HYDROGEN CO-FIRING WITH CARBON PRE-CAPTURE FOR HIGHER CARBON RATIO FOSSIL FUELS

Abstract

An apparatus is disclosed for the pre-capture of carbon from natural gas and/or other light gaseous hydrocarbons and oils, and for co-firing the resulting hydrogen and any remaining hydrocarbons with higher carbon ratio fuels, such as coal and heavy oils and even lower carbon ratio natural gas, in a steam electric generator and/or other boilers, processes, reactors, power plants, engines and combustion turbines, and combined cycle units, to reduce their carbon dioxide production and emissions to the environment, and for co-processing the syngas with other feed materials to react them in a separate vessel and produce a desired outcome.

Claims

1. An apparatus for reducing carbon dioxide emissions, the apparatus comprising: a mounting surface; a feed material module coupled to the mounting surface configured to receive a feed material therein; a decomposition module operationally coupled to the feed material module, the decomposition module containing one or more plasma sources configured to decompose the feed material into a product; a filter module configured to separate entrained at least solid carbon soot from the product; a mixing module configured to mix the product with at least one fossil fuel.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a carbon disposal module configured to receive solid carbon soot from the product.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a system control module configured to supply at least start-up, monitoring and control, operation, load follow, and shutdown of the apparatus.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the feed material module further comprises a feed material control pipe, the control pipe having one or more inlets and one or more outlets, and feed material flow control, handling, heating and/or processing apparatus.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the decomposition module has one or more inlets for the feed material and for introducing plasma produced by the plasma sources located in or adjacent to a reactor vessel and a reacting region.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the filter module has at least one solid particle filter.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the mixing module is configured to introduce a higher carbon ratio fossil fuel.

8. The apparatus of claim 2 further comprising a preparation and processing vessel configured to pelletize the solid carbon soot into solid carbon pellets.

9. An apparatus for reducing carbon dioxide emissions, the apparatus comprising: a mounting surface, wherein the mounting surface is mobile or fixed; a natural gas module coupled to the mounting surface, the natural gas module being configured to regulate at least a pressure, a temperature, and a flow rate of a natural gas; a decomposition module operationally coupled to the natural gas module, the decomposition module containing one or more plasma sources configured to decompose the natural gas via plasma pyrolysis generating a syngas; a filter module configured to separate entrained solid carbon soot from the syngas; a mixing module configured to mix the syngas with a higher carbon ratio fossil fuel; and a carbon disposal module configured to receive the solid carbon soot from the syngas.

10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the mounting surface is a trailer bed.

11. The apparatus of claim 9 further comprising a preparation and processing vessel configured to pelletize the solid carbon soot into solid carbon pellets.

12. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the one or more plasma sources are configured to create a reacting region within the decomposition reactor.

13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the reacting region is a three dimensional space located within the decomposition reactor.

14. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the syngas substantially comprises hydrogen.

15. A method of reducing carbon emissions comprising the steps of: treating a starting material, the starting material containing saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chains; introducing the starting material into a decomposition module thereby forming a decomposed product, the decomposed product comprising at least one of hydrogen and hydrocarbons, wherein the decomposition module contains one or more plasma sources configured to decompose the starting material via plasma pyrolysis generating the decomposed product; extracting carbon from the decomposed product forming a syngas; and co-firing the syngas with at least one carbon containing fuel.

16. The method of claim 15 further comprising the step of: collecting the solid carbon from the filter.

17. The method of claim 15 wherein the at least one carbon containing fuel is a higher carbon ratio fossil fuel.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein the higher ratio fossil fuel is coal or a heavy oil.

19. The method of claim 15 wherein the carbon is extracted via a cyclone filter.

20. The method of claim 17 wherein the higher carbon ratio fossil fuel contains a ratio of hydrogen to carbon of about 3:1 or less.

21. The method of claim 15 wherein treating of the feed material involves pre-heating the feed material before introduction of the feed material into the decomposition module.

22. The method of claim 15 wherein the at least one carbon containing fuel is a bio-fuel, wood chips, or corn stovers or a combination thereof.

23. The method of claim 15 wherein the at least one carbon containing fuel is shredded tires, papers, or plastics or a combination thereof.

24. The method of claim 15 wherein the syngas comprises at least 40% hydrogen.

25. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the filter module contains a cyclone-type solid particle separator.

26. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the filter module contains a porous solid particle separator.

27. The method of claim 15 wherein the carbon is extracted via a porous solid particle separator.

28. A method of producing a hydrogen containing synthetic gas, the method comprising the steps of: treating a starting material, the starting material containing saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chains; introducing the starting material into a decomposition module thereby forming a decomposed product, the decomposed product comprising at least one of hydrogen and hydrocarbons, wherein the decomposition module contains one or more plasma sources configured to decompose the starting material via plasma pyrolysis thereby generating the decomposed product; extracting carbon from the decomposed product forming a syngas; and co-processing the syngas with other feed materials in the mixing vessel to comingle and react them to produce a desired outcome.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating an overall system process associated with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0030] FIG. 2 is a schematic of the major functions contained on a fixed location or mobile H-syngas module.

