METHOD FOR OBTAINING VITAMIN D2 FROM SHIITAKE MUSHROOMS

Abstract

A method of obtaining vitamin D from shiitake includes a) adding ethanol to shiitake powder, followed by reflux extraction, to prepare a shiitake extract; and (b) irradiating ultraviolet (UV) light to the shiitake extract prepared in step (a). When shiitake extracts are obtained and exposed to ultraviolet light under specific conditions, the content of vitamin D2 in the shiitake extracts may be increased.

Claims

1: A method of obtaining vitamin D from shiitake, the method comprising: adding ethanol to shiitake powder, followed by reflux extraction, to prepare a shiitake extract; and irradiating ultraviolet (UV) light to the prepared shiitake extract.

2: The method of claim 1, wherein the reflux extraction is performed at a temperature of 75° C. to 85° C. for 1 to 3 hours after 90 to 100% (v/v) of ethanol is added to the shiitake powder.

3: The method of claim 1, wherein the UV light is irradiated to the shiitake extract by using three to five UV lamps for 3 minutes or one UV lamp for 16 minutes to 20 minutes, each UV lamp transmitting UV light having the intensity of 24 μW/cm.sup.2 to 28 μW/cm.sup.2.

4: The method of claim 1, wherein 90 to 100% (v/v) of the ethanol; the shiitake powder to which the ethanol is added is powder of pileus of the shiitake; the reflux extraction is performed at a temperature of 75° C. to 85° C. for 1 hour to 3 hours; and the irradiating comprises using three to five UV lamps for 3 minutes or one UV lamp for 16 minutes to 20 minutes, each UV lamp transmitting UV light having the intensity of 24 μW/cm.sup.2 to 28 μW/cm.sup.2.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] FIG. 1 shows the picture of an ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation device and a schematic view of the UV radiation device.

[0012] FIG. 2 shows a graph of cell viability of shiitake extracts depending on UV light irradiation.

BEST MODE

[0013] The present disclosure provides a method of obtaining vitamin D from shiitake, the method including:

[0014] a) adding ethanol to shiitake powder, followed by reflux extraction, to prepare a shiitake extract; and

[0015] (b) irradiating ultraviolet (UV) light to the shiitake extract prepared in step (a).

[0016] In the method of obtaining vitamin D2 according to the present disclosure, the shiitake in step (a) may be the pileus of shiitake. The pileus of shiitake has more ergosterol than the stipe of shiitake, and thus, after exposure to UV light, may produce more vitamin D2.

[0017] In the method of obtaining vitamin D2 according to the present disclosure, in one embodiment, the reflux extraction in step (a) may be performed at a temperature of 75 to 85 for 1 hour to 3 hours after adding 90% (v/v) to 100% (v/v) of ethanol to shiitake powder; and in one embodiment, the reflux extraction in step (a) may be performed at a temperature of 80□ for 2 hours after 100% (v/v) of ethanol was added to shiitake powder. When shiitake extracts are obtained by using the extraction solvents and the extraction methods described above, the ergosterol content in shiitake extracts may be increased compared to when other extraction solvents and other extraction methods are used.

[0018] In the method of obtaining vitamin D2 according to the present disclosure, in one embodiment, the UV light may be irradiated to 80 mL of 120 mL of the shiitake extract by using three to five UV lamps, each transmitting UV light having the intensity of 24 ρW/cm.sup.2 to 28 μW/cm.sup.2, at a time for 3 minutes, or one of such lamps for 16 minutes to 20 minutes; and, in one embodiment, the UV light may be irradiated to 100 mL of the shiitake extract by using four UV lamps, each transmitting UV light having the intensity of 26 μW/cm.sup.2, for 3 minutes, or one of such UV lamps for 18 minutes. In one embodiment, the UV lamps may each have a wavelength of 250 nm to 260 nm. In one embodiment, the UV lamps may each have a wavelength of 254 nm. The UV light irradiation under these conditions may effectively convert ergosterol, which is the precursor of vitamin D2 in the shiitake extract, into vitamin D2.

[0019] In one embodiment, the method of obtaining vitamin D2 from shiitake includes

[0020] (a) adding 90 to 100% (v/v) of ethanol to powder of the pileus of shiitake, followed by reflux extraction at a temperature of 75□ to 85□ for 1 hour to 3 hours to prepare a shiitake extract; and

[0021] (b) irradiating UV light to 80 mL to 120 mL of the shiitake extract prepared in step (a) by using three to five UV lamps for 3 minutes or one UV lamp for 16 minutes to 20 minutes, each UV lamp transmitting UV light having the intensity of 24 μW/cm.sup.2 to 28 μW/cm.sup.2.

[0022] In one embodiment, the method of obtaining vitamin D2 from shiitake includes

[0023] (a) adding 100% (v/v) of ethanol to powder of the pileus of shiitake, followed by reflux extraction at a temperature of 80 for 2 hours to prepare a shiitake extract; and

[0024] (b) irradiating UV light to 100 mL of the shiitake extract prepared in step (a) by using four UV lamps for 3 minutes or one UV lamp for 18 minute, each UV lamp transmitting UV light having the intensity of 26 μW/cm.sup.2.

[0025] An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a processed food containing vitamin D2 that is obtained by using one of the methods. The kind of the processed food is not particularly limited. Examples of foods, to which vitamin D2 can be added, include meat, sausage, bread, chocolate, candy, snack, confectionery, pizza, instant noodles and other noodles, gums, dairy products including ice cream, various soups, drinks, tea, alcoholic beverages, and vitamin complexes, and includes processed foods in a conventional sense.

[0026] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail. However, the embodiments are provided for illustrative purpose only, and do not limit the scope of the present disclosure.

[0027] Experimental Methods

[0028] 1. Searching for Method of Extracting Ergosterol from Shiitake

[0029] Dried shiitake was milled to a size of 100 mesh, and an extract thereof was obtained therefrom by using 100% ethanol. Other extraction methods were used to search for an optimal ethanol extraction method. Extraction methods used herein were a reflux extraction, an ultrasonic extraction, a shaking extraction, and a stirring extraction. The reflux extraction was performed at 80□ for 2 hours, the ultrasonic extraction was performed for 20 minutes, and the shaking extraction and the stirring extraction were each performed at room temperature for 2 hours. The obtained extracts were pretreated according to an ergosterol measurement method, and then, subjected to HPLC.

[0030] 2. Searching for Solvent for Extracting Ergosterol from Shiitake

[0031] Dried shiitake was milled to a size of 100 mesh, and then, various extraction solvents were used to search for an optimal ergosterol extraction solvent. Extraction solvents used herein were 100% ethanol, 80% ethanol, 60% ethanol, 40% ethanol, 20% ethanol, and distilled water, and extracts obtained by the reflux extraction using these extraction solvents were pretreated according to an ergosterol measurement method and then, subjected to HPLC.

[0032] 3. Comparing Amounts of Ergosterol and Vitamin D2 Depending on Portion of Shiitake

[0033] The amounts of vitamin D2 and ergosterol according to a portion of shiitake were analyzed. In detail, a shiitake mushroom was dried, and then, divided into the stipe and the pileus and milled to a size of 100 mesh, thereby preparing samples. The samples were subjected to reflux extraction at a temperature of 80 for 2 hours by using 100% ethanol, and then, the samples were divided into samples that had not been exposed to UV light and samples that had been exposed to UV light for 3 minutes, and pretreated according to a method of measuring ergosterol and vitamin D2, and subjected to HPLC.

[0034] 4. Searching for Optimal UV Light Irradiation Conditions for the Conversion of Ergosterol into Vitamin D2

[0035] Optimal UV light irradiation conditions for the conversion of ergosterol, which is the precursor of vitamin D2 in shiitake, into vitamin D2 were searched for. In detail, UV light was irradiated by using different numbers of UV lamps for different exposure times to measure the amounts of vitamin D2 and ergosterol.

[0036] To determine an appropriate irradiation time when four UV lamps (GPH212T5L, UVNATURE Co. LTD), each having a wavelength of 254 nm and the UV intensity of 26 μW per cm.sup.2 area and located away from samples in a distance of 1 m, were used, 100 mL of shiitake extracts obtained by reflux extraction using 100% ethanol were simultaneously exposed to the four UV lamps, and the irradiation time was set from 1 minute to 120 minutes. To determine an appropriate irradiation time when one UV lamp was used, samples obtained by reflux extraction were exposed to one UV lamp, and the irradiation time was set from 3 minutes to 33 minutes. Extracts that had been exposed to UV light were pretreated according to a method of measuring ergosterol and vitamin D2, and subjected to HPLC.

[0037] 5. Measuring Amounts of Ergosterol and Vitamin D2

[0038] Amounts of ergosterol and vitamin D2 were measured. In detail, 100 mL of ethanol was added to 5 g of a sample, and then, reflux extraction was performed on the result for 1 hour. The supernatant was collected, and 100 mL of ethanol was added to the residual, and reflux extraction was performed thereon at a temperature of 80 for 1 hour. 20 mL of ethanol and 10 g of potassium hydroxide were added to an ethanol extract, and the mixture was saponified at 80 for 1 hour. To the saponified solution, 50 mL of distilled water was added, and the resultant mixture was divided into two 50 mL portions by using hexane. A hexane layer was then completely concentrated, and the concentrated hexane layer was dissolved in 5 mL of methanol and subjected to HPLC.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 HPLC analysis conditions Item Analysis conditions Instrument Agilent Technologies 1200 Series Column Agilent XDB-C.sub.18 (Method Development Kit) (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 um) Solvent 98% Methanol Column temp. 28.8° C. Wavelength UV 280 nm Flow rate 1.0 mL/min Injection volume 20 μL

[0039] 6. Cytotoxicity of Shiitake Extracts

[0040] Cytotoxicity tests were performed on extracts obtained by reflux extraction at a temperature of 80 for 2 hours. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was measured by using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT). Cultured Vero cells were spread on a 96-well plate at the cell population of 1×10.sup.5 cells/well and attached and stabilized thereon by 24 hours of incubation. Then, the cells were treated with samples diluted at a concentration of 10, 50, 100 and 500 μg/mL and cultured for 24 hours. Medium used was replaced with a fresh medium, to which 0.5 μg/mL tetrazolium-based colorimetric (MTT) was added to form formazan for four hours. When a reaction was completed, the medium was removed, formazan was dissolved in 150 μl of DMSO, and the absorption of the result was measured at a wavelength of 540 nm. Cell viability of each sample was measured relatively with reference to 100% of an untreated group.

Example 1: Ergosterol Content According to Shiitake Extraction Method

[0041] To search for an optimal method of extracting ergosterol, which is a precursor of vitamin D in shiitake, reflux extraction, ultrasonic extraction, shaking extraction, and stirring extraction were performed. The obtained results are shown in Table 2. Reflux extraction was performed at a temperature of 80 for 2 hours, and showed the greatest ergosterol content of 153.95 mg % from among the used extraction methods. The ergosterol content for the ultrasonic extraction was 51.01 mg %, the ergosterol content for the shaking extraction was 21.78 mg %, and the stirring extraction showed the smallest extraction content of 16.41 mg %.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Ergosterol content (mg %) according to shiitake extraction method Extraction method Reflux Ultrasonic Shaking Stirring extraction extraction extraction extraction Ergosterol 153.95 ± 7.15 51.01 ± 1.41 21.78 ± 6.61 16.41 ± 0.57 (mg %)

Example 2: Ergosterol Content According to Shiitake Extraction Solvent

[0042] To search for an optimal solvent for extracting ergosterol of shiitake, 100% ethanol, 80% ethanol, 60% ethanol, 40% ethanol, 20% ethanol, and distilled water were used for reflux extraction, and results obtained therefrom are shown in Table 3. When 100% ethanol was used for extracting shiitake, the obtained ergosterol was the greatest, that is, 105.91 mg %, and when 20% ethanol was used, the ergosterol content was the lowest, that is, 0.48 mg %. When water was used for extraction, ergosterol was not extracted, and the lower the ethanol concentration, the lower the ergosterol content.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Ergosterol content (mg %) according to shiitake extraction solvent Extraction solvent Ethanol 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Water Ergosterol (mg %) 105.91 ± 3.27 44.09 ± 0.19 36.17 ± 0.09 18.16 ± 0.60 0.48 ± 0.03 —

Example 3: Vitamin D2 Content and Ergosterol Content According to Portion of Shiitake

[0043] Shiitake was divided into the stipe and the pileus, and then, extraction was performed thereon to measure amounts of vitamin D2 and ergosterol. Results obtained therefrom are shown in Table 4. In the case of extracts that had not been exposed to UV light, vitamin D2 was not measured. The ergosterol content in the stipe was 383.00 mg %, and the ergosterol content in the pileus was 471.48 mg %. In the case of extracts that had been exposed to UV light, the vitamin D2 content in the stipe was 78.41 mg %, and the vitamin D2 content in the pileus was 91.26 mg %.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Vitamin D2 content and Ergosterol content according to portion of shiitake (mg %) UV light irradiation time Shiitake stipe Shiitake pileus min Vitamin D2 Ergosterol Vitamin D2 Ergosterol 0 minutes 0 383.00 ± 0.67 0 471.48 ± 5.33 3 minutes 78.41 ± 0.37 104.68 ± 0.17 91.26 ± 9.64  71.46 ± 2.46

Example 4: Vitamin D2 Content and Ergosterol Content According to UV Light Irradiation Conditions

[0044] To search for optimal UV light irradiation conditions to convert ergosterol, which is the precursor of vitamin D2 in shiitake, into vitamin D2, UV light was irradiated according to the number of UV lamps and time to measure vitamin D2 and ergosterol. Results obtained therefrom are shown in Tables 5 and 6. When four UV lamps were used, an extract that had been exposed to UV light for 3 minutes had the greatest vitamin D2 content, that is, 104.89 mg %. The longer UV light irradiation time, the vitamin D2 content was gradually decreased, and at 90 minutes or more of UV irradiation, the vitamin D2 content was as low as 5 mg %. In the case of ergosterol, an extract that had not been exposed to UV light had the greatest ergosterol content, that is, 471.48 mg %. The longer UV light irradiation time, the lower ergosterol content. At 10 minutes or more of UV light irradiation, the ergosterol content was as low as 4 mg % to 8 mg % (Table 5).

[0045] When one UV lamp was used, the vitamin D2 content had the greatest value of 116.55 at 18 minutes, and when UV light was not irradiated, vitamin D2 was not produced, and when the UV irradiation time reached 3 minutes, the vitamin D2 content was 63.68 mg % and, up to 18 minutes, was gradually increased, and at greater than 18 minutes, the vitamin D2 content was decreased. Regarding to the ergosterol content, an extract that had not been exposed to UV light and an extract that had been exposed to UV light for 3 minutes had the ergosterol contents of 471.48 mg % and 437.99 mg %, respectively. The longer UV light irradiation time, the smaller ergosterol content (Table 6). It was confirmed that, in converting ergosterol, which is the precursor of vitamin D2 in shiitake, into vitamin D2, the greater number of UV lamps, the shorter time.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Vitamin D2 content and ergosterol content (mg %) according to irradiation time when four UV lamps were used UV light irradiation time (min) Vitamin D2 (mg %) Ergosterol (mg %) Control 0 471.48 ± 3.90  1 82.39 ± 0.57 133.26 ± 1.50  2 97.00 ± 0.69 126.86 ± 1.32  3 104.89 ± 0.60  55.77 ± 0.54  4 91.26 ± 0.18 71.46 ± 0.69  5 94.30 ± 0.21 30.64 ± 0.45  10 81.41 ± 0.97 5.87 ± 0.18 30 14.77 ± 0.54 8.25 ± 2.18 60 10.12 ± 0.08 4.36 ± 0.86 90  5.43 ± 0.30 6.69 ± 1.80 120  5.51 ± 0.38 5.27 ± 0.50

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Vitamin D2 content and ergosterol content (mg %) according to irradiation time when one UV lamp was used UV light irradiation time (min) Vitamin D2 (mg %) Ergosterol (mg %) Control 0 471.48 ± 3.90 3  63.68 ± 0.23 437.99 ± 0.47 6  93.79 ± 0.30 370.39 ± 0.69 9 107.30 ± 0.31 272.96 ± 0.51 12 107.23 ± 0.39 215.01 ± 0.33 15 101.38 ± 0.64 241.01 ± 0.46 18 116.55 ± 0.63 220.42 ± 0.57 33  99.12 ± 0.01 148.67 ± 0.33

Example 5: Cytotoxicity of Shiitake Extracts According to UV Light Irradiation

[0046] Cytotoxicity stability of shiitake extracts was evaluated according to UV light irradiation. Results obtained therefrom are shown in FIG. 2. In the case of shiitake extracts obtained using 80% ethanol and 100% ethanol, an extract that had been exposed to UV light showed lower cytotoxicity than an extract that had not been exposed to UV light.