Rationally developed african swine fever attenuated virus strain protects against challenge with parental virus georgia 2007 isolate
09808520 · 2017-11-07
Assignee
- The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture (Washington, DC)
- The University Of Connecticut (Farmington, CT)
Inventors
- Manuel V. Borca (Westbrook, CT)
- Douglas P. Gladue (Guilford, CT)
- Lauren G. Holinka-Patterson (Deep River, CT)
- Guillermo R. Risatti (Westbrook, CT)
- Vivian K. O'Donnell (Old Saybrook, CT)
Cpc classification
C12N7/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C12N2710/12021
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C12N2710/12034
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
International classification
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a contagious, often lethal viral disease of domestic pigs. The control of African Swine Fever (ASF) has been hampered by the unavailability of vaccines. Experimental vaccines have been derived from naturally occurring, cell culture-adapted, or genetically modified live attenuated ASFVs; however, these vaccines are only successful when protecting against homologous viruses. We have constructed a recombinant Δ9GL/ΔUK virus derived from the highly virulent ASFV Georgia 2007 (ASFV-G) isolate by deleting the specific virulence-associated 9GL (B119L) and the UK (DP96R) genes. In vivo, ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK administered intramuscularly to swine even at relatively high doses (10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50) does not induce disease. Importantly, animals infected with 10.sup.4 or 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50 are solidly protected against the presentation of clinical disease when challenged at 28 days post infection with the virulent parental strain Georgia 2007.
Claims
1. A recombinant ASFV-G (African Swine Fever Virus-Georgia 2007 isolate) mutant, the mutant ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK virus, comprising cDNA encoding mutant ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK polypeptides wherein the mutant cDNA comprises two deletions, a deletion of 173 nucleotides resulting in a mutant 9GL protein comprising 58 fewer amino acids than the non-mutated, wild-type 9GL protein of ASFV-G, amino acids #11 to #68 being deleted, and a second deletion of 255 nucleotides resulting in a mutant UK protein comprising 85 fewer amino acids than the non-mutation, wild-type UK protein of ASFV-G, amino acids #1 to #85 being deleted.
2. The mutant cDNA of claim 1 wherein said cDNA is SEQ ID NO: 3.
3. A vaccine composition against ASFV-G, wherein the vaccine comprises the recombinant mutant ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK virus according to claim 1 or claim 2.
4. A method for the protection of swine against African Swine Fever Virus-Georgia 2007 isolate (ASFV-G), comprising administering to swine a live attenuated ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK vaccine comprising a recombinant mutant ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK virus according to claim 1 or claim 2 in an amount effective to protect said swine from clinical ASF-G.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the amount effective to protect said swine from clinical ASF-G is a vaccine comprising 10.sup.4 HAD.sub.50 to 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50 of ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK virus.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(1)
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
(2) We have developed an attenuated virus that can be used as a vaccine candidate through the approach of targeting both ASFV-G 9GL (B119L) and ASFV-G UK (DP96R) genes for genetic modifications. Here we report the construction of a recombinant Δ9GL/ΔUK virus of the highly virulent ASFV Georgia 2007 isolate (ASFV-G). ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK administered intramuscularly (IM) to swine at relatively high doses (10.sup.4 or 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50) does not induce disease. Animals infected with 10.sup.4 or 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50 are protected against the presentation of clinical disease when challenged at 28 days post infection with the virulent parental strain Georgia 2007.
(3) Although independent deletion of four different genes from ASFV has been shown to attenuate virulent viruses and although independent deletions of the NL (DP71L) (Zsak et al. 1996, supra) or the UK (DP69R) (Zsak et al. 1998, supra) genes from ASFV E75, deletion of the TK (A240L) gene (Moore et al., supra) from ASFV adapted to Vero cells, Malawi Lil-20/1 and Haiti, and deletion of the 9GL (B119L) gene also from Malawi Lil-20/1 (Lewis et al., supra) and Pretoriuskop/96/4 (Neilan et al., supra) isolates rendered recombinant deletion mutant viruses with significantly reduced virulence in swine, in all these cases, animals inoculated with each of these genetically modified viruses survived the infection and became protected against ASFV when challenged with the corresponding virulent parental virus, i.e., homologous challenge (Lewis et al., supra; Moore et al., supra; Neilan et al., supra; Zsak et al. 1996, supra; Zsak et al. 1998, supra). Those findings suggest that development of attenuated ASFV recombinant viruses by genetic manipulations of target genes is an effective approach for vaccine development.
(4) However, their level of effectiveness in other ASFV isolates is not predictable. For example, the NL (DP71L) gene product exits in two different forms, a long (184 amino acids as in 23-NL) or a short form (70 to 72 amino acids) depending on the ASFV isolate (Zsak et al. 1996, supra). Although deletion of this gene in ASFV E70 isolate (short form) rendered an attenuated virus, the deletion of the NL (DP71L) gene from ASFV Malawi Lil-20/1 (long form) or Pretoriuskop/96/4 (short form) did not result in attenuation of the virus (Afonso et al. 1998. J. Gen. Virol. 79 (Pt. 10):2543-2547). Deletion of the TK (A240L) gene, a highly conserved gene among all ASFV isolates involved in DNA synthesis, has been introduced into pathogenic Vero cell-adapted Malawi Lil-20/1 and Haiti H811 viruses. The Malawi Lil-20/1 mutant virus was less virulent in vivo than the revertant virus (wild-type-like virus), but it was not completely attenuated (Moore et al., supra). The UK (DP69R) gene is located in the right variable region of certain ASFV isolates. Deletion of this gene from ASFV E70 isolates rendered a virus exhibiting reduced virulence (Zsak et al. 1998, supra). Although the UK (DP69R) gene is conserved, it is not present in every ASFV isolate (e.g. Malawi Lil-20/1), limiting its use as a candidate target gene for producing attenuated viruses.
(5) The 9GL (B119L) gene is highly conserved among ASFV isolated and sequenced so far, including those from both tick and pig sources. The fact that deletion of the gene from virulent Malawi Lil-20/1 (Lewis et al., supra) and Pretoriuskop/96/4 (Neilan et al., supra) effectively reduced virulence in swine and induced protection made 9GL (B119L) a strong candidate target gene for modification and production of attenuated virus that can confer effective protection against ASFV. Indeed, we found that the deletion of 9GL (B119L) from the ASFV-G isolate did not have the same effect in terms of attenuation and protection as reported for Malawi Lil-20/1 and Pretoriuskop/96/4. Only when ASFV-G Δ9GL was administrated at a low dose to swine was it possible to observe a decrease in virus virulence (O'Donnell et al., supra). We had also shown that a sub-lethal dose of ASFV-G Δ9GL was able to induce effective protection against the presentation of clinical disease after the challenge with homologous parental virus. The NL proteins encoded by E70 (short form) and Malawi Lil-20/1 (long form) differ significantly and that may explain the phenotypic differences observed in swine inoculated with the respective deletion mutant viruses. However, protein identity matrixes indicate that the 9GL protein is highly similar among ASFV isolates where ASFV-G, Malawi Lil-20/1, and Pretoriuskop/96/4 share over 93% amino acid identity, making it unlikely that ASFV attenuation relies solely on protein divergence. Since the well observed phenotypes are most likely mediated by the effect of multiple genes (Lewis et al., supra; Moore et al., supra; Neilan et al., supra; Zsak et al. 1996, supra; Zsak et al. 1998, supra), the evidence accumulated so far makes it difficult to speculate what is indeed the spectrum of genes mediating virulence in the ASFV Georgia 2007 isolate.
(6) In summary, here we present evidence that deletion of both the 9GL (B119L) gene and the UK (DP69R) gene results in the attenuated recombinant ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK virus. Intramuscular administration of ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK to swine at relatively high doses (10.sup.4 or 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50) does not induce disease. Animals infected with 10.sup.4 or 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50 are protected against the presentation of clinical disease when challenged at 28 days post infection with the virulent parental strain Georgia 2007.
(7) A vaccine is defined herein as a biological agent which is capable of providing a protective response in an animal to which the vaccine has been delivered and is incapable of causing severe disease. Administration of the vaccine results in immunity from a disease; the vaccine stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen causing the disease. Immunity is defined herein as the induction of a significant higher level of protection in a population of swine against mortality and clinical symptoms after vaccination compared to an unvaccinated group. In particular, the vaccine according to the invention protects a large proportion of vaccinated animals against the occurrence of clinical symptoms of the disease and mortality. The vaccine of the invention herein is a genetically engineered mutant virus vaccine. A genetic marker vaccine is defined as a vaccine that, in conjunction with a diagnostic test, enables genetic differentiation of vaccinated animals from infected animals. A deletion mutation can be used to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. A mutation is understood to be a change in the genetic information of a “wild-type” or unmodified 9GL (B119L) and UK(DP96R) genes of a parent ASFV-G strain which is able to express native 9GL and UK proteins. Thus, the 9GL and UK polypeptides expressed by the ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK mutant virus is changed: the 9GL protein from ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK has fewer amino acids than both the wild-type 9GL and the wild-type UK, as amino acids #11 through #68 are deleted in the 9GL polypeptide of ASFV-G Δ9GL and amino acids #1 to #85 are deleted in the UK polypeptide. The ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK recombinant ASFV-G mutant comprises nucleotides encoding mutations in the ASFV-G 9GL and UK polypeptides. The mutation comprises a deletion of 58 amino acids of the 9GL protein and a deletion of 85 amino acids of the UK protein. The recombinant ASFV-G mutant ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK is a live attenuated ASFV-G vaccine when used at IM inoculation doses of 10.sup.4 HAD.sub.50 to 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50.
(8) A vaccine against ASFV-G is provided that comprises a ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK mutant as defined above in a live form, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. The vaccine according to the invention containing the live virus can be prepared and marketed in the form of a suspension or in a lyophilized form and additionally contains a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent customary used for such compositions. Carriers include stabilizers, preservatives and buffers. Suitable stabilizers are, for example SPGA (sucrose, phosphate, glutamate, and human. albumin), carbohydrates (such as sorbitol, mannitol, starch, sucrose, dextran, glutamate or glucose), proteins (such as dried milk serum, albumin or casein) or degradation products thereof. Suitable buffers are for example alkali metal phosphates. Suitable preservatives are thimerosal, merthiolate and gentamicin. Diluents include water, aqueous buffer (such as buffered saline), alcohols and polyols (such as glycerol).
(9) If desired, the live vaccines according to the invention may contain an adjuvant. Examples of suitable compounds and compositions with adjuvant activity are well known in the art. Furthermore, nucleic acid sequences encoding polypeptides for pharmaceutical or diagnostic applications, in particular immunomodulators such as lymphokines, interferons or cytokines, may be incorporated into the vaccine.
(10) A vaccine according to the invention can be prepared by conventional methods such as those commonly used for the commercially available live attenuated ASFV vaccines. Briefly, a susceptible substrate is inoculated with the ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK mutant and propagated until the virus has replicated to a desired titer after which ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK-containing material is harvested. Subsequently, the harvested material is formulated into a pharmaceutical preparation with immunizing properties.
(11) Every substrate which is able to support the replication of ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK viruses can be used in the present invention, including primary cultures of swine peripheral blood macrophages.
(12) The vaccine may be administered by intramuscular, subcutaneous or intranasal inoculation or injection in an amount which is effective to protect the animal against challenge by a virulent strain of ASFV-G. This amount may vary according to the animal being inoculated, taking into consideration the size and weight of the animal. The vaccine according to the invention comprises an effective dosage of the ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK mutant as the active component, i.e. an amount of immunizing ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK material that will induce immunity in the vaccinated animals, swine, against challenge by a virulent ASFV-G. Immunity is defined herein as the induction of a significant higher level of protection in a population of swine against mortality and clinical symptoms after vaccination compared to an unvaccinated group. In particular, the vaccine according to the invention prevents a large proportion of vaccinated animals against the occurrence of clinical symptoms of the disease and mortality. Typically, the live vaccine can be administered in a dose of 10.sup.4 HAD.sub.50 to 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50. Effective amounts may be experimentally determined as necessary by those of skill in the art by following the guidance provided, for example, by Example 6.
(13) In addition to the ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK mutant, the invention can also include combination vaccines comprising a vaccine strain capable of inducing protection against another porcine pathogen.
(14) The ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK vaccine described above, in conjunction with a diagnostic method, has the potential of distinguishing between animals that are vaccinated with it and animals that are infected with naturally occurring ASFV-G strains or vaccinated with conventional ASFV-G vaccines.
(15) The present invention also provides an invaluable tool to monitor ASFV-G control measures that may lead to eradication of ASFV-G if applied in large scale stamping out programs. This tool concerns a method for determining ASFV-G infection in swine comprising the step of examining a sample of the animal for the presence of nucleotides encoding the wild-type ASFV-G 9GL and UK proteins versus the polynucleotide encoding the shorter ASFV-G Δ9GL and ΔUK polypeptides due to deletions in the 9GL (B119L) gene and the UK (DP96R) genes of ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK. The sample of the animal used in this method may be any sample in which ASFV-G versus ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK genetic differences allowing for differentiating of natural infection versus vaccination can be detected by genetic DIVA.
EXAMPLES
(16) Having now generally described this invention, the same will be better understood by reference to certain specific examples, which are included herein only to further illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
Example 1
Cell Cultures and Viruses
(17) Primary swine macrophage cell cultures were prepared from defibrinated swine blood as previously described by Zsak et al. (1996, supra). Briefly, heparin-treated swine blood was incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour to allow sedimentation of the erythrocyte fraction. Mononuclear leukocytes were separated by flotation over a Ficoll-Paque (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) density gradient (specific gravity, 1.079). The monocyte/macrophage cell fraction was cultured in plastic Primaria (Falcon; Becton Dickinson Labware, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) tissue culture flasks containing macrophage media, composed of RPMI 1640 Medium (Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y.) with 30% L929 supernatant and 20% fetal bovine serum (HI-FBS, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, Mass.) for 48 hours at 37° C. under 5% CO.sub.2. Adherent cells were detached from the plastic by using 10 mM EDTA in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and were then reseeded into Primaria T25, 6- or 96-well dishes at a density of 5×10.sup.6 cells per ml for use in assays 24 hours later.
(18) Virus titration was performed on primary swine macrophage cell cultures in 96-well plates. Virus dilutions and cultures were performed using macrophage medium. Presence of virus was assessed by hemadsorption (HA) and virus titers were calculated by the Reed and Muench method (1938. Amer. J. Hygiene 27:493-497).
(19) ASFV Georgia (ASFV-G) was a field isolate kindly provided by Dr. Nino Vepkhvadze, from the Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture (LMA) in Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia.
Example 2
Construction of the Recombinant ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK
(20) Recombinant ASFVs were generated by sequential homologous recombination between the parental ASFV genome and recombination transfer vectors in infection and transfection procedures using swine macrophage cell cultures (Neilan et al., supra; Zsak et al. 1996, supra). First, recombinant transfer vector (p72GUSΔ9GL) containing flanking genomic regions including portions of 9GL mapping to the left (1.2 kbp) and right (1.15 kbp) of the gene and a reporter gene cassette containing the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene with the ASFV p72 late gene promoter, p72GUS was used. This construction created a 173-nucleotide deletion in the 9GL ORF (amino acid residues 11 to 68) (see
Example 3
Full Genome Sequence Analysis: ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK Relative to Parental ASFV-G
(21) To evaluate the accuracy of the genetic modification and the integrity of the genome of the recombinant virus, full genome sequences of ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK and parental ASFV-G were obtained using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and compared (Table 1). First, a full-length genome comparison between parental ASFV-G and ASFV Georgia 2007/1 (Chapman et al., supra) was performed. ASFV DNA was obtained from the cytoplasm of infected cells using the Trizol method (Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y., USA). DNA concentration was determined using the Qubit® dsDNA HS assay kit (Life Technologies) and read on a Qubit® 2 Flourometer (Life Technologies). One microgram of virus DNA was enzymatically fragmented to obtain blunt end fragments in a length range of 200-300 bp using the Ion Shear™ Plus reagent kit (Life Technologies) and incubated at 37° C. in a Peltier Thermal Cycler DNA Engine Tetrad 2. After shearing, the fragmented DNA library was loaded onto a DNA chip (Agilent, Santa Clara, Calif., USA) and analyzed using a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent) to assess DNA size distribution and size range. Fragmented DNA was ligated to Ion-compatible adapters and library barcodes, followed by nick-repair to complete the linkage between adapters and DNA inserts using the Ion Plus Fragment Library kit (Life Technologies). The adapter-ligated library was size-selected for optimum length on 2% Agarose Gel Cassettes (Sage Science, Beverly, Mass., USA) using the Pippin Prep™ instrument (Sage Science). Library concentration was normalized using the Ion Library Equalizer™ Kit (Life Technologies). Next, the DNA library was clonally amplified onto Ion Sphere™ Particles (IPS) generating template-positive ISPs using the Ion PGM™ Template OneTouch™ 2 200 Kit (Life Technologies) with the Ion OneTouch™ 2 Instrument (Life Technologies). Before proceeding to enrichment, quality assessment of non-enriched template-positive ISPs was performed using the Ion Sphere™ Quality Control assay kit (Life Technologies) and a Qubit® 2 Flourometer instrument. The template-positive ISPs were then enriched using the Ion PGM™ Template OneTouch™ 2 200 Kit (Life Technologies) and Ion OneTouch™ ES instrument (Life Technologies) to eliminate template-negative ISPs and to denature DNA on template-positive ISPs. Using the Ion PGM™ 200 Sequencing v2 Kit (Life Technologies), enriched template ISPs were prepared for sequencing and loaded onto either Ion 314™ or Ion 316™ Chip v2 (Life Technologies) and run on the Ion PGM™ Sequencer (Life Technologies). Obtained sequences were then trimmed using Galaxy (Retrieved from the Internet: usegalaxy.org/) NGS QC and Manipulation tools. Sequences were aligned and analyzed using Sequencher 5.2.2 (Genecodes) and CLC Genomics Workbench (CLCBio) software.
(22) The following differences were observed between these two viruses (nucleotide positions are provided based on ASFV Georgia 2007/1, GenBank accession FR682468): (i) two nucleotide insertions, T at position 433 and A at position 441 in a non-coding segment of the genome; (ii) two nucleotide deletions, T at position 1602 and T at position 1603 in the MGF 360-1L gene ORF resulting in a frameshift; (iii) a nucleotide deletion, T at position 1620 in the MGF 360-1L gene ORF resulting in a frameshift; (iv) a nucleotide mutation, A to G at position 97391 resulting in a silent mutation in ORF B438L; (v) a nucleotide mutation, C to G at position 166192 resulting in a residue substitution (Ala to Pro) at residue position 85 in ORF E199L; and (vi) a nucleotide insertion, T at position 183303, a non-coding segment of the genome (Table 1). Second, a full-length genome comparison between ASFV Δ9GL/ΔUK and parental ASFV-G was performed. The DNA sequence assemblies of ASFV Δ9GL/ΔUK and ASFV-G revealed a deletion of 173 nucleotides in 9GL gene corresponding with the introduced modification. The consensus sequence of the ASFV Δ9GL/ΔUK genome showed an insertion of 2324 nucleotides in 9GL gene corresponding to the p72-βGUS cassette sequence introduced to generate a 173 nucleotide deletion in the targeted gene. In addition, the DNA sequence assemblies of ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK and ASFV-G revealed a deletion of 255 nucleotides in UK gene corresponding with the introduced modification. The consensus sequence of the ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK genome showed an insertion of 937 nucleotides in UK gene corresponding to the p72-mCherry cassette sequence introduced to generate a 255 nucleotide deletion in the targeted gene. Besides the insertion of the cassette, only one additional difference was observed between ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK and ASFV-G genomes, a G to C nucleotide mutation at position 36,465 resulting in a residue substitution (Glu to Gin) at residue position 224 in ORF MGF 505-4R. In summary, ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK virus did not accumulate any significant mutations during the process of homologous recombination and plaque purification (Table 1).
(23) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Summary of differences between the full-length genome sequence of ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK and the parental ASFV-G compared with ASFV Georgia07/1* Virus ASFV-G NPN* Type of Modification ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK 433 T insertion + + 411 A insertion + + 1602 MGF 360-1L TT deletion FS.sup.@ + + 1620 MGF 360-1L T insertion FS + + 36465 MGF 505-4R G to C Glu224Gln − + 97391 B438L A to G SM.sup.# + + 166192 E199L C to G Ala85Pro + + 183303 T insertion in a NCR.sup.+ + + *Nucleotide Position Number (based on the sequence of ASFV Georgia 2007/1 isolate published by Chapman et al. 2011) .sup.@Nucleotide modification causes frameshift in the corresponding ORF .sup.#Nucleotide modification causes silent mutation .sup.+Non-Coding Region
Example 4
Assessment of ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK Virulence in Swine
(24) Animal experiments were performed under biosafety level 3 conditions in the animal facilities at PIADC following a protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
(25) ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK was assessed for its virulence phenotype relative to the virulent parental ASFV-G virus using 80-90 pound commercial breed swine. Five pigs were inoculated intramuscularly (IM) either with 10.sup.4 or 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50 of either ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK or with 10.sup.4 HAD.sub.50 of ASFV-G virus. Clinical signs (anorexia, depression, fever, purple skin discoloration, staggering gait, diarrhea and cough) and changes in body temperature were recorded daily throughout the experiment. In protection experiments animals were IM inoculated with 10.sup.4 HAD.sub.50 or 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50 and 28 days later IM challenged with 10.sup.3 HAD.sub.50 of parental virulent ASFV Georgia2007 strain. Presence of clinical signs associated with the disease was performed as described earlier.
(26) All 80-90 pounds pigs inoculated via IM with 10.sup.4 HAD.sub.50 of ASFV-G exhibited increased body temperature (>104° F.) by 3 to 4 days post-infection. Pigs presented clinical signs associated with the disease including anorexia, depression, purple skin discoloration, staggering gait and diarrhea (Table 2). Signs of the disease aggravated progressively over time and animals either died or were euthanized in extremis by days 7 or 9 post-infection. Conversely, animals inoculated via IM with either 10.sup.4 Or 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50 of ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK did not present any signs of clinical disease during the entire observation period (21 days). Therefore, deletion of 9GL and UK genes produced a complete attenuation of the parental virulent ASFV-G. Deletion of UK gene enlarges attenuation of the ASFV-G Δ9GL to the extent that 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50 of ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK is completely attenuated while animals inoculated with 10.sup.4 HAD.sub.50 of ASFV-G Δ9GL presented a variable level of disease (O'Donnell et al., supra).
(27) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Swine survival and fever response following infection with ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK and parental ASFV-G viruses. Fever No. of Mean Time No. of Days Duration Maximum Survivors/ to death to onset No. of Days Daily Temp Virus Total (Days ± SD) (Days ± SD) (Days ± SD) (° F. ± SD) ASFV-G 10.sup.2 HAD.sub.50 0/5 7.6 (0.55) 3.6 (0.55) 4 (0.5) 105.6 (0.7) ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK 5/5 — — — 103.2 (0.32) 10.sup.4 HAD.sub.50 ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK 5/5 — — — 103.4 (0.59) 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50
Example 6
Protective Efficacy of ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK Against Challenge with Parental ASFV-G
(28) Since pigs inoculated via IM with 10.sup.4 HAD.sub.50-10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50 of ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK survived the infection without signs of the disease, groups of animals (n=5) infected with either 10.sup.4 Or 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50 of ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK were challenged via IM with 10.sup.3 HAD.sub.50 of parental ASFV-G at day 28 post-inoculation (homologous challenge). Five naïve animals that were challenged using same route and dose served as non-inoculated/challenged control group. The five ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK-inoculated and challenged animals remained completely asymptomatic during all the observational period (21 days) with the exception of two animals immunized with 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50 of ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK showing a slight and transient rise in body temperature (Table 3). All the animals in the mock inoculated/challenged control group developed disease with a clinical course similar to that observed in animals inoculated with 10.sup.4 HAD.sub.50 of ASFV-G (see above). Therefore, ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK is able to induce protection against the presentation of clinical disease when challenged with the highly virulent parental virus.
(29) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Swine survival and fever response in ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK- infected animals challenged with parental ASFV-G viruses. Fever No. of Mean Time No. of Days Duration Maximum Survivors/ to death to onset No. of Days Daily Temp Virus Total (Days ± SD) (Days ± SD) (Days ± SD) (F. ° ± SD) Mock 0/5 7.6 (0.55) 3.6 (0.55) 5 (0.50) 105.6 (0.7) ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK 5/5 — — — 102.7 (0.63) 10.sup.4 HAD.sub.50 ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK 5/5 — 10.5 (9.45)* 4 (2.84)* 103.6 (1.21) 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50 *Data are based in 2 out 5 animals presenting transient rise of body temperature. #The animals IM infected with 10.sup.4 or 10.sup.6 HAD.sub.50 of ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK were IM challenged 28 days later with 10.sup.3 HAD.sub.50 of ASFV-G virus.
(30) In summary, here we present evidence that deletion of the 9GL and UK genes drastically alter virulence of ASFV-G producing a completely attenuated virus named ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK. Animals immunized with ASFV-G Δ9GL/ΔUK were protected against challenge with the virulent parental ASFV-G.
(31) All publications and patents mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
(32) The foregoing description and certain representative embodiments and details of the invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description of the invention. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. It will be apparent to practitioners skilled in this art that modifications and variations may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention.