Bendamustine Derivatives and Related Compounds, and Medical Use Thereof in Cancer Therapy

Abstract

The present invention relates to bendamustine derivatives and related compounds of formula (VII), (VIII) and (IX), and medical uses thereof in particular in cancer therapy.

##STR00001##

Claims

1.-15. (canceled)

16. A compound of formula IX or a salt thereof, ##STR00040## wherein: R.sub.1 is alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl; R.sub.2 represents alkanediyl, arylene, alkylarylene or arylalkanediyl; and Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 independently represent oxygen, and wherein the bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group is attached at position 6 of the benzimidazole ring structure.

17. The compound of formula IX according to claim 16, wherein the compound is in the form of a salt, and particularly in the form of a hydrate.

18. The compound of formula IX according to claim 17, wherein the salt comprises 0.6 to 1.4 mol water relative to 1 mol of the compound, and particularly 0.8 to 1.2 mol water relative to 1 mol of the compound.

19. The compound of formula IX according to claim 16, wherein the compound is in the form of a base addition salt in which the base is selected from the group consisting of magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, diethylamine, triethylamine, ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol), diethanolamine (2,2′-iminobis(ethanol)), triethanolamine (2,2′,2″-nitrilotris(ethanol)), ethylenediamine, piperazine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, pyridine, morpholine, 1H-imidazole, N-methyl-glucamine, L-lysine, choline, L-arginine, benethamine, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-morpholine, tromethamine, 2-(dimethylamino) ethanol (Deanol), 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine, 2-(diethylamino)-ethanol, benzathine, hydrabamine, and betaine.

20. The compound of formula IX according to claim 16, wherein: (A) R.sub.1 is C1-C6 alkyl, and R.sub.2 is C1-C6 alkanediyl, and particularly R.sub.1 is C1-C4 alkyl, and R.sub.2 is C1-C4 alkanediyl; and/or (B) R.sub.1 is C1-C3 alkyl, and R.sub.2 is C1-C3 alkanediyl; and/or (C) R.sub.1 is methyl, and R.sub.2 is propanediyl.

21. The compound of formula IX according to claim 16, wherein the compound is in the form of an acid addition salt in which the acid is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, glutamic acid, (+)-L-tartaric acid, citric acid, (−)-L-malic acid, DL-lactic acid, L-ascorbic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, acetic acid, stearic acid, carbonic acid, thiocyanic acid, glycerol-phosphoric acid, L-aspartic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, D-glucuronic acid, glycolic acid, D-glucoheptonic acid, hippuric acid, D-gluconic acid, glutaric acid, sebacic acid, capric (decanoic) acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, alginic acid, benzoic acid, nicotinic acid, propionic acid, caprylic (octanoic) acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, cyclamic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, 2-hydroxy ethanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, pannoic (embonic) acid, 2-oxoglutaric acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, malonic acid, gentisic acid, lactobionic acid, (−)-L-pyroglutamic acid, oleic acid, (+)-camphoric acid, isobutyric acid, and orotic acid.

22. A process for preparing a compound of formula IX, ##STR00041## wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl; R.sub.2 represents alkanediyl, arylene, alkylarylene or arylalkanediyl; and Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 independently represent oxygen, and wherein the bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group is attached at position 6 of the benzimidazole ring structure, the process comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a compound of formula V or an acid addition salt thereof, ##STR00042## wherein R.sub.1 represents alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl; R.sub.2 is alkanediyl, arylene, alkylarylene or arylalkanediyl; and R.sub.3 presents H, alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl; Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 independently represent oxygen, wherein the nitro group is attached at position 6 of the benzimidazole ring structure, or an acid addition salt thereof, in which process a compound of formula II, ##STR00043## wherein R.sub.1 is defined as above, and the nitro group is attached to any one of positions 3, 4 and 6 of the aniline moiety, wherein when R.sub.3, represents alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl, the compound of formula II is reacted with a compound of formula III.sup.1 ##STR00044## wherein R.sub.2, Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are defined as above, R.sub.3′ represents alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl, and R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of —Y.sub.2—H, chloro (—Cl) and —Y.sub.2—CY.sub.1—R.sub.2—CY.sub.1—Y.sub.2—R.sub.3′; or when R.sub.3 represents H, the compound of formula II is reacted with a compound of formula III.sup.2 or a compound of formula III.sup.3 ##STR00045## wherein R.sub.2, Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are defined as above, and R.sub.4′ independently from each other represent —Y.sub.2—H or chloro (—Cl), particularly both R.sub.4′ represent —Y.sub.2—H or one R.sub.4′═Y.sub.2—H and the other R.sub.4′=chloro (—Cl), and more particularly both R.sub.4′═—Y.sub.2—H, with the proviso that in the case of a compound of formula III.sup.3 in which both R.sub.4′=chloro, the chloro group which did not form an amide with the amine compound of formula II is hydrolized in order to convert said chloro group to a hydroxy group (—OH, and (b) converting compound of formula V to the compound of formula IX.

23. The process according to claim 22, wherein step (a) is carried out without isolation of an intermediate compound of formula IV or an acid addition salt thereof ##STR00046## wherein R.sub.1 represents alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl; R.sub.2 represents alkanediyl, arylene, alkylarylene or arylalkanediyl; and R.sub.3 represents H, alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl.

24. The process according to claim 22, wherein in the compound of formula V R.sub.1 is C1-C3 alkyl, R.sub.2 is C1-C3 alkanediyl, and R.sub.3 is H or C1-C3 alkyl; and particularly wherein in the compound of formula V R.sub.1 is methyl, R.sub.2 is propanediyl, and R.sub.3 is H or ethyl; and/or wherein in the compound of formula III.sup.1, III.sup.2 and III.sup.3; and/or in the compound of formula III.sup.1, R.sub.4=—Y.sub.2—CY.sub.1—R.sub.2—CY.sub.1—Y.sub.2—R.sub.3′.

25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula IX according to claim 16 in the form of a free acid/base or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as a pharmaceutically active agent and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

26. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 25, wherein said composition is formulated for oral and/or parenteral administration.

27. A method of treating a disease, comprising administering an effective amount of the composition of claim 25 to a person in need thereof, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of acute T cell leukemia, erythroleukemia, Ewing osteosarcoma, (hormone dependent) mamma carcinoma, cervix carcinoma, colorectal cancer, medulloblastoma, glioblastoma and astrocytoma, malignant melanoma, histocytic lymphoma, pancreatic carcinoma, prostate cancer (metastasis of a subclavicular lymph node), large cell bronchial carcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma, and osteosarcoma; and particularly selected from the group consisting of acute T cell leukemia, erythroleukemia, Ewing osteosarcoma, malignant melanoma, histocytic lymphoma, pancreatic carcinoma, prostate cancer (metastasis of a subclavicular lymph node), large cell bronchial carcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma, and osteosarcoma; and more particularly selected from the group consisting of Ewing osteosarcoma, malignant melanoma, pancreatic carcinoma, prostate cancer (metastasis of a subclavicular lymph node), colorectal adenocarcinoma, and osteosarcoma.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0078] The present invention is now described in more detail by referring to further preferred and further advantageous embodiments and examples, which are, however, presented for illustrative purposes only and shall not be understood as limiting the scope of the present invention.

[0079] According to one aspect of the invention, highly desirable compounds derived from bendamustine analogues are provided in the form of compound of formula TX

##STR00022##

or a salt thereof
wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl; R.sub.2 represents alkanediyl, arylene, alkylarylene or arylalkanediyl; Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 independently from each other represent oxygen or sulphur, wherein the bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group is attached at position 4, 6 or 7 of the benzimidazole ring structure.

[0080] It was surprisingly found by the present invention that the novel 4, 6 or 7 positions of the N-lost moiety in the iso-bendamustine derivatives of compound of formula IX provide for a beneficial alteration of both electronic as well as steric effects compared to conventional bendamustine in which the N-lost moiety is in 5-position of the benzimidazole ring structure. Without wishing to be bound to theory, it is believed that these altered electronic and/or steric effects provide for a good or even an improved antiproliferative potency of compound of formula IX compared to conventional bendamustine (HCl). Furthermore, antiproliferative potency and further useful properties may be additionally fine-tuned and eventually improved by suitable selections for substituents R.sub.1, R.sub.2, Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2.

[0081] According to another aspect of the invention, compounds of formula VII or VIII

##STR00023##

[0082] or (pharmaceutically acceptable) acid addition salts thereof, are provided,

wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.3 are independently from each other selected from alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl; R.sub.2 represents alkanediyl, arylene, alkylarylene or arylalkanediyl; Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 independently from each other represent oxygen or sulphur, wherein the bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group or the bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino group is attached at position 4, 6 or 7 of the benzimidazole ring structure; optionally, R.sub.3 is substituted with an amine moiety —NR.sub.5R.sub.6 in which R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 independently from each other represent substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 together represent a C3-C7 alkyl chain forming a 4- to 8-membered ring structure together with the nitrogen located between R.sub.5 and R.sub.6, wherein one or more carbon atoms in said ring structure is/are optionally replaced by (a) heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) or sulphur (S).

[0083] As regards compounds of formula VIII, without wishing to be bound to theory, it is believed that these compounds exhibit a good or even an improved antiproliferative potency compared to conventional bendamustine. In particular, it is believed that the ester compounds of formula VIII provide for an improved cellular uptake compared with bendamustine in form of the free acid owing to an improved combination of solubility in aqueous medium and increased passage through cell membranes compared with bendamustine (HCl). Hence, compounds of formula VIII represent valuable active pharmaceutical ingredients with a better administration (oral, parenteral).

[0084] Compounds of formula VII represent valuable intermediate compounds for preparing active pharmaceutical ingredients such as iso-bendamustine derivatives.

[0085] According to a preferred embodiment, any one of compounds of formulae IX, VIII and VII may be advantageously structurally modified by structural modifications (A) to (C), respectively alone or in combination: [0086] (A) R.sub.1 is C1-C6 alkyl, R.sub.2 is C1-C6 alkanediyl, and Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 represent oxygen; preferably R.sub.1 is C1-C4 alkyl, R.sub.2 is C1-C4 alkanediyl, and Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 represent oxygen; [0087] (B) R.sub.1 is C1-C3 alkyl, R.sub.2 is C1-C3 alkanediyl, and Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 represent oxygen; and [0088] (C) R.sub.1 is methyl, R.sub.2 is propanediyl, and Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 represent oxygen.

[0089] Thereby, particularly suitable selections are determined for substituents R.sub.2, Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2.

[0090] According to another preferred embodiment, in compounds of formula VIII and VII, R.sub.3 is C1-C3 alkyl, preferably ethyl. In this way, a particularly suitable selection for R.sub.3 is determined.

[0091] According to a further preferred embodiment, in compounds of formulae VIII and VII, R.sub.3 is substituted with an amine moiety —NR.sub.5R.sub.6. Preferably, said amine moiety is in the form of a ring structure formed by R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 together with the nitrogen located between R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 has at least one of the following structural characteristics (i) to (v), respectively alone or in combination: [0092] (i) one carbon atom is replaced by one nitrogen atom or one oxygen atom, preferably one oxygen atom; [0093] (ii) a further nitrogen atom is substituted (—NR.sub.7—) or unsubstituted (—NH—), preferably substituted with R.sub.7 selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl or arylalkyl, more preferably with alkyl; [0094] (iii) the ring structure is in the form of a 5- or 6-membered ring, preferably a 6-membered ring; [0095] (iv) the ring structure is selected from the group consisting of pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine and morpholino, preferably piperazine or morpholino. [0096] (v) the atoms of the ring structure may be unsubstituted, or substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, [0097] C1-C4 alkylsulfide, unsubstituted amino (—NH.sub.2), dialkylamino in which alkyl is C1-C4 alkyl; preferably C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 alkoxy; more preferably the ring structure is unsubstituted.

[0098] Without wishing to be bound to theory, it is believed that structural modifications (i) to (v) provide for particularly advantageous modifications in terms of solubility in aqueous solution and efficacy in terms of cytotoxicity.

[0099] According to a particular embodiment of the present invention, compounds of formulae VIII and IX in the form of their free acid/base or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be used as a medicament for the therapeutic treatment of diseases selected from the group consisting of acute T cell leukaemia (Jurkat, T1 B-152), Erythroleukemia (HEL 92.1.7, T113-180), Ewing osteosarcoma (SK-ES1, HTB-86), (hormone dependent) mamma carcinoma (MCF-7, HTB-22), cervix carcinoma (multidrug resistant KB-V1), colorectal cancer, medulloblastoma (Daoy, HTB-186), glioblastoma (U-118MG, HTB-15; LN-18, CRL-2610) and astrocytoma (SW1783, HTB-13), malignant melanoma (SK-MeI3, HTB-69), histocytic lymphoma (U-937; CRL-1593.2), pancreatic carcinoma (Capan-1, HTB-80), prostate cancer (metastasis of a subclavicular lymph node) (LnCap clone FGC, CRL-1740), large cell bronchial carcinoma (NCIH460, HTB-177), colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29, HTB-38), osteosarcoma (MG-63, CRL-1427), wherein the acronyms in brackets designate the cell line and the corresponding ATCC-number representative of the respective cancer entities.

[0100] As an example, the synthesis of 6-iso-bendamustine isomer of formula IX′″ starting from compound of formula VII″ is illustrated in Scheme 1 below:

##STR00024##

[0101] As can be gathered from Scheme 1, compound of formula VII″ may be converted to compound of formula VIII″ by means of chlorination, using e.g. phosphorous oxychloride as chlorinating agent, and in a subsequent step, compound of formula VIII″ is subjected to ester cleavage by means of e.g. aqueous HCl in order to obtain 6-iso-bendamustine hydrochloride hydrate of compound of formula IX′″.

[0102] The precursor compound of formula VII″ can be efficiently prepared, for example by means of the synthetic pathway starting from the readily available starting material 4-nitrobenzene-1,2-diamine (compound of formula I″, as depicted in Scheme 2 below:

##STR00025##

[0103] According to another aspect of the invention, a process is provided for preparing a compound of formula V

##STR00026##

or an acid addition salt thereof
wherein R.sub.1 represents alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl; R.sub.2 represents alkanediyl, arylene, alkylarylene or arylalkanediyl; and R.sub.3 represents H, alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl; Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 independently from each other represent oxygen or sulphur, wherein the nitro group is attached at position 4, 6 or 7 of the benzimidazole ring structure, or an acid addition salt thereof, in which process a compound of formula II

##STR00027##

[0104] wherein R.sub.1 is defined as above, and the nitro group is attached to any one of positions 3, 4 and 6 of the aniline moiety, when R.sub.3 represents alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl, is reacted with a compound of formula III′

##STR00028##

wherein R.sub.2, Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are defined as above, R.sub.3′ represents alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl and R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of —Y.sub.2—H, chloro (—Cl) and —Y.sub.2—CY.sub.1—R.sub.2—CY.sub.1—Y.sub.2—R.sub.3′, or when R.sub.3 represents H, compound of formula II is reacted with a compound of formula III.sup.2 or a compound of formula III.sup.3

##STR00029##

wherein R.sub.2, Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are defined as above, and R.sub.4′ independently from each other represent —Y.sub.2—H or chloro (—Cl), preferably both R.sub.4′ represent or one R.sub.4′=—Y.sub.2—H and the other R.sub.4′=chloro (—Cl), more preferably both R.sub.4′=—Y.sub.2—H,
with the proviso that in the case compound of formula III.sup.3 in which both R.sub.4′=chloro, the chloro group which did not form an amide with amine compound of formula II is hydrolized in order to convert said chloro group to hydroxy group (—OH).

[0105] It was surprisingly found by the inventors that compound of formula II readily forms an imidazole structure of compound of formula V when it is reacted with a compound of formula III.sup.1, III.sup.2 or III.sup.3. In particular, the nitro group in 3, 4 and 6 position of compound of formula II provides for a significantly improved reactivity of the amino group of compound of formula II compared to e.g. N.sup.2-methyl-4-nitro-1,2-diamine having the structural formula (in which the positions of the benzene ring are indicated with the respective numbers)

##STR00030##

which is typically applied as the starting material for synthesizing the benzimidazole moiety of conventional bendamustine. However, when reacting N.sup.2-methyl-4-nitro-1,2-diamine with glutaric anhydride, due to the relative poor reactivity of N.sup.2-methyl-4-nitro-1,2-diamine, no benzimidazole ring structure is formed, rather, an amide compound having the structural formula

##STR00031##

is isolated, as can be gathered e.g. from prior art documents DD 34727 and J. Chen et al., Org. Process Res. Dev. 2011, 15, p. 1063-1072. In contrast to the aforementioned prior art process, the present process renders possible to dispense with isolation of an intermediate amide compound, rather, owing to the improved reactivity of compound of formula II due to electronic and/or steric effects imparted by the nitro group in 3, 4 and 6 position of the aniline moiety, imidazole compound of formula V can be directly obtained. This finding suggests that—compared to conventional bendamustine—electronic as well as steric effects will become significant also in terms of pharmacological activity and optionally further properties of a compound of formula IX prepared from compound of formula V.

[0106] According to yet another aspect of the present invention, a process for preparing a compound of formula IX, VIII or VII according to any one of items (1) to (11) is provided, which process comprises the steps of: [0107] a) preparing a compound of formula V according to a process of any one of items (13) to (20), and [0108] b) further converting compound of formula V to any one of compounds of formula IX, VIII or VII.

[0109] As regards this aspect of the invention, owing to the introduction of a substituent convertible to a N-lost group (bis(2-chloroethyl)amino) at position 4, 6 or 7 of the benzimidazole ring structure of compound of formula V at an early stage of the synthetic pathway, subsequent reaction steps for converting compound of formula V to a bendamustine isomer of compound of formula IX can be carried out analogously to reaction steps known in prior art for the preparation of conventional bendamustine. That is, said subsequent reaction steps do not require laborious modifications of reaction conditions and/or reaction pathway.

[0110] According to another aspect of the invention, a pharmaceutical composition is provided which comprises compound of formula IX and/or compound of formula VIII in the form of their free acid/base or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as a pharmaceutically active agent(s) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

[0111] Preferably, suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s) is/are selected from the group consisting of binders, disintegrants, bulk polymers, glidants, lubricants and preservatives, without being limited thereto.

[0112] The term “binder” as used herein means a binding agent which improves adhesion in between particles of the pharmaceutically active agent.

[0113] The term “disintegrant” as used herein means an agent providing for rapid disintegration of a pharmaceutical composition into smaller fragments when in contact with water, wherein dissolution of the pharmaceutical composition and, in particular, of a pharmaceutically active agent comprised therein is improved.

[0114] The term “bulk polymer” as used herein means a polymeric filling agent, which is typically added to a pharmaceutical composition in suitable amounts.

[0115] The term “glidants and lubricants” as used herein means components acting as formulation and processing aids.

[0116] The term “preservatives” as used herein means a substance or mixture of substances which prevents decomposition of a pharmaceutical composition, e.g. microbial or bacterial decomposition.

[0117] The following examples further illustrate the invention. They are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the invention in any way. The examples and modifications or other equivalents thereof will become apparent to those versed in the art in the light of the present entire disclosure.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: N.SUP.2.-methyl-4-nitrobenzene-1,2-diamine (II′)

[0118] N.sup.2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene-1,2-diamine having the structural formula

##STR00032##

was prepared as follows:

[0119] A 500 mL round bottom flask was charged with 4-nitrobenzene-1,2-diamine (40.0 g, 260 mmol), methyl iodide (13 mL, 210 mmol) and DMF (300 mL). Saturated sodium carbonate solution (60 mL) was added with stirring and the mixture was stirred for 18 hours. After filtration the solution was concentrated to dryness in vacuum and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (ethyl acetate/heptanes=7:3) to afford N.sup.2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene-1,2-diamine in the form of a red oil. Yield: 27.9 g (63%).

[0120] .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ=7.50 (dd, 1H, .sup.4J=2.8 Hz, .sup.3J=8.7 Hz, H-4), 7.10 (d, 1H, .sup.4J=2.8 Hz, H-6), 6.55 (d, 1H, .sup.3J=8.7 Hz, H-3), 6.12 (s, 2H, NH.sub.2), 5.20 (q, 1H, .sup.3J=5.0 Hz, NH), 2.78 (d, 3H, .sup.3J=5.0 Hz, CH.sub.3).

[0121] .sup.13C NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ=143.6, 137.2, 136.4 (C), 115.6, 110.5, 102.6 (CH), 29.8 (CH.sub.3).

[0122] LC-MS (ESI.sup.−): m/z=166 (M−H.sup.+).

Example 2: Ethyl 4-(1-methyl-6-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)butanoic acid (V′)

[0123] Ethyl 4-(1-methyl-6-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)butanoic acid having the structural formula

##STR00033##

was prepared as follows:

[0124] N.sup.2-Methyl-4-nitrobenzene-1,2-diamine (9.65 g, 57.7 mmol) was mixed with ethyl acetate (170 ml) and glutaric anhydride (7.47 g, 65.4 mmol) was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 5.5 h, and a yellow-orange precipitate was observed after 1 h from the orange reaction solution. Then the suspension was cooled on ice for 45 min, followed by vacuum filtration. The collected precipitate was washed with ice-cold EtOAc (3×5 ml) and ice-cold EtOH (2×5 ml) to yield 6.16 g (41%) of ethyl 4-(1-methyl-6-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)butanoic acid in the form of a yellow solid.

[0125] .sup.1H-NMR (DMSO): δ=8.52 (1H, d, J=2.2 Hz, Ar), 8.06 (1H, dd, J=8.8, 2.2 Hz, Ar), 7.71 (1H, d, J=8.8 Hz, Ar), 3.84 (3H, s, CH.sub.3), 2.95 (2H, t, J 7.5 Hz, CH.sub.2), 2.39 (2H, t, J 7.5 Hz, CH.sub.2), 2.02 (2H, t, J 7.5 Hz, CH.sub.2).

[0126] .sup.13C-NMR (DMSO): δ=174.09, 160.67, 146.83, 142.02, 135.13, 118.31, 116.92, 106.87, 32.88, 29.96, 25.97, 21.72.

[0127] LC-MS (ESI.sup.+): m/z=264.1 (M+H.sup.+)

Example 3: Ethyl 4-(1-methyl-6-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)butanoate ethyl sulfate (V″)

[0128] Ethyl 4-(1-methyl-6-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)butanoate ethyl sulfate having the structural formula

##STR00034##

was prepared as follows:

[0129] 5-{[2-(methylamino)-4-nitrophenyl]amino}-5-oxopentanoic acid (6.06 g, 23.09 mmol) was suspended in ethanol (40 ml) and heated to reflux. After 50 min, H.sub.2SO.sub.4 (1.82 ml, 34.07 mmol) was added over 15 min. The obtained solution was slowly cooled to 0° C. At 10° C., a thick suspension was obtained that was re-warmed to 40-43° C. and cooled again to 0° C. to get a better stirrable mixture. After stirring 30 min on ice, the suspension was vacuum-filtered and washed with ice-cold ethanol (3×5 ml) to yield 6.65 (69%) of ethyl 4-(1-methyl-6-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)butanoate ethyl sulfate in the form of an off-white solid.

Example 4: Ethyl 4-(1-methyl-6-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)butanoate (V′)

[0130] Ethyl 4-(1-methyl-6-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)butanoate having the structural formula

##STR00035##

was prepared as follows:

[0131] Ethyl 4-(1-methyl-6-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)butanoate ethyl sulfate (6.60 g, 15.8 mmol) was suspended in water (330 ml). NaOH (50%, 2.04 g) was diluted with water (10 ml) and added over 10 min. The suspension was stirred for 1 h at r.t. and vacuum-filtered (washed with water (2×10 ml). After drying at 60° C. for 1 h, 4.23 g (92%) of free base of ethyl 4-(1-methyl-6-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)butanoate was obtained in the form of an off-white powder.

[0132] .sup.1H-NMR (DMSO): δ=8.54 (1H, d, J=2.2 Hz, aromatic), 8.07 (1H, dd, J=8.9, 2.2 Hz, aromatic), 7.72 (1H, d, J=8.9 Hz, aromatic), 4.05 (2H, q, J=7.1 Hz, COOCH.sub.2CH.sub.3), 3.85 (3H, s, CH.sub.3), 2.97 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz, CH.sub.2), 2.49 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz, CH.sub.2), 2.06 (2H, pent, J=7.5 Hz, CH.sub.2), 1.17 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz, COOCH.sub.2CH.sub.3).

[0133] .sup.13C-NMR (DMSO): δ=172.42, 160.47, 146.79, 142.01, 135.11, 118.29, 116.88, 106.85, 59.72, 32.65, 29.93, 25.83, 21.57, 14.00.

[0134] LC-MS (ESI.sup.+): m/z=292.1 (M+H.sup.+)

Example 5: Ethyl 4-(6-amino-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)butanoate (VI″)

[0135] Ethyl 4-(6-amino-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)butanoate having the structural formula

##STR00036##

was prepared as follows:

[0136] A hydrogenation reactor was charged with ethyl 4-(1-methyl-6-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)butanoate (4.2 g, 14.4 mmol) and ethanol (300 ml). After complete dissolution and inertisation of the vessel, Pd on activated charcoal catalyst (5%, moist, 340 mg) was added and hydrogenation (4.5 bar, 60° C.) was performed for 4 h (no further H.sub.2 consumption). The catalyst was removed by filtration and after evaporation of the solvent, 4.0 g of crude ethyl 4-(6-amino-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)butanoate was obtained and was subsequently recrystallized from ethanol (20 ml). 2.73 g (72.5%) and additional 0.87 g (23%) from the mother liquor of the recrystallisation step were obtained after drying in vacuum (40° C.).

[0137] .sup.1H-NMR (DMSO): δ=7.18 (1H, d, J=8.4 Hz, aromatic), 6.51 (1H, d, J=1.8 Hz, aromatic), 6.46 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 1.8 Hz, aromatic), 4.85 (2H, s, NH.sub.2), 4.05 (2H, q, J=7.1 Hz, COOCH.sub.2CH.sub.3), 3.54 (3H, s, CH.sub.3), 2.77 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz, CH.sub.2), 2.44 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz, CH.sub.2), 1.97 (2H, pent, J=7.4 Hz, CH.sub.2), 1.17 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz, COOCH.sub.2CH.sub.3).

[0138] .sup.13C-NMR (DMSO): δ=172.57, 151.23, 144.14, 136.79, 134.20, 118.27, 110.36, 93.09, 59.65, 32.76, 28.99, 25.51, 22.10, 14.01.

[0139] LC-MS (ESI.sup.+): m/z=262.2 (M+H.sup.+)

Example 6: Ethyl 4-{6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl}butanoate (VII″)

[0140] Ethyl 4-{6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl}butanoate having the structural formula

##STR00037##

was prepared as follows:

[0141] Ethyl 4-(6-amino-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)butanoate (1.0 g, 3.83 mmol) was dissolved in acetic acid (3.0 ml) and water (8.5 ml). Ethylene oxide gas was added into the solution in intervals for 4 h and stirred at r.t. for additional 15 h. A second feed of oxirane was performed and stirring was continued for another 6 h. The reaction was followed by TLC (10% methanol in DCM). After reaction, the reaction solution was added dropwise into a solution of K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (6 g) in water (20 ml) at 0-5° C. A suspension together with a compact amorphous solid was filtered, and the resulting filter cake was washed with water (2×10 ml) and dried overnight at 40° C. in a constant stream of air (1.21 g, 90%).

[0142] HPLC purity: 95.9% rel. area.

[0143] .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6, ppm): δ=7.30 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H, Arom. CH═CN), 6.63 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H, Arom. CH═CN(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2), 6.62 (s, 1H, Arom. CH═CNMe), 4.75 (br s, 2H, OH), 4.05 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H, COOCH.sub.2CH.sub.3), 3.61 (s, 3H, NCH.sub.3), 3.57 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 4H, 2×CH.sub.2N), 3.44 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 4H, 2×CH.sub.2O), 2.80 (t, J=7.4 Hz, CH.sub.2-imidazole), 2.44 (t, J=7.4 Hz, CH.sub.2COO), 1.9 (p, J=7.4 Hz, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2), 1.18 (t, J=7.1 Hz, COOCH.sub.2CH.sub.3)

[0144] .sup.13C-{H}-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6, ppm): δ=172.58 (COO), 151.83 (NC═N), 144.41 (C—N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2), 137.06 (Arom.), 133.83 (Arom.), 118.34 (Arom.), 108.14 (Arom.), 91.68 (Arom. (NMe)CCHCN(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2), 59.68 (NCH.sub.2), 58.29 (OCH.sub.2), 54.07 (COOCH.sub.2), 32.76 (probably NCH.sub.3), 29.06 (probably CH.sub.2COO), 25.58 (CH.sub.2-imidazole), 22.12 (CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2), 14.03 (CH.sub.3).

[0145] LC-MS (ESI.sup.+): m/z=350.1 (M+H.sup.+)

Example 7: 6-Iso-Bendamustine Ethylester (Denotation According to IUPAC-Nomenclature: ethyl 4-{6-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl}butanoate) (VIII″)

[0146] 6-iso-bendamustine ethylester having the structural formula

##STR00038##

was prepared as follows:

[0147] A round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar and a reflux-condenser with oil ventile was charged with phosphorus oxychloride (2.0 mL, 21.9 mmol) and heated to an internal temperature of 65° C. Ethyl 4-{6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl}butanoate (1.0 g, 2.9 mmol) was added in portions within 13 min. After the addition was completed, the mixture was heated to reflux temperature and stirring was continued for a further 10 min. The mixture was allowed to reach room temperature and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (2.3 mL) was added with stirring.

[0148] A second round bottom flask was charged with potassium bicarbonate (10.7 g, 107 mmol) and potable water (13 mL). The product solution was added slowly with stirring to the bicarbonate within 20 min, maintaining an internal temperature of about 18 to 28° C. The suspension was diluted with potable water (10 mL), and 6-iso-bendamustine ethylester was isolated as a solid by means of filtration, washed with potable water (4×2.5 mL) and used in the next synthetic step without further purification.

[0149] Yield (moist): 1.73 g

[0150] .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6, ppm): δ=7.37 (d, .sup.3J=8.7 Hz, 1H, arom. H-4), 6.78 (expected .sup.4J coupling not resolved, 1H, arom. H-7), 6.68 (d, .sup.3J=8.7 Hz, expected .sup.4J coupling not resolved, 1H, arom. H-5), 4.05 (q, .sup.3J=7.0 Hz, 2H, OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3), 3.75 (s, 8H, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2Cl), 3.65 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3N), 2.82 (t, .sup.3J=7.3 Hz, 2H, CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2-Ester), 2.44 (t, .sup.3J=7.2 Hz, 2H, CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2-Ester), 1.99 (m, 2H, CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2-Ester), 1.18 (t, .sup.3J=7.0 Hz, 3H, OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3).

[0151] .sup.13C-{.sup.1H}-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6, ppm): δ=173.1 (COOEt), 153.3 (arom. CN.sub.2), 143.0 (arom. CN(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2Cl).sub.2), 137.6 (arom.), 135.5 (arom.), 119.3 (arom. C-4), 109.3 (arom. C-5), 94.0 (arom. C-7), 60.2 (CH.sub.2CH.sub.3), 53.7 (N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2Cl).sub.2), 42.0 (N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2Cl).sub.2), 33.3 (CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2-Ester), 29.8 (CH.sub.3), 26.1 (CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2-Ester), 22.6 (CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2-Ester), 14.6 (CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).

[0152] HPLC-purity: 94.1% relative area

[0153] LC-MS (ESI.sup.+): m/z=386.0 (M+H.sup.+; 100% relative intensity)

Example 8: 6-iso-bendamustine Hydrochloride Containing about 3.8 Wt.-% of Water (Denotation According to IUPAC-Nomenclature: 4-{6-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl}butanoic acid hydrochloride) (IX′″)

[0154] 6-iso-bendamustine hydrochloride having the structural formula

##STR00039##

containing about 3.8 wt.-% of water was prepared as follows:

[0155] A round bottom flask was charged with the crude 6-iso-bendamustine ethyl ester (1.5 g, moist product) and hydrochloric acid (37%, 5.0 mL). The solution was concentrated with a rotary evaporator at 60° C. bath temperature under reduced pressure during 4 h. The viscous concentrate was allowed to cool down to about 38° C. and reverse osmosis water (10 mL) was added. Vigorous stirring of the mixture yielded an emulsion which solidified upon scratching the glass wall of the vessel. Stirring was continued for a further 15 min at ambient temperature and the precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with reverse osmosis water (3×0.4 mL) to yield 6-iso-bendamustine hydrochloride in the form of a colorless solid containing about 3.8 wt.-% of water after drying over night in a constant stream of air.

[0156] Yield: 0.54 g (46%)

[0157] .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6, ppm): δ=16-14 (s, br, 0.7H, acidic), 13-11 (s, br, 0.7H, acidic), 7.57 (d, .sup.3J=9.1 Hz, 1H, arom. H-4), 7.11 (d, .sup.4J=1.7 Hz, 1H, arom. H-7), 7.07 (dd, .sup.3J=9.1 Hz, .sup.4J=1.7 Hz, 1H, arom. H-5), 3.90 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3N), 3.86 (t, .sup.3J=6.7 Hz, 4H, 2×NCH.sub.2CH.sub.2Cl), 3.80 (t, .sup.3J=6.7 Hz, 4H, NCH.sub.2CH.sub.2Cl), 3.16 (t, .sup.3J=7.6 Hz, 2H, CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—COOH), 2.41 (t, .sup.3J=7.2 Hz, 2H, CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—COOH), 2.02 (m, 2H, CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—COOH); acidic protons diminished in intensity, presumably due to solvent exchange.

[0158] .sup.13C-{.sup.1H}-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6, ppm): δ=174.1 (COOH), 152.1 (arom. CN.sub.2), 145.8 (arom. CN(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2Cl).sub.2), 134.7 (arom.), 122.3 (arom.), 115.0 (arom. C-4), 113.1 (arom. C-5), 94.5 (arom. C-7), 53.0 (N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2Cl).sub.2), 41.7 (N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2Cl).sub.2), 33.0 (CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—COOH), 31.3 (CH.sub.3), 24.0 (CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—COOH), 21.7 (CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—COOH).

[0159] IR (KBr): see spectrum; wavenumber=1719 (COOH)

[0160] Water content by Karl-Fischer-titration: 3.8% (calculated water content for 6-iso-bendamustine hydrochloride containing one molecule of water per molecule: 4.4%)

[0161] Chloride content by titration: 8.5% (calculated chloride content for monohydrochloride: 8.6%)

[0162] HPLC-purity: 98.6% relative area

[0163] NMR-purity: >99% (calculated for 6-iso-bendamustine HCl H.sub.2O)

[0164] LC-MS (ESI.sup.+): see TIC and spectrum; m/z=358.1 (M−Cl.sup.−−H.sub.2O; 100% relative intensity)

[0165] Melting point (not corrected): 174-176.5° C. (conducted manually with a melting point microscope; intermediate melting/re-crystallization was not visible)

[0166] DSC (heating rate: 10 K/min): first melting peak at 112.4° C. (onset: 106.1° C.); a re-crystallization minimum at 119.8° C. (onset: 117.1° C.); a second melting peak at 187.7° C. (onset:185.2° C.)

[0167] Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data of the ten most intense signals (20 and D values rounded to the second decimal place, I/I.sub.0 values are rounded to first decimal place):

TABLE-US-00002 entry 2θ [°] D [Å.sup.−1] I/I.sub.0 1 7.83 11.29 231.7 2 10.01 8.83 157.3 3 13.18 6.71 94.9 4 13.75 6.43 97.0 5 14.96 5.92 161.3 6 15.34 5.77 150.0 7 18.47 4.80 397.7 8 22.27 3.99 1000.0 9 24.63 3.61 301.8 10 26.53 3.36 268.7