[0031] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustrating a decomposition reactor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0032] FIG. 4 is an exemplary illustration of two coal-burning power plants: 4L) coal-fired conventional steam generator plant, and 4R) co-fired coal with hydrogen in a conventional plant.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0033] The preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the drawings. Identical elements in the various figures are identified with the same reference numerals.

[0034] Reference will now be made in detail to each embodiment of the present invention. Such embodiments are provided by way of explanation of the present invention, which is not intended to be limited thereto. In fact, those of ordinary skill in the art may appreciate upon reading the present specification and viewing the present drawings that various modifications and variations can be made thereto.

[0035] Referring now to FIG. 1, there is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention begins with a natural gas source 110. The natural gas source 110 may primarily comprise methane, but may comprise other compounds and/or impurities therein.

[0036] The natural gas source 110 may be regulated by a natural gas pressure, temperature, and flow control module 120. This module 120 enables a user or a machine algorithm the ability to influence various parameters associated with the natural gas including but not limited to pressure, temperature, and flow control or rate via the system controls 190. Other parameters may include the ability to add additives to the natural or otherwise modify the natural gas in some respect. The natural gas may then be transported, in step 130, to the decomposition, carbon pre-capture, and separation module 140.

[0037] This decomposition module 140 utilizes plasma pyrolysis to decompose the natural gas into its elemental constituents, primarily carbon and hydrogen. The carbon may be captured, as shown in step 145, to provide for preparation of a solid carbon soot by-product 180. In the preferred embodiment, the natural gas is introduced into the decomposition module 140 embodied as a decomposition reactor using a plasma array apparatus (PAA) 320, as shown in FIG. 3, or other means capable of causing decomposition of the natural gas.

[0038] Referring now to FIG. 3, in some embodiments, the decomposition reactor 330 is capable of withstanding the flows, temperatures, and pressures necessary for the required starting material decomposition. In a preferred embodiment, the decomposition reactor 330 is fed starting materials, such as natural gas, through one or more PAA's 320 comprising one or more separate inlets. In other embodiments, the decomposition reactor 330 contains instrumentation 310 for process monitoring and control, and one of more outlets for gasses, such as hydrogen and any remaining light hydrocarbons (together hydrogen syngas) 150, and one or more outlets for solid carbon soot 145, as described above.

[0039] The PAA 320 may be formed from any number of plasma sheets or other arrangement of plasmas to create a plasma reacting region. This plasma reacting region is located within the interior of the decomposition reactor 330 and allows for increased reaction time for the starting materials thereby providing more complete decomposition, the ability to maintain more uniform temperatures within the decomposition reactor 330, and the ability to handle higher rates of introduction of feed material, such as natural gas 110, into the decomposition reactor 330. Further embodiments of the decomposition reactor 330 and PAA 320 may be described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/426,266 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,212,058) and Ser. No. 12/106,488 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,284,503), the contents of both of which are herein fully incorporated by reference.

[0040] The generated syngas or h-syngas or hydrogen syngas 150 may comprise substantially (equal to or more than 50%) hydrogen and is preferably introduced into another reaction area, such as a boiler, for co-firing with a fossil fuel or other hydrocarbon based fuel 170. In other embodiments, the generated syngas 150 may comprise at least 20% hydrogen and more preferably be between about 25% and about 99% hydrogen. In a preferred embodiment, the syngas contains at least 40% hydrogen. In some embodiments, the higher carbon ratio fossil fuel is a heavy oil or coal. In other embodiments the H-syngas may be co-fired with a biofuel, such as wood chips or corn stovers, or the H-syngas may be co-fired with a recycled product, such as shredded tires, which are predominantly carbon black. Other bio-oils may include but are not limited to bio-diesel, bio-gasoline, bio-gas, ethanol, bio-coke or bio-coal and the like or some combination thereof. In other embodiments, various waste products including municipal wastes may be co-fired with the syngas.

[0041] As shown below, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen affects the energy content and the CO.sub.2 released by the combustion of the chosen fuel (see Table 1). By co-firing the fuel with the H-syngas created as described herein, the amount of CO.sub.2 generated by combustion of the fossil fuel can be greatly reduced thereby reducing the greenhouse gasses emitted into the atmosphere, as shown in FIG. 1, step 165. Co-firing coal with syngas can reduce the resulting CO.sub.2 emissions from a coal-fired plant to the much lower level of emissions resulting from burning only natural gas in that plant.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Increasing the Hydrogen in the Mix Reduces the CO.sub.2 Produced and Emitted Chemical HHV Energy/mol mol CO.sub.2/ kg CO.sub.2/ Formulas kJ/kg fuel kJ/mol fuel mol fuel kg fuel Hydrogen H.sub.2 141,000 284.2 0 0.00 Methane CH.sub.4 55,530 890.8 1 2.74 C.sub.xH Anthracite .sub.y 32,500 423.1 1 3.38 Solid Carbon C(s) 34,080 409.3 1 3.66 Carbon Dioxide CO.sub.2 Hydrogen plus 20% 54,200 2.70 Anthracite 80%

[0042] The ratios, values, and examples shown in the table are intended to be exemplary only and various other fuels may be implemented and co-fired as described herein. Further, the solid carbon soot may be captured, in step 145, and optionally treated or prepared 180. The solid carbon soot may then be sold, stored, disposed of, or otherwise captured for various purposes. However, a premise of the embodiments of the present invention is for solid carbon soot to be captured and not released or burned or otherwise exuded from the apparatus or associated process.

[0043] FIG. 2 demonstrates one potential embodiment of the present invention. Here, the various modules may be coupled to a mobile or fixed platform in an operational or fluid connection to one another. If the platform 230 is a fixed platform, then the location may be in any number of locations such as a waste treatment facility, energy production facility, etc. if the platform 230 is a mobile platform, it is preferable that the platform 230 has wheels or other mechanisms of motion coupled thereto. Further, the platform 230 may be capable of being fully driven or maneuvered or may be on a trailer enabling it to be coupled to the back of a truck or other vehicle configured to tow such a payload.

[0044] As shown in FIG. 2, the natural gas source 110 or starting materials are introduced into the natural gas pressure, temperature, and flow control module 120. The module 120 may have one or more inlets for receiving the starting materials. Further, the module 120 may have one or more outlets for introducing the starting materials at a rate, temperature, pressure, etc. selected by the system controls 190 or system control programming to the decomposition module 140.

[0045] From the decomposition module 140 the resulting gases to be co-fired may be introduced into a boiler 220 or similar structure for firing with fossil fuels as described herein or may be directly introduced into a fuel cell or power supply unit 210 for providing fuel to an apparatus such as an automobile and/or to power the decomposition module.

[0046] The resulting solid carbon soot 180 may optionally be collected and prepared and may be further refined, processed, or otherwise utilized for sale, storage, and/or disposal 240 thereby preventing the carbon for escaping into the atmosphere.

[0047] Referring now to FIG. 4, for both left (4L) and right (4R) examples, coal 410 is introduced into the combustion vessel 420, where it is combined with an ignition source and air containing oxygen (not shown), and is burned 430. The resulting combustion gases produced by burning the coal include substantial quantities of the “greenhouse gas” carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2). The CO.sub.2 is emitted up the stack 440 and into the environment in such a plant design. The values presented here are for exemplary purposes only and may be revised or different for varying load assumptions and actual designs.

[0048] In (4L), the emissions from this coal-fired power plant—without the benefit of hydrogen co-firing—substantially exceeds the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Clean Power Plan (CPP) cap of 1,800 lbs. of CO.sub.2 per megawatt-hour-gross (MWh-gross) for coal-fired power plants.

[0049] However, in (4R), elements from embodiments of the present invention have been added to provide the benefits of hydrogen co-firing in reducing CO.sub.2 emissions. Additional natural gas 450 is introduced into a thermal decomposition vessel 460 to decompose the feed material into hydrogen 470 and by-product carbon black 480. The hydrogen may then be introduced into the combustion vessel 420, to be co-fired with the coal, where it is burned to form water vapor (H.sub.2O), thereby substantially reducing stack 440 CO.sub.2 emissions.

[0050] The emissions from the power plant benefiting from hydrogen co-firing are below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) cap of 1,800 lbs. of CO.sub.2 per megawatt-hour-gross (MWh-gross) for modified coal-fired power plants. Such goals are accomplished without the substantial operating efficiency losses and capital investment required for carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) infrastructure. None of the following CCS investments are required: no oxygen plant, no CO.sub.2 capture chemical plant, no CO.sub.2 compression plant, no CO.sub.2 storage facilities, or CO.sub.2 pipeline, and no CO.sub.2 injection network or deep well disposal field.

[0051] The modified coal-burning plant, shown in (4R), benefiting from the reduced CO.sub.2 emissions associated with hydrogen co-firing, can still use as much as 70% coal as the older design (4L), providing multi-fuel diversity, preserving the value of current capital investments, and avoiding stranded costs associated with “no-longer-used-and-useful” investments and the associated write-downs. Further, the modified plant (4R) fully meets the EPA's CPP coal plant emission standards. This is accomplished with a minimum of incremental capital investment. Finally, the by-product carbon soot produced from thermal decomposition of the natural gas can be sold for a revenue credit against the overall cost of the modified power plant operations.

[0052] Although this invention and its embodiments have been described with a certain degree of particularity, it is to be understood that the present disclosure has been made only by way of illustration and that numerous changes in the details of construction and arrangement of parts may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention.