HVAC system for electric vehicle with driving range extension

Abstract

A heat pump cooling and heating system for an electric vehicle includes a range extending PCM heat exchanger (24), with a single acting phase change material with a melt temperature between the two comfort temperatures associated with cooling and heating, respectively. In a charging mode, as the vehicle batteries are charged, the same exterior current source runs the compressor (10), charging the PCM exchanger (24) with heat or “cold.” During an initial range extending mode, the PCM exchanger/reservoir (24) serves as the heat source or heat sink. The PCM material does not directly heat or cool the air, as is conventional, allowing a single reservoir material to be used in both heating and cooling modes.

Claims

1. A heating and cooling system for an electric vehicle having batteries chargeable during a stationary charging period, the system comprising: an exterior heat exchanger capable of acting as an evaporator to draw heat from ambient air in a standard heating mode and as a condenser to dump heat to the ambient air in a standard cooling mode, and a cabin heat exchanger capable of acting as a condenser to dump heat to cabin air in the standard heating mode and as an evaporator to draw heat from the cabin air in the standard cooling mode, a duct arrangement adapted to selectively establish or shut off a temporary thermal exchange between the cabin heat exchanger and the ambient air during the stationary charging period, a single energy storage heat exchanger assembly surrounded by phase change material, the single energy storage heat exchanger assembly being operatively arranged in parallel to the exterior heat exchanger, and a switching valve having a first switching position and a second switching position, wherein in the first switching position, the switching valve connects the single energy storage heat exchanger assembly in series with the cabin heat exchanger and wherein in the second switching position, the switching valve connects the exterior heat exchanger in series with the cabin heat exchanger.

2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the phase change material has a phase change temperature between a lower comfort mode temperature associated with a heating mode and a higher comfort mode temperature associated with a cooling mode.

3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the duct arrangement is configured to establish the thermal exchange between the cabin heat exchanger and the ambient air only during the stationary charging period.

4. The system according to claim 1, further comprising an expansion valve operatively arranged between the switching valve and the cabin heat exchanger, wherein the single energy storage heat exchanger and the exterior heat exchanger are operatively arranged relative to the switching valve on a side opposite the expansion valve.

5. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a reversing valve and a compressor outputting compressed refrigerant, wherein the reversing valve has a first directional position, in which the reversing valve directs the compressed refrigerant to the cabin heat exchanger in a heating mode, and a second directional position, in which the reversing valve directs the compressed refrigerant to the single energy storage heat exchanger assembly in a cooling mode when the switching valve is in the first switching position.

6. The system according to claim 5, wherein the reversing valve in the second directional position directs the compressed refrigerant to the exterior heat exchanger in a cooling mode when the switching valve is in the second switching position.

7. The system according to claim 5, wherein the compressor is configured to be powered by an external power source during the stationary charging period.

8. The system according to claim 5, wherein the system has six modes of operation, which include a cooling charging mode, range extending cooling operation, a standard cooling operation, a heating charging mode, a range extending heating operation, and a standard heating operation, wherein both the cooling charging mode and the hearing charging mode are limited to times during the stationary charging period, wherein during the cooling charging mode and during the range extending heating operation, the switching valve is in the first switching position and the reversing valve is in the first directional position; wherein during the heating charging mode and during the range extending cooling operation, the switching valve is in the first switching position and the reversing valve is in the second directional position; wherein during the standard cooling operation, the switching valve is in the second switching position and the reversing valve is in the second directional position; and wherein during the standard heating operation, the switching valve is in the second switching position and the reversing valve is in the first directional position.

9. The system according to claim 8, wherein upon detecting a need for a cooling operation, the system is configured to perform the range extending cooling operation until the single energy storage heat exchanger assembly has absorbed enough heat that the range extending cooling operation is no longer more efficient than the standard cooling operation.

10. The system according to claim 8, wherein the system is configured to switch the switching valve from the first switching position to the second switching position to change the mode of operation from the range extending cooling operation to the standard cooling operation when the range extending cooling operation is no longer more efficient than the standard cooling operation.

11. The system according to claim 8, wherein upon detecting a need for a heating operation, the system is configured to perform the range extending heating operation until the single energy storage heat exchanger assembly has cooled down sufficiently that the range extending heating operation is no longer more efficient than the standard heating operation.

12. The system according to claim 8, wherein the system is configured to switch the switching valve from the first switching position to the second switching position to change the mode of operation from the range extending heating operation to the standard heating operation when the range extending heating operation is no longer more efficient than the standard heating operation.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The details and operation of the invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which;

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the system in a cooling charging mode,

(3) FIG. 2 shows the range extending cooling operation;

(4) FIG. 3 shows the cooling operation after the range extending cooling operation has been exhausted;

(5) FIG. 4 shows the heating charging mode;

(6) FIG. 5 shows the range extending heating operation;

(7) FIG. 6 shows the heating operation after the range extending heating operation has been exhausted; and

(8) FIG. 7 is a pressure-enthalpy diagram comparing the range extending heat pump operation as compared to conventional heat pump operation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(9) Referring first to FIG. 1, the range extending system of the invention includes all the elements of a standard heat pump system, typical in an electric vehicle with an electric compressor 10. An exterior heat exchanger 14, which would always be the condenser in a conventional air conditioning system, and an interior or cabin air heat exchanger 12, which would always be the evaporator in a conventional air conditioning system. Exterior heat exchanger 14 is shown in phantom lines, as it is always off line during the novel processes described below.

(10) In a standard heat pump system, used as an alternate in an electric vehicle, the inner and outer heat exchangers 12 and 14 switch tasks, acting as condenser or evaporator alternately, depending on whether cooling or heating is needed. For cooling, cabin heat exchanger 12 acts as the evaporator, and exterior heat exchanger 14 as the condenser. Compressor 10 would send compressed and heated refrigerant through a reversing valve 16 and toward the exterior heat exchanger/condenser 14 (as shown in FIG. 3, counterflow to the direction shown in FIG. 1). The compressed and hot refrigerant would dump heat to the ambient air, and then flow to through an expansion valve 18 (here routed through a switching valve 20, which would not be present in a conventional heat pump system). After passing the expansion valve 18, the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant are rapidly reduced. Then, as the cold and expanded, vaporized refrigerant would be run through cabin air heat exchanger/evaporator 12, hot cabin air blown over it by a conventional blower would be cooled. In effect, in the cooling mode, the standard heat pump system acts like, and essentially as efficiently as, a conventional air conditioning system.

(11) The inherent inefficiency of the standard heat pump system resides in its heating mode. In the heating mode of the standard heat pump system (as generally shown in FIG. 6, except that valve 20 and heat exchanger assembly 24 would be absent), the refrigerant flow path just described would be reversed by the reversing valve 16 and hot and compressed refrigerant would be run through cabin air heat exchanger 12, dumping what would have been waste heat in a cooling cycle to the cabin. Then, the condensed refrigerant would run through expansion valve 18, expanded and cooled, and ultimately run through the exterior heat exchanger 14 which would now act as an evaporator to further cool, and pick up any available heat from, the already cold ambient air. The refrigerant would then be fed back to the compressor 10 and ultimately to the indoor heat exchanger 12 acting as condenser/interior heater again.

(12) Obviously, there is a paucity of such heat to be picked up from the ambient air in cold months, and the compressor 10 has to work hard to compress the refrigerant enough that, when forced through the expansion valve 18 forcefully enough, it will in turn expand enough and cool enough to be capable of picking up heat from the ambient air. This is not conducive to a high coefficient of performance in heating mode. But, with no internal combustion engine to provide waste heat, there is no alternate heat source. The extra working of the electric compressor 10 is a large drain on the batteries and thus shortens the range of the electric vehicle.

(13) Referring to FIG. 1, the present application provides an at least temporary alternative to using just the ambient air as a heat source and heat sink, thereby extending the range of the vehicle. A duct arrangement 22 is provided to selectively establish a temporary flow path between the cabin heat exchanger 12 and the ambient air. This is done during the battery charging period, typically at night, with suitable automatically acting doors and vents in the duct arrangement 22. The compressor 10 is run during this charging period, from the same electrical source that is charging the batteries, and hot and compressed refrigerant is run through cabin heat exchanger 12, acting as a condenser, which dumps heat to the ambient air by virtue of the path provided by the duct arrangement 22. Refrigerant then flows from cabin heat exchanger/condenser 12 though expansion valve 18, where it is rapidly expanded and cooled.

(14) Next, however, switching valve 20, which has removed the outdoor heat exchanger 14 from the loop, instead routes the refrigerant from trough a phase changer material (PCM) heat exchanger assembly 24, which would comprise a heat exchanger like a coil surrounded and in intimate contact with a phase change material. Cold refrigerant is run through, and picks up heat from, the heat exchanger assembly, and then is run back through compressor 10 and into the cycle anew. Thus, the PCM heat exchanger cools the refrigerant.

(15) The switching valve may be a two-position solenoid valve with a normal, unpowered state and an energized state. Preferably, the normal state connects the expansion valve 18 with the exterior heat exchanger 14. This has the advantage that, if the switching valve solenoid drive fails, a regular HVAC system is still available, albeit without the added benefit of the PCM heat exchanger 24.

(16) This heat-removing charging operation may continue until some defined parameter is met, such as a target cold temperature of the phase changer material PCM heat exchanger 24. The PCM heat exchanger assembly 24 may be cycled periodically as needed to maintain the condition of meeting the defined parameter.

(17) The phase change material can deliberately be given a melt/phase change temperature that lies between the desired heating or cooling comfort temperatures of the vehicle, and so would be unsuitable for direct conduction cooling or heating of the cabin air, in the way that phase change reservoirs are typically used. However, it is a single material that does not require a swap or change between heating and cooling seasons because it is utilized in a different manner than typical coolants (described next). Again, compressor 10 is being run during this charging period by the external current source, not the vehicle batteries. While there is no such thing as a loss-free operation in any thermodynamic system, this method of cold charging during a recharging operation of the vehicle is at least energy provided by a virtually unlimited external source that does not drain the vehicle battery.

(18) Referring next to FIG. 2, when cooling is required as the vehicle initially is driven, the duct arrangement 22 shuts off the temporary path to ambient air, but the switching valve 20 continues to keep the energy storage heat exchanger 24 plumbed in series with the cabin heat exchanger 12, while concurrently keeping the exterior heat exchanger 14 off line. The reversing valve 16 reverses the flow of refrigerant from its cold charging flow path, and hot and compressed refrigerant passes through PCM heat exchanger 24, to which transfers heat, instead of to the ambient air. As the PCM heat exchanger 24 will have a temperature lower than the ambient air, this provides a much more efficient heat sink. Cooled and compressed refrigerant then runs through the expansion valve 18, where it is expanded and cooled, and ultimately through the cabin air heat exchanger 12, acting as an evaporator to cool the cabin air. This establishes a range extending mode, different from, and more efficient than, the standard heat pump mode, which uses the ambient air as the heat sink. This range extending mode continues until the PCM heat exchanger and reservoir 24 is sufficiently heated (“cold depleted”) that it is no longer more efficient than the ambient air acting as a heat source.

(19) Then, the switching valve 20 puts the exterior heat exchanger 14 (now condenser) back on line and the PCM exchanger 24 off line, as seen in FIG. 3, to return to the standard, albeit less efficient, heat pump cooling mode. Because of this externally charged thermodynamic cooling capacity, the driving range of the vehicle has been accordingly extended.

(20) Referring next to FIG. 4, a heating season charging mode is illustrated and can be described more briefly. Now, the reversing valve 16 reverses the refrigerant flow path shown in FIG. 1. Duct arrangement 22 is opened during the charging period to allow cabin air heat exchanger 12 to serve as an evaporator. After heated and compressed refrigerant has passed through the PCM heat exchanger 24 to warm it, the refrigerant passes through switching valve 20, expansion valve 18, and through cabin air heat exchanger/evaporator 12 (where it absorbs what heat is available from the ambient air), and back to the compressor 10.

(21) Referring next to FIG. 5, in an initial heating mode as the vehicle is initially driven, reversing valve 16 reverses the flow of refrigerant from the FIG. 4 charging mode, and cabin air heat exchanger 12 acts as a condenser, while the duct arrangement 22 shuts off the temporary path to ambient air. Hot and compressed refrigerant from compressor 10 passes through cabin air heat exchanger 12, releasing heat to the vehicle interior, then through expansion valve 18, where it is expanded and rapidly cooled, then through PCM heat exchanger 24, where it is warmed, before returning to compressor 10.

(22) As with the initial cooling mode, this would continue until the heat store in PCM exchanger/reservoir 24 was depleted, at which point the switching valve 20 would take PCM exchanger 24 off line, and put exterior heat exchanger 14 back on line, to act as an evaporator in conjunction with the cabin air heat exchanger 12/condenser. This operation, shown in FIG. 6, constitutes a normal or standard heat pump operation, with the inherently lower coefficient of performance (COP) of such a system using ambient air only as the heat source after a delay. During the delay, the cheaply charged PCM heat exchanger 24 acts as the heat source, increasing the driving range accordingly.

(23) As the foregoing description has explained, the duct arrangement 22 only supplies ambient air to the cabin heat exchanger 12 when the switching valve 20 is set to provide a refrigerant path through the PCM heat exchanger 24. The switching valve 20, however, also establishes the refrigerant path through the PCM heat exchanger 24 during the range extending cooling and heating operations so that the states of operation of the duct arrangement and of the switching valve are not tied to each other. The following table provides the different settings of FIGS. 1 through 6:

(24) TABLE-US-00001 Duct Reversing Valve 16 Switching Arrangement directs compressed Valve 20 22, supply of Mode refrigerant connects ambient air is cooling charging mode to cabin heat PCM heat open exchanger exchanger range extending cooling operation away from cabin PCM heat closed heat exchanger exchanger standard cooling operation away from cabin exterior heat closed heat exchanger exchanger heating charging mode away from cabin PCM heat open heat exchanger exchanger range extending heating operation to cabin heat PCM heat closed exchanger exchanger standard heating operation to cabin heat exterior heat closed exchanger exchanger

(25) As the PCM heat exchanger 24 can only be charged with heat or cold, the heating or cooling charging mode may be selected prior to charging the vehicle battery. The selection may be made by manual control, preferably with an additional “none” option when outside temperatures are moderate and no cabin temperature control appears to be necessary in the near future. Alternatively, an electronic controller may apply selection criteria based on ambient air temperature in comparison with comfort mode temperatures or based a recorded recent heating/cooling history of the system.

(26) FIG. 7 shows the familiar Pressure-Enthalpy curve of a vapor compression heat pump. The vapor line (dashed) and liquid line (solid) of the curve are labeled V and L, and the operational line of the conventional heat pump AC system is shown as the much higher and steeper of the two lines shown as a dash-dotted line. The system operational line during operation with the reservoir assisted system of the invention is the much shorter of the two lines shown as dash-double-dotted line. This much lower “lift” is visually indicative of the much higher COP available during the temporary, reservoir assisted heating or cooling modes.

(27) While the above description constitutes the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it will be appreciated that the invention is susceptible to modification, variation and change without departing from the proper scope and fair meaning of the accompanying claims.