the sperm head relative to the average path 1825.

[0088] In some embodiments, the curvilinear velocity (VCL) 1810 can be used to determine the sperm motility. The method can set a velocity threshold value. Any sperms having VCL higher than or equal to the velocity threshold value are identified as active sperms. The rest of the sperms, which have VCL lower than the velocity threshold value, are identified as non-active sperms. The level of motility is the number of identified active sperms divided by the total number of sperms recognized from the images.

[0089] The method can further analyze the sperm morphology. A camera of the meter device 70 or the intelligent communications device 60 (“the device”) captures a magnified image of the sperm specimen. The captured image is an original image for the determining the sperm morphology.

[0090] The method detects the shapes of the sperm candidates based on segmentation. The method uses the locations of heads of the sperms as the initial points. Using a segmentation algorithm that relates to the shapes, the method divides the images of the sperms into head portions, neck portions and tail portions. For example, the method can divide the sperms using methods such as active contour model.

[0091] Based on the each portions, the method calculates parameters for the various portions (such as lengths and widths). A classifier (such as support vector machine, neural network, convolutional neural network or adaboost) can be trained using training data set includes samples that are labeled already. After the training, the parameters of the various portions of the sperms can be fed to the classifier to determine whether the sperm has a proper morphology.

[0092] Although some of the embodiments disclosed herein apply the disclosed technology to sperm test, a person having ordinary skill in the art readily appreciates that the disclosed technology can be applied to test various types of biological specimen, such as semen, urine, synovial joint fluid, epidermis tissues or cells, water sample, etc.

[0093] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the structure of the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. In view of the foregoing, it is intended that the present invention cover modifications and variations of this invention provided they fall within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents.