Ceramic colours

Abstract

Ceramic colours containing effect pigments and a liquid glass forming component for decoration of metallic, ceramic and glassy articles and a process for the preparation of a ceramic glaze.

Claims

1. A process for preparing a glazed article comprising: (a) printing or coating a ceramic colour on a ceramic or metallic body, (b) drying the ceramic or metallic body obtained in step (a), (c) firing the ceramic body obtained in step (b) at a temperature ≥1,000° C. or the metallic body obtained in step (b) at a temperature in the range of 450° C.-950° C., wherein the ceramic colour comprises at least one liquid glass forming component that is a liquid polymer selected from polysilsesquioxanes and at least one effect pigment based on flake-form substrates, and optionally a solvent, optionally a binder, optionally an absorptive ceramic pigment and optionally at least one additive.

2. The process according to claim 1, wherein in step (c) the ceramic body is fired at a temperature in the range of 1,000-1,300° C. or the metallic body is fired at a temperature in the range of above 550-850° C.

3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the glazed article is selected from the group consisting of unfired bricks, fired bricks, unfired earthenware, fired earthenware, ceramicware, ceramic glazes, decorative tiles, porcelain glazes, metallic decoration and enamel.

4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the glazed article is an outer surface of a porcelain, china, bone china, ceramic, glass or enamel.

5. The process according to claim 1, comprising aligning the pigments in a nearly plane-parallel manner.

6. The process according to claim 1, wherein, in the glazed article, between the pigment particles after a firing and a projected surface of the coating there is an average angle, which average angle is between 0° and 30°.

7. The process according to claim 1, wherein, in the glazed article, a deviation to an average angle among the pigment particles is less than 30°.

8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the glazed article does not contain particular frit, or in which the pigment does not contain a protective coating.

9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the liquid polymer selected from polysilsesquioxanes is of formula ##STR00002## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are, each independently from each other, selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkene, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylene and alkoxyl, and m and n are, each independently from each other, an integer selected from the numbers in the range of 1 to 100, with the proviso that the boiling point of the polysilsesquioxane exceeds 150° C.

10. The process according to claim 1, which comprises: (a) printing or coating a ceramic colour on a ceramic body, (b) drying the ceramic body obtained in step (a), (c) firing the ceramic body obtained in step (b) at a temperature ≥1,000° C.

11. The process according to claim 1, which comprises: (a) printing or coating a ceramic colour on a metallic body, (b) drying the metallic body obtained in step (a), (c) firing the metallic body obtained in step (b) at a temperature in the range of 450° C.-950° C.

12. The process according to claim 1, wherein, in the glazed article, a deviation to an average angle among the pigment particles is less than 10°, or between the pigment particles after a firing and a projected surface of the coating there is an average angle, which average angle is 0° or 180°.

13. The process according to claim 1, wherein, in the ceramic colour, the effect pigment is based on flake-form substrates selected from the group consisting of synthetic mica flakes, natural mica flakes, glassflakes, SiO.sub.2 flakes Al.sub.2O.sub.3 flake, SiC flakes, Si.sub.xN.sub.yC.sub.z (with x=0.5-1.0; y=0.25-0.5; z=0.25-0.5), B.sub.4C flakes, BN flakes, graphite flakes, TiO.sub.2 flakes, and Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 flakes.

14. The process according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of effect pigment in the ceramic colour is at least 0.1% by weight based on the liquid glass forming component.

15. The process according to claim 1, wherein, in the ceramic colour, the flake-form substrates are covered with one or more layers of metal oxide(s), metal sulfides, rare-earth metal oxides and/or metal(s) or mixtures thereof.

16. The process according to claim 1, wherein, in the ceramic colour, the flake-form substrates are covered on the surface with one or more layers selected from the group consisting of TiO.sub.2, MnO, CuO, CuCr.sub.2O.sub.4, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, ZrO.sub.2, SnO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.2TiO.sub.5, FeTiO.sub.3, FeOOH, Fe.sub.3O.sub.4, Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.x, where x=1.50-1.95.

17. The process according to claim 1, wherein, in the ceramic colour, the flake-form substrates have a particle thickness of 0.05-5.0 μm.

18. The process according to claim 1, wherein the ceramic colour comprises a printing oil.

19. The process according to claim 1, wherein, in the ceramic colour, the effect pigments are selected from the following group of pigments:
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+FeTiO.sub.3
substrate flake+Fe.sub.2TiO.sub.5
substrate flake+ZrO.sub.2
substrate flake+ZnO
substrate flake+SnO.sub.2
substrate flake+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+Ce.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+TiO.sub.x (reduced), where x=1.50-1.95
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4
substrate flake+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2+Al.sub.2O.sub.3+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2+Al.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2+MgO×SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+MgO×SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+MgO×SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+MgO×SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+MgO×SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2+MgO×SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SnO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+Fe.sub.2TiO.sub.5+SnO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2TiO.sub.5 and
substrate flake+Fe.sub.2TiO.sub.5+SiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2TiO.sub.5.

20. The process according to claim 1, wherein, in the ceramic colour, the effect pigments on the substrate flake have a first low-refractive-index layer (=LRL) comprising Al.sub.2O.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, zirconium silicate ZrSiO.sub.4, mullite 3Al.sub.2O.sub.3×2SiO.sub.2 or 2Al.sub.2O.sub.3×SiO.sub.2 (sintered or fused mullite) or alkaline-earth metal silicate (MSiO.sub.3, where M=Mg.sup.2+, Ca.sup.2+, Sr.sup.2+ or Ba.sup.2+, or M.sub.2Si.sub.3O.sub.8, where M=Mg.sup.2+, Ca.sup.2+, Sr.sup.2+ or Ba.sup.2+) and are selected from the following group of pigments:
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+FeTiO.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+Fe.sub.2TiO.sub.5
substrate flake+LRL+ZrO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+ZnO
substrate flake+LRL+SnO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+Ce.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.x (reduced), where x=1.50-1.95
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4
substrate flake+LRL+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2+Al.sub.2O.sub.3+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2+Al.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2+MgO×SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+MgO×SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+MgO×SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+MgO×SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+MgO×SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2+MgO×SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SnO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+LRL+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+LRL+Fe.sub.2TiO.sub.5+SnO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2TiO.sub.5 and
substrate flake+LRL+Fe.sub.2TiO.sub.5+SiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2TiO.sub.5.

21. A process for preparing a glazed article comprising: (a) printing or coating a ceramic colour on a ceramic or metallic body, (b) drying the ceramic or metallic body obtained in step (a), (c) firing the ceramic body obtained in step (b) at a temperature ≥1,000° C. or the metallic body obtained in step (b) at a temperature in the range of 450° C.-950° C., wherein the ceramic colour comprises at least one liquid glass forming component that is a liquid polymer selected from polysilsesquioxanes and at least one effect pigment based on flake-form substrates, and optionally a solvent, optionally a binder, optionally an absorptive ceramic pigment and optionally at least one additive, and wherein the ceramic colour in step (a) does not contain a glass frit.

22. A process for preparing a glazed article comprising: (a) printing or coating a ceramic colour on a ceramic or metallic body, (b) drying the ceramic or metallic body obtained in step (a), (c) firing the ceramic body obtained in step (b) at a temperature ≥1,000° C. or the metallic body obtained in step (b) at a temperature in the range of 600° C.-950° C., wherein the ceramic colour comprises at least one liquid glass forming component that is a liquid polymer selected from polysilsesquioxanes and at least one effect pigment based on flake-form substrates, and optionally a solvent, optionally a binder, optionally an absorptive ceramic pigment and optionally at least one additive.

Description

EXAMPLES

(1) For the preparation of ceramic colours, the effect pigments according to Examples 1 to 298 are weighed out and homogenised with the corresponding amount of liquid glass forming component and printing oil 221 ME by Ferro

(2) The liquid glass forming component is a polysilsesquioxane and has a resulting solid content of 26% after firing.

(3) The pearlescent pigments used in the examples are all commercially available and have the compositions listed in Table 2 (in the “Particle size” column, the d.sub.10-d.sub.90 value is measured using a Malvern is indicated in each case):

(4) The printing paste obtained are applied to tiles by means of doctor blade and screen printing. In all cases, the printed tile is dried in a drying cabinet or fume hood at temperatures of 60-110° C. in order to evaporate the solvent present in the printing oil.

(5) The printed and dried tiles are then fired in a firing furnace by means of a temperature profile in accordance with FIG. 3.

(6) 180 min: heating to 1100° C.,

(7) 3 min: holding at 1100° C.,

(8) 120 min: rapid cooling to 600° C.,

(9) 300 min: slow cooling to room temperature.

(10) The temperature programme as a function of time is depicted in FIG. 3.

(11) The glazed tiles of the examples according to the invention are distinguished by the fact that the desired optical effects are stable and accessible in a reproducible manner in respective high-temperature applications 500-1300° C.

(12) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 W.sub.Pigm after Firing Pearlescent Glass Screen W.sub.Pigm in Example Pigment forming Printing in Polysilses- No. Pigment [g] Name Matrix [g] Medium [g] Polymer [%] quioxane [%] 1 0.01 Xirallic © 1 2 0.99 3.65 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 2 0.15 Xirallic © 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 3 0.3 Xirallic © 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 4 0.5 Xirallic © 0.05 2 90.91 97.43 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 5 0.01 Xirallic © 1 3 0.99 3.65 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 6 0.15 Xirallic © 0.5 3 23.08 53.17 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 7 0.3 Xirallic © 0.25 3 54.55 81.96 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 8 0.5 Xirallic © 0.05 3 90.91 97.43 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 9 0.01 Xirallic © 2 2 0.50 1.86 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 10 0.15 Xirallic © 1.5 2 9.09 27.46 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 11 0.3 Xirallic © 1 2 23.08 53.17 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 12 0.5 Xirallic © 0.5 2 50.00 79.10 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 13 0.01 Xirallic © 0.01 2 50.00 79.10 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 14 0.15 Xirallic © 3 2 4.76 15.91 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 15 0.3 Xirallic © 1.2 2 20.00 48.62 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 16 0.5 Xirallic © 0.7 2 41.67 73.00 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 17 4.5 Xirallic © 0.5 2 90.00 97.15 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 18 0.5 Xirallic © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 19 4.9 Xirallic © 0.1 2 98.00 99.46 Crystal Silver (Merck KGaA) 20 0.01 Iriodin © 103 1 2 0.99 3.65 (Merck KGaA) 21 0.15 Iriodin © 103 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 (Merck KGaA) 22 0.3 Iriodin © 103 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 (Merck KGaA) 23 0.5 Iriodin © 103 0.05 2 90.91 97.43 (Merck KGaA) 24 0.01 Iriodin © 103 1 3 0.99 3.65 (Merck KGaA) 25 0.15 Iriodin © 103 0.5 3 23.08 53.17 (Merck KGaA) 26 0.3 Iriodin © 103 0.25 3 54.55 81.96 (Merck KGaA) 27 0.5 Iriodin © 103 0.05 3 90.91 97.43 (Merck KGaA) 28 0.01 Iriodin © 103 2 2 0.50 1.86 (Merck KGaA) 29 0.15 Iriodin © 103 1.5 2 9.09 27.46 (Merck KGaA) 30 0.3 Iriodin © 103 1 2 23.08 53.17 (Merck KGaA) 31 0.5 Iriodin © 103 0.5 2 50.00 79.10 (Merck KGaA) 32 0.01 Iriodin © 103 0.01 2 50.00 79.10 (Merck KGaA) 33 0.15 Iriodin © 103 3 2 4.76 15.91 (Merck KGaA) 34 0.3 Iriodin © 103 1.2 2 20.00 48.62 (Merck KGaA) 35 0.5 Iriodin © 103 0.7 2 41.67 73.00 (Merck KGaA) 36 4.5 Iriodin © 103 0.5 2 90.00 97.15 (Merck KGaA) 37 0.5 Iriodin © 103 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 (Merck KGaA) 38 4.9 Iriodin © 103 0.1 2 98.00 99.46 (Merck KGaA) 39 0.01 Iriodin © 305 1 2 0.99 3.65 (Merck KGaA) 40 0.15 Iriodin © 305 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 (Merck KGaA) 41 0.3 Iriodin © 305 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 (Merck KGaA) 42 0.5 Iriodin © 305 0.05 2 90.91 97.43 (Merck KGaA) 43 0.01 Iriodin © 305 1 3 0.99 3.65 (Merck KGaA) 44 0.15 Iriodin © 305 0.5 3 23.08 53.17 (Merck KGaA) 45 0.3 Iriodin © 305 0.25 3 54.55 81.96 (Merck KGaA) 46 0.5 Iriodin © 305 0.05 3 90.91 97.43 (Merck KGaA) 47 0.01 Iriodin © 305 2 2 0.50 1.86 (Merck KGaA) 48 0.15 Iriodin © 305 1.5 2 9.09 27.46 (Merck KGaA) 49 0.3 Iriodin © 305 1 2 23.08 53.17 (Merck KGaA) 50 0.5 Iriodin © 305 0.5 2 50.00 79.10 (Merck KGaA) 51 0.01 Iriodin © 305 0.01 2 50.00 79.10 (Merck KGaA) 52 0.15 Iriodin © 305 3 2 4.76 15.91 (Merck KGaA) 53 0.3 Iriodin © 305 1.2 2 20.00 48.62 (Merck KGaA) 54 0.5 Iriodin © 305 0.7 2 41.67 73.00 (Merck KGaA) 55 4.5 Iriodin © 305 0.5 2 90.00 97.15 (Merck KGaA) 56 0.5 Iriodin © 305 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 (Merck KGaA) 57 4.9 Iriodin © 305 0.1 2 98.00 99.46 (Merck KGaA) 58 0.01 Iriodin © 4504 1 2 0.99 3.65 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 59 0.15 Iriodin © 4504 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 60 0.3 Iriodin © 4504 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 61 0.5 Iriodin © 4504 0.05 2 90.91 97.43 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 62 0.01 Iriodin © 4504 1 3 0.99 3.65 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 63 0.15 Iriodin © 4504 0.5 3 23.08 53.17 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 64 0.3 Iriodin © 4504 0.25 3 54.55 81.96 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 65 0.5 Iriodin © 4504 0.05 3 90.91 97.43 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 66 0.01 Iriodin © 4504 2 2 0.50 1.86 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 67 0.15 Iriodin © 4504 1.5 2 9.09 27.46 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 68 0.3 Iriodin © 4504 1 2 23.08 53.17 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 69 0.5 Iriodin © 4504 0.5 2 50.00 79.10 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 70 0.01 Iriodin © 4504 0.01 2 50.00 79.10 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 71 0.15 Iriodin © 4504 3 2 4.76 15.91 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 72 0.3 Iriodin © 4504 1.2 2 20.00 48.62 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 73 0.5 Iriodin © 4504 0.7 2 41.67 73.00 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 74 4.5 Iriodin © 4504 0.5 2 90.00 97.15 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 75 0.5 Iriodin © 4504 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 76 4.9 Iriodin © 4504 0.1 2 98.00 99.46 Lava Red (Merck KGaA) 77 0.01 Iriodin © 9219 1 2 0.99 3.65 (Merck KGaA) 78 0.15 Iriodin © 9219 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 (Merck KGaA) 79 0.3 Iriodin © 9219 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 (Merck KGaA) 80 0.5 Iriodin © 9219 0.05 2 90.91 97.43 (Merck KGaA) 81 0.01 Iriodin © 9219 1 3 0.99 3.65 (Merck KGaA) 82 0.15 Iriodin © 9219 0.5 3 23.08 53.17 (Merck KGaA) 83 0.3 Iriodin © 9219 0.25 3 54.55 81.96 (Merck KGaA) 84 0.5 Iriodin © 9219 0.05 3 90.91 97.43 (Merck KGaA) 85 0.01 Iriodin © 9219 2 2 0.50 1.86 (Merck KGaA) 86 0.15 Iriodin © 9219 1.5 2 9.09 27.46 (Merck KGaA) 87 0.3 Iriodin © 9219 1 2 23.08 53.17 (Merck KGaA) 88 0.5 Iriodin © 9219 0.5 2 50.00 79.10 (Merck KGaA) 89 0.01 Iriodin © 9219 0.01 2 50.00 79.10 (Merck KGaA) 90 0.15 Iriodin © 9219 3 2 4.76 15.91 (Merck KGaA) 91 0.3 Iriodin © 9219 1.2 2 20.00 48.62 (Merck KGaA) 92 0.5 Iriodin © 9219 0.7 2 41.67 73.00 (Merck KGaA) 93 4.5 Iriodin © 9219 0.5 2 90.00 97.15 (Merck KGaA) 94 0.5 Iriodin © 9219 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 (Merck KGaA) 95 4.9 Iriodin © 9219 0.1 2 98.00 99.46 (Merck KGaA) 96 0.01 Iriodin © 9444 1 2 0.99 3.65 (Merck KGaA) 97 0.15 Iriodin © 9444 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 (Merck KGaA) 98 0.3 Iriodin © 9444 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 (Merck KGaA) 99 0.5 Iriodin © 9444 0.05 2 90.91 97.43 (Merck KGaA) 100 0.01 Iriodin © 9444 1 3 0.99 3.65 (Merck KGaA) 101 0.15 Iriodin © 9444 0.5 3 23.08 53.17 (Merck KGaA) 102 0.3 Iriodin © 9444 0.25 3 54.55 81.96 (Merck KGaA) 103 0.5 Iriodin © 9444 0.05 3 90.91 97.43 (Merck KGaA) 104 0.01 Iriodin © 9444 2 2 0.50 1.86 (Merck KGaA) 105 0.15 Iriodin © 9444 1.5 2 9.09 27.46 (Merck KGaA) 106 0.3 Iriodin © 9444 1 2 23.08 53.17 (Merck KGaA) 107 0.5 Iriodin © 9444 0.5 2 50.00 79.10 (Merck KGaA) 108 0.01 Iriodin © 9444 0.01 2 50.00 79.10 (Merck KGaA) 109 0.15 Iriodin © 9444 3 2 4.76 15.91 (Merck KGaA) 110 0.3 Iriodin © 9444 1.2 2 20.00 48.62 (Merck KGaA) 111 0.5 Iriodin © 9444 0.7 2 41.67 73.00 (Merck KGaA) 112 4.5 Iriodin © 9444 0.5 2 90.00 97.15 (Merck KGaA) 113 0.5 Iriodin © 9444 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 (Merck KGaA) 114 4.9 Iriodin © 9444 0.1 2 98.00 99.46 (Merck KGaA) 115 0.01 Iriodin © 9504 1 2 0.99 3.65 (Merck KGaA) 116 0.15 Iriodin © 9504 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 (Merck KGaA) 117 0.3 Iriodin © 9504 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 (Merck KGaA) 118 0.5 Iriodin © 9504 0.05 2 90.91 97.43 (Merck KGaA) 119 0.01 Iriodin © 9504 1 3 0.99 3.65 (Merck KGaA) 120 0.15 Iriodin © 9504 0.5 3 23.08 53.17 (Merck KGaA) 121 0.3 Iriodin © 9504 0.25 3 54.55 81.96 (Merck KGaA) 122 0.5 Iriodin © 9504 0.05 3 90.91 97.43 (Merck KGaA) 123 0.01 Iriodin © 9504 2 2 0.50 1.86 (Merck KGaA) 124 0.15 Iriodin © 9504 1.5 2 9.09 27.46 (Merck KGaA) 125 0.3 Iriodin © 9504 1 2 23.08 53.17 (Merck KGaA) 126 0.5 Iriodin © 9504 0.5 2 50.00 79.10 (Merck KGaA) 127 0.01 Iriodin © 9504 0.01 2 50.00 79.10 (Merck KGaA) 128 0.15 Iriodin © 9504 3 2 4.76 15.91 (Merck KGaA) 129 0.3 Iriodin © 9504 1.2 2 20.00 48.62 (Merck KGaA) 130 0.5 Iriodin © 9504 0.7 2 41.67 73.00 (Merck KGaA) 131 4.5 Iriodin © 9504 0.5 2 90.00 97.17 (Merck KGaA) 132 0.5 Iriodin © 9504 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 (Merck KGaA) 133 4.9 Iriodin © 9504 0.1 2 98.00 99.46 (Merck KGaA) 134 0.01 Xirallic © 1 2 0.99 3.65 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 135 0.15 Xirallic © 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 136 0.3 Xirallic © 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 137 0.5 Xirallic © 0.05 2 90.91 97.43 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 138 0.01 Xirallic © 1 3 0.99 3.65 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 139 0.15 Xirallic © 0.5 3 23.08 53.17 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 140 0.3 Xirallic © 0.25 3 54.55 81.96 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 141 0.5 Xirallic © 0.05 3 90.91 97.43 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 142 0.01 Xirallic © 2 2 0.50 1.86 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 143 0.15 Xirallic © 1.5 2 9.09 27.46 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 144 0.3 Xirallic © 1 2 23.08 53.17 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 145 0.5 Xirallic © 0.5 2 50.00 79.10 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 146 0.01 Xirallic © 0.01 2 50.00 79.10 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 147 0.15 Xirallic © 3 2 4.76 15.91 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 148 0.3 Xirallic © 1.2 2 20.00 48.62 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 149 0.5 Xirallic © 0.7 2 41.67 73.00 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 150 4.5 Xirallic © 0.5 2 90.00 97.15 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 151 0.5 Xirallic © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 152 4.9 Xirallic © 0.1 2 98.00 99.46 F60-50 (Merck KGaA) 153 0.01 Xirallic © 1 2 0.99 3.65 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 154 0.15 Xirallic © 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 155 0.3 Xirallic © 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 156 0.5 Xirallic © 0.05 2 90.91 97.43 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 157 0.01 Xirallic © 1 3 0.99 3.65 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 158 0.15 Xirallic © 0.5 3 23.08 53.17 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 159 0.3 Xirallic © 0.25 3 54.55 81.96 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 160 0.5 Xirallic © 0.05 3 90.91 97.43 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 161 0.01 Xirallic © 2 2 0.50 1.86 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 162 0.15 Xirallic © 1.5 2 9.09 27.46 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 163 0.3 Xirallic © 1 2 23.08 53.17 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 164 0.5 Xirallic © 0.5 2 50.00 79.10 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 165 0.01 Xirallic © 0.01 2 50.00 79.10 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 166 0.15 Xirallic © 3 2 4.76 15.91 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 167 0.3 Xirallic © 1.2 2 20.00 48.62 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 168 0.5 Xirallic © 0.7 2 41.67 73.00 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 169 4.5 Xirallic © 0.5 2 90.00 97.15 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 170 0.5 Xirallic © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 171 4.9 Xirallic © 0.1 2 98.00 99.46 F60-51 (Merck KGaA) 172 0.01 Pyrisma © 1 2 0.99 3.65 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 173 0.15 Pyrisma © 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 174 0.3 Pyrisma © 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 175 0.5 Pyrisma © 0.05 2 90.91 97.43 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 176 0.01 Pyrisma © 1 3 0.99 3.65 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 177 0.15 Pyrisma © 0.5 3 23.08 53.17 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 178 0.3 Pyrisma © 0.25 3 54.55 81.96 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 179 0.5 Pyrisma © 0.05 3 90.91 97.43 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 180 0.01 Pyrisma © 2 2 0.50 1.86 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 181 0.15 Pyrisma © 1.5 2 9.09 27.46 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 182 0.3 Pyrisma © 1 2 23.08 53.17 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 183 0.5 Pyrisma © 0.5 2 50.00 79.10 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 184 0.01 Pyrisma © 0.01 2 50.00 79.10 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 185 0.15 Pyrisma © 3 2 4.76 15.91 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 186 0.3 Pyrisma © 1.2 2 20.00 48.62 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 187 0.5 Pyrisma © 0.7 2 41.67 73.00 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 188 4.5 Pyrisma © 0.5 2 90.00 97.15 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 189 0.5 Pyrisma © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 190 4.9 Pyrisma © 0.1 2 98.00 99.46 M40-58 (Merck KGaA) 191 0.5 SynCrystal © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Silver (Eckart GmbH) 192 0.5 SYMIC © B001 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Silber (Eckart GmbH) 193 0.5 SYMIC © C001 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Silber (Eckart GmbH) 194 0.5 SYMIC © C604 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Silber (Eckart GmbH) 195 0.5 SYMIC © OEM 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 X-fine Silver (Eckart GmbH) 196 0.5 SYMIC © C393 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Gold (Eckart GmbH) 197 0.5 SYMIC © C522 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Erdfarbton Kupfer (Eckart GmbH) 198 0.5 SYMIC © C542 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Erdfarbton Feuer-Rot (Eckart GmbH) 199 0.5 SYMIC © OEM 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Medium Space Gold (Eckart GmbH) 200 0.5 Magnapearl © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 1000 (BASF AG) 201 0.5 Magnapearl © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 2000 (BASF AG) 202 0.5 Magnapearl © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 3100 (BASF AG) 203 0.5 Lumina © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Brass 9232D (BASF AG) 204 0.5 Lumina © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Copper 9350D (BASF AG) 205 0.5 Lumina © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Exterior Gold 2303D (BASF AG) 206 0.5 Lumina © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Russet 9450D (BASF AG) 207 0.5 Lumina © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Royal Copper (BASF AG) 208 0.5 Lumina © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Royal Magenta (BASF AG) 209 0.5 Lumina © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Royal Blue (BASF AG) 210 0.5 Exterior Polar 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 White KC9119-SW (Fujian Kuncai Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.) 211 0.5 Exterior 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Sterling White KC9103-SW (Fujian Kuncai Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.) 212 0.5 Exterior Fine 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Gold Satin KC9201-SW (Fujian Kuncai Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.) 213 0.5 Exterior 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Platinum Pearl KC9205-SW (Fujian Kuncai Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.) 214 0.5 Exterior Gold 0.25 2 66.67 88.3 Pearl KC9300-SW (Fujian Kuncai Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.) 215 0.5 Exterior Royal 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Gold KC9303- SW (Fujian Kuncai Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.) 216 0.5 Exterior Royal 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Gold Satin KC9323-SW (Fujian Kuncai Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.) 217 0.5 Exterior Bright 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Gold KC9307- SW (Fujian Kuncai Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.) 218 0.5 Exterior 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Bronze KC9502-SW (Fujian Kuncai Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.) 219 0.5 Exterior Wine 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Red KC9504- SW (Fujian Kuncai Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.) 220 0.5 Exterior Ruby 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 KC9508-SW (Fujian Kuncai Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.) 221 0.01 ADAMAS © A- 1 2 0.99 3.65 100D (CQV Co., Ltd.) 222 0.15 ADAMAS © A- 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 100D (CQV Co., Ltd.) 223 0.3 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 100D (CQV Co., Ltd.) 224 0.5 ADAMAS © A- 0.05 2 90.91 97.43 100D (CQV Co., Ltd.) 225 0.01 ADAMAS © A- 1 3 0.99 3.65 100D (CQV Co., Ltd.) 226 0.15 ADAMAS © A- 0.5 3 23.08 53.17 100D (CQV Co., Ltd.) 227 0.5 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 901K Splendor White (CQV Co., Ltd.) 228 0.5 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 901S Dazzling White (CQV Co., Ltd.) 229 0.15 ADAMAS © A- 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 901S Dazzling White (CQV Co., Ltd.) 230 0.3 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 901S Dazzling White (CQV Co., Ltd.) 231 0.5 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 901K Splendor Gold (CQV Co., Ltd.) 232 0.15 ADAMAS © A- 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 901K Splendor Gold (CQV Co., Ltd.) 233 0.3 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 901K Splendor Gold (CQV Co., Ltd.) 234 0.5 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 701S Dazzling Gold (CQV Co., Ltd.) 235 0.15 ADAMAS © A- 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 701S Dazzling Gold (CQV Co., Ltd.) 236 0.3 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 701S Dazzling Gold (CQV Co., Ltd.) 237 0.5 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 741S Dazzling Red (CQV Co., Ltd.) 238 0.5 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 781K Splendor Blue (CQV Co., Ltd.) 239 0.5 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 781S Dazzling Blue (CQV Co., Ltd.) 240 0.5 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 620S Dazzling Bronze (CQV Co., Ltd.) 241 0.15 ADAMAS © A- 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 620S Dazzling Bronze (CQV Co., Ltd.) 242 0.3 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 620S Dazzling Bronze (CQV Co., Ltd.) 243 0.5 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 640K Splendor Copper (CQV Co., Ltd.) 244 0.15 ADAMAS © A- 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 640K Splendor Copper (CQV Co., Ltd.) 245 0.3 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 640K Splendor Copper (CQV Co., Ltd.) 246 0.5 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 640S Dazzling Copper (CQV Co., Ltd.) 247 0.15 ADAMAS © A- 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 640S Dazzling Copper (CQV Co., Ltd.) 248 0.3 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 640S Dazzling Copper (CQV Co., Ltd.) 249 0.5 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 660K Splendor Russet (CQV Co., Ltd.) 250 0.15 ADAMAS © A- 0.5 2 23.08 53.17 660K Splendor Russet (CQV Co., Ltd.) 251 0.3 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 54.55 81.96 660K Splendor Russet (CQV Co., Ltd.) 252 0.5 ADAMAS © A- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 660S Dazzling Russet (CQV Co., Ltd.) 253 0.5 CHAOS © C- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 901M Rutile Ultra Silk (CQV Co., Ltd.) 254 0.5 CHAOS © C- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 901D Rutile Fine White (CQV Co., Ltd.) 255 0.5 CHAOS © C- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 900D Fine White (CQV Co., Ltd.) 256 0.5 CHAOS © C- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 907K Skye White (CQV Co., Ltd.) 257 0.5 CHAOS © C- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 901K Splendor White (CQV Co., Ltd.) 258 0.5 CHAOS © C- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 901S Rutile Dazzling Standard (CQV Co., Ltd.) 259 0.5 CHAOS © C- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 900S Dazzling Standard (CQV Co., Ltd.) 260 0.5 CHAOS © C- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 902S Super White (CQV Co., Ltd.) 261 0.5 CHAOS © C- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 109S Super Pearl (CQV Co., Ltd.) 262 0.5 CHAOS © C- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 109B Shimmering White (CQV Co., Ltd.) 263 0.5 CHAOS © C- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 901E Glitter Pearl (CQV Co., Ltd.) 264 0.5 FERRIUS © F- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 620K Splendor Bronze (CQV Co., Ltd.) 265 0.5 FERRIUS © F- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 630K Splendor Orange (CQV Co., Ltd.) 266 0.5 FERRIUS © F- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 640K Splendor Copper (CQV Co., Ltd.) 267 0.5 FERRIUS © F- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 660K Splendor Russet (CQV Co., Ltd.) 268 0.5 FERRIUS © F- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 620P Crystal Bronze (CQV Co., Ltd.) 269 0.5 FERRIUS © F- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 630P Crystal Orange (CQV Co., Ltd.) 270 0.5 FERRIUS © F- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 640P Crystal Copper (CQV Co., Ltd.) 271 0.5 FERRIUS © F- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 660P Crystal Russet (CQV Co., Ltd.) 272 0.5 Magchrom © N- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 5001C Natural Corona Gold (CQV Co., Ltd.) 273 0.5 Magchrom © N- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 5001S Natural Dazzling Gold (CQV Co., Ltd.) 274 0.5 Magchrom © S- 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 7801C Corona Blue (CQV Co., Ltd.) 275 0.5 REFLEX © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 RCN-1008S Snow White Pearl (CQV Co., Ltd.) 276 0.5 Thermaval © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Metallic Silver (Merck KGaA) 277 0.5 Thermaval © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Metallic Gold (Merck KGaA) 278 0.5 Thermaval © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Metallic Red (Merck KGaA) 279 0.5 Thermaval © 0.25 2 66.67 88.33 Metallic Copper (Merck KGaA) 280 0.01 Iriodin © 325 1 2 0.99 21.60 (Merck KGaA) 281 0.15 Iriodin © 325 0.5 2 23.08 89.21 (Merck KGaA) 282 0.3 Iriodin © 325 0.25 2 54.55 97.06 (Merck KGaA) 283 0.5 Iriodin © 325 0.05 2 90.91 99.64 (Merck KGaA) 284 0.01 Iriodin © 325 1 3 0.99 21.60 (Merck KGaA) 285 0.15 Iriodin © 325 0.5 3 23.08 89.21 (Merck KGaA) 286 0.3 Iriodin © 325 0.25 3 54.55 97.06 (Merck KGaA) 287 0.5 Iriodin © 325 0.05 3 90.91 99.64 (Merck KGaA) 288 0.01 Iriodin © 325 2 2 0.50 12.11 (Merck KGaA) 289 0.15 Iriodin © 325 1.5 2 9.09 73.37 (Merck KGaA) 290 0.3 Iriodin © 325 1 2 23.08 89.21 (Merck KGaA) 291 0.5 Iriodin © 325 0.5 2 50.00 96.50 (Merck KGaA) 292 0.01 Iriodin © 325 0.01 2 50.00 96.50 (Merck KGaA) 293 0.15 Iriodin © 325 3 2 4.76 57.94 (Merck KGaA) 294 0.3 Iriodin © 325 1.2 2 20.00 87.32 (Merck KGaA) 295 0.5 Iriodin © 325 0.7 2 41.67 95.16 (Merck KGaA) 296 4.5 Iriodin © 325 0.5 2 90.00 99.60 (Merck KGaA) 297 0.5 Iriodin © 325 0.25 2 66.67 98.22 (Merck KGaA) 298 4.9 Iriodin © 325 0.1 2 98.00 99.93 (Merck KGaA)

(13) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Particle size Trade name Manufacturer Substrate Coating [μm] Xirallic © Crystal Silver Merck KGaA Al.sub.2O.sub.3 TiO.sub.2 5-35 Iriodin © 103 Merck KGaA Natural mica TiO.sub.2 10-60  Iriodin © 305 Merck KGaA Natural mica Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 and 10-60  TiO.sub.2 Iriodin © 4504 Lava Red Merck KGaA SiO.sub.2 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 5-50 Iriodin © 9219 Merck KGaA Natural mica TiO.sub.2 10-60  Iriodin © 9444 Merck KGaA Natural mica Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 5-40 Iriodin © 9504 Merck KGaA Natural mica Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 10-60  Xirallic © F60-50 Merck KGaA Al.sub.2O.sub.3 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 5-35 Xirallic © F60-51 Merck KGaA Al.sub.2O.sub.3 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 5-35 Pyrisma © M40-58 Merck KGaA Natural mica Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 and 5-40 TiO.sub.2 SynCrystal © Silver Eckart GmbH Synthetic TiO.sub.2 10-50  mica SYMIC © B001 Silver Eckart GmbH Synthetic TiO.sub.2 5-25 mica SYMIC © C001 Silver Eckart GmbH Synthetic TiO.sub.2 10-40  mica SYMIC © C604 Silver Eckart GmbH Synthetic TiO.sub.2 10-40  mica SYMIC © OEM X-fine Eckart GmbH Synthetic TiO.sub.2 3-15 Silver mica SYMIC © C393 Gold Eckart GmbH Synthetic Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 and 10-40  mica TiO.sub.2 SYMIC © C522 Copper Eckart GmbH Synthetic Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 10-40  Earth Shade mica SYMIC © C542 Fire Eckart GmbH Synthetic Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 10-40  Red Earth Shade mica SYMIC © OEM Medium Eckart GmbH Synthetic Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 and 12-38  Space Gold mica TiO.sub.2 Magnapearl © 1000 BASF AG Natural mica TiO.sub.2 6-48 Magnapearl © 2000 BASF AG Natural mica TiO.sub.2 5-25 Magnapearl © 3100 BASF AG Natural mica TiO.sub.2 2-10 Lumina © Brass 9232D BASF AG Natural mica Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 and 10-48  TiO.sub.2 Lumina © Copper BASF AG Natural mica Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 8-48 9350D Lumina © Exterior Gold BASF AG Natural mica TiO.sub.2 8-48 2303D Lumina © Russet BASF AG Natural mica Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 8-48 9450D Lumina © Royal Copper BASF AG Natural mica TiO.sub.2 10-34  Lumina © Royal BASF AG Natural mica TiO.sub.2 10-34  Magenta Lumina © Royal Blue BASF AG Natural mica TiO.sub.2 10-34  Exterior Polar White Fujian Kuncai Natural mica TiO.sub.2 5-25 KC9119-SW Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. Exterior Sterling White Fujian Kuncai Natural mica TiO.sub.2 10-45  KC9103-SW Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. Exterior Fine Gold Fujian Kuncai Natural mica TiO.sub.2 5-25 Satin KC9201-SW Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. Exterior Platinum Pearl Fujian Kuncai Natural mica TiO.sub.2 10-45  KC9205-SW Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. Exterior Royal Gold Fujian Kuncai Natural mica Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 and 10-45  KC9303-SW Fine Chemicals TiO.sub.2 Co., Ltd. Exterior Royal Gold Fujian Kuncai Natural mica Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 and 5-25 Satin KC9323-SW Fine Chemicals TiO.sub.2 Co., Ltd. Exterior Bright Gold Fujian Kuncai Natural mica Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 and 10-60  KC9307-SW Fine Chemicals TiO.sub.2 Co., Ltd. Exterior Brown Fujian Kuncai Natural mica Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 8-45 KC9502-SW Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. Exterior Wine Red Fujian Kuncai Natural mica Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 8-45 KC9504-SW Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. Exterior Ruby KC9508- Fujian Kuncai Natural mica Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 8-45 SW Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. ADAMAS © A-100D CQV Co., Ltd. Al.sub.2O.sub.3 TiO.sub.2 3-30 ADAMAS © A-901K CQV Co., Ltd. Al.sub.2O.sub.3 TiO.sub.2 5-30 Splendor White ADAMAS © A-901S CQV Co., Ltd. Al.sub.2O.sub.3 TiO.sub.2 9-45 Dazzling White ADAMAS © A-901K CQV Co., Ltd. Al.sub.2O.sub.3 TiO.sub.2 5-30 Splendor Gold ADAMAS © A-701S CQV Co., Ltd. Al.sub.2O.sub.3 TiO.sub.2 9-45 Dazzling Gold ADAMAS © A-741S CQV Co., Ltd. Al.sub.2O.sub.3 TiO.sub.2 9-45 Dazzling Red ADAMAS © A-781K CQV Co., Ltd. Al.sub.2O.sub.3 TiO.sub.2 5-30 Splendor Blue ADAMAS © A-781S CQV Co., Ltd. Al.sub.2O.sub.3 TiO.sub.2 9-45 Dazzling Blue ADAMAS © A-620S CQV Co., Ltd. Al.sub.2O.sub.3 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 9-45 Dazzling Bronze ADAMAS © A-640S CQV Co., Ltd. Al.sub.2O.sub.3 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 9-45 Dazzling Copper ADAMAS © A-660S CQV Co., Ltd. Al.sub.2O.sub.3 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 9-45 Dazzling Russet CHAOS © C-901M CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic TiO.sub.2 3-17 Rutile Ultra Silk mica CHAOS © C-901D CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic TiO.sub.2 5-25 Rutile Fine White mica CHAOS © C-900D Fine CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic TiO.sub.2 5-25 White mica CHAOS © C-907K Sky CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic TiO.sub.2 5-35 White mica CHAOS © C-901K CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic TiO.sub.2 5-35 Splendor White mica CHAOS © C-901S CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic TiO.sub.2 9-45 Rutile Dazzling mica Standard CHAOS © C-900S CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic TiO.sub.2 9-45 Dazzling Standard mica CHAOS © C-902S CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic TiO.sub.2 9-45 Super White mica CHAOS © C-109S CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic TiO.sub.2 9-41 Super Pearl mica CHAOS © C-109B CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic TiO.sub.2 13-60  Shimmering White mica CHAOS © C-901E CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic TiO.sub.2 17-100 Glitter Pearl mica FERRIUS © F-620K CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 5-35 Splendor Bronze mica FERRIUS © F-630K CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 5-35 Splendor Orange mica FERRIUS © F-640K CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 5-35 Splendor Copper mica FERRIUS © F-660K CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 5-35 Splendor Russet mica FERRIUS © F-620P CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 25-150 Crystal Bronze mica FERRIUS © F-630P CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 25-150 Crystal Orange mica FERRIUS © F-640P CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 25-150 Crystal Copper mica FERRIUS © F-660P CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 25-150 Crystal Russet mica Magchrom © N-5001C CQV Co., Ltd. Nat. mica TiO.sub.2 7-30 Natural Corona Gold Magchrom © N-5001S CQV Co., Ltd. Nat. mica TiO.sub.2 9-45 Natural Dazzling Gold Magchrom © S-7801C CQV Co., Ltd. Synthetic TiO.sub.2 7-27 Corona Blue mica

(14) 4 coated tiles of the example 1-275 are measured and compared to the respective mixture based on pigment and frit. The test tiles (firing at 1100° C.) are measured by a common colour measuring instrument (Byk-Mac) to give a statement on brilliance and chroma. Additionally, gloss values measured by a common gloss measuring instrument (Byk-Mac-Trigloss) are used. These values provide information on surface gloss and are therefore quality criteria for a smooth surface. Detailed information on the measurement process and the gloss values to be used can be found in the manufacturer's brochure of Byk-Mac.

(15) A commercial frit from Ferro (FLUX 101911), which is suitable for this firing range, is used for the comparative examples.

(16) Table 3 shows the values of specular colour measurement (15° away from the specular angle) by BYK Mac I for ceramic colours according to the invention and respective mixtures of pigment and frit.

(17) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Mean Value Mean Value Mean Value Test body of L* of a* of b* Porcelain pure 85.642891 −1.240811 0.797664 Frit 89.353989 −1.127215 0.54104 Polysilsesquioxane 88.04554 −0.889047 1.298175 Iriodin © 100/Frit 105.635033 −1.140235 7.132583 Iriodin © 100/Polymer 110.634941 −1.526905 0.175483 Lava Red Frit 72.674736 13.959878 −1.056682 Lava Red Polymer 85.261124 68.830589 33.313763

(18) It is evident from the values of Table 3 that silver interference pigments (i.e. Iriodin© 100 printed with the pre-ceramic polymer according to the invention show less yellowing. This is apparent by a lower b* value compared to the respective porcelain flakes with frit.

(19) So, the silver white pigments show a higher stability and a better orientation. This shows up in a more pure silver shade.

(20) Furthermore, it can be seen that for effect pigments having a mass tone (i.e. Lava Red) considerably higher tinting strength and gloss can be achieved by the improved orientation of the pigments. The colours printed with the pre-ceramic polymer show a higher L* value than the comparative colours with a frit. The chroma is evident from the higher a* and b* values.

(21) Table 4 shows the values of the gloss measurements by BYK Mac Trigloss for ceramic colours according to the invention and respective mixtures of pigment and frit.

(22) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Mean Value Mean Value Mean Value Test body of L* at 20° of L* at 60° of L* at 85° Porcelain pure 12.75 47.28 65.84 Frit 13.95 49.34 68.99 Polysilsesquioxane 49.19 70.92 88.09 Iriodin © 100/Frit 1.70 5.49 1.91 Iriodin © 100/Polymer 24.59 76.06 72.89 Lava Red Frit 0.76 4.47 2.62 Lava Red Polymer 4.42 19.01 38.24

(23) The gloss measurements provide a measure for the surface gloss. This gloss arises from the optimal orientation of the effect pigments in the ceramic colour according to the invention. Thus, the surface is not disturbed by disoriented effect pigments like in case of mixtures with a frit (as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2).

(24) In all examples it is evident that the gloss values of a mixture of effect pigment and frit are lower than the values of a ceramic colour according to the invention comprising a liquid glass forming component.

(25) The preceding examples can be repeated with similar success by substituting the generically or specifically described reactants and/or operating conditions of this invention for those used in the preceding examples.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(26) FIG. 1 illustrates that ceramic colours according to the invention eliminated or at least diminish the problem of strong loss of colour effect that is caused by the finite dimension of the frit particles which leads to a disorientation of the effect pigment particles;

(27) FIG. 2 illustrates that the invention provides an optimal orientation of the effect pigments based on flake-form substrates and the pearlescent effect and tinting strength can be improved;

(28) FIG. 3 illustrates the temperature programme as a function of time.

(29) Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The preceding preferred specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. From the description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention and, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions.

(30) The entire disclosure[s] of all applications, patents and publications, cited herein and of corresponding Singapore application No. 10201803809S, filed May 4, 2018 are incorporated by reference herein.