Helmet

Abstract

A helmet cover that has an outer skin, an impact absorbing material and at least one vent comprising an aperture through the helmet cover is described. A helmet cover vent may be aligned with a vent in a helmet, thereby providing for improved ventilation and cooling, and may be attached to a helmet. A helmet cover vent may be configured as a tapered or flared vent, and may be an, air capture vent. The impact absorbing material may be configured over substantially the entire helmet cover surface, or may cover only a portion of the surface. In one embodiment, the impact absorbing material is configured as a discrete pad that is located where impact is most common, such as on the front, sides, or back of the helmet cover. A discrete pad may be interchangeable, allowing for customizing the type and location of impact absorption on the helmet cover.

Claims

1. A helmet comprising: a) a helmet portion configured for placement on a person's head and comprising: i) an inside helmet surface; ii) an outside helmet surface; iii) an impact absorbing material configured between the inside helmet surface and the outside helmet surface and having an original shape; iv) a shell portion configured over the outside helmet surface; wherein the shell is a hard plastic and has an outside surface; b) a helmet cover portion comprising: i) an outer cover surface; ii) an inner cover surface; iii) an outer skin configured on said outer cover surface; iv) an impact absorbing material between the outer skin and the inner over surface and attached to the outer skin and having an original shape; v) a plurality of decoupling features comprising raised protrusions extending from the inner cover surface of the helmet cover portion, that form an air gap between said inner cover surface and the outside surface of the shell portion; wherein the plurality of decoupling features reduce an area of contact between the inner cover surface of the helmet cover portion and the shell portion; wherein the outer skin is harder than the impact absorbing material of the helmet cover portion; wherein the outer cover surface of the helmet cover portion is dome shaped comprising: a top portion; two opposing side portions that extend down from said top portion; a front portion; a back portion; vi) wherein said helmet cover portion is configured over the shell portion with said inner cover surface of the helmet cover portion being configured over the outside surface of the shell portion; c) at least two vents wherein each of said vents comprise an aperture that extends from the outside helmet surface of the helmet portion to the inside helmet surface to provide a flow of air through the helmet.

2. The article of claim 1, wherein the impact absorbing material of the helmet cover portion and the helmet portion is a resilient foam that returns to said original shape after being compressed and deformed.

3. The article of claim 1, wherein the impact absorbing material comprises a pouch containing a fluid.

4. The article of claim 1, wherein the impact absorbing material comprises a gel.

5. The article of claim 1, wherein the impact absorbing material of the helmet cover portion is a composite of at least two material selected from the group consisting of: foam, gel, fluid, plastic, metals.

6. The article of claim 1, wherein the impact absorbing material comprises a deformable element consisting of plastic or metal.

7. The article of claim 1, wherein the impact absorbing material comprises a honeycomb.

8. The article of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of decoupling features are post shaped decoupling features.

9. The article of claim 1, wherein the plurality of decoupling features consists of post shaped decoupling features.

10. The article of claim 8, wherein the post shaped decoupling features have an extension dimension that is no more than three times greater than the cross-extension dimension.

11. The article of claim 8, wherein the post shaped decoupling features are rod shaped.

12. The article of claim 8, wherein the post shaped decoupling features are cone shaped, having a larger diameter at the attached end than at an extended end.

13. The article of claim 8, wherein the post shaped decoupling features are truncated in dimension, wherein the cross-extension dimension is reduced from an attached end to an extended end.

14. The article of claim 8, comprising at least ten post shaped decoupling features.

15. The article of claim 8, comprising at least twenty post shaped decoupling features that are distributed over the inner cover surface of the helmet cover portion including a front inner cover surface, a back inner cover surface, a top inner cover surface, a left side inner cover surface and a right side inner cover surface.

16. The article of claim 15, wherein the post shaped decoupling features are rod shaped decoupling features.

17. The article of claim 15, wherein the post shaped decoupling features are truncated shaped decoupling features, wherein the cross-extension dimension is reduced from an attached end to an extended end.

18. The article of claim 1, wherein the plurality of decoupling features comprises rib decoupling features, having a length that is at least four times greater than a height.

19. The article of claim 1, wherein the plurality of decoupling features are integral decoupling features, wherein the decoupling feature is integrally attached to the helmet cover portion, wherein the plurality of decoupling features comprise an integral extension of the impact absorbing material of the helmet cover portion.

20. The article of claim 1, wherein the plurality of decoupling features comprise attached decoupling features, wherein the attached decoupling features are attached to the inner cover surface.

21. The article of claim 1, wherein the outer skin consists of a hard plastic material having low friction properties and a shore A hardness of 60 or more.

22. The article of claim 1, wherein the helmet cover portion further comprises, an impact deflection feature formed in the outer skin and comprising a plurality of dimples extending inward from the outside surface to provide a reduced area of contact with a second helmet; wherein the dimples are configured inward from the outside, surface of the helmet cover extending from the front portion to the top portion, from the top portion to the back portion and from the top portion down the two opposing side portions of the helmet cover.

23. The article of claim 1, wherein the helmet cover portion is affixed to the helmet portion.

24. The article of claim 1, wherein the helmet cover portion is decoupled from the helmet portion, whereby the helmet cover portion is configured to move with respect to the helmet portion to reduce impact by moving in the direction of an impact.

25. The article of claim 24, wherein the shell portion is decoupled from the helmet cover portion, whereby the shell portion can move with respect to the helmet cover portion.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS

(2) FIG. 1 shows an isometric view of an exemplary helmet over having a plurality of vents.

(3) FIG. 2 shows a top down view of the exemplary helmet cover shown in FIG. 1, having a plurality of vents.

(4) FIG. 3 shows a cut-away side view the inner surface of an exemplary helmet cover having attachment features and inner surface flow enhancer features.

(5) FIG. 4 shows a cut-away view of an exemplary helmet cover having an attachment feature and an inner surface flow enhancer feature.

(6) FIG. 5 shows an isometric view of an exemplary helmet cover having interchangeable pads.

(7) FIG. 6 shows an isometric view of an exemplary helmet cover having a vent opening configured to at least partially align with a vent opening in a helmet.

(8) FIG. 7 shows, a cut-away view of an exemplary helmet cover having an inner surface flow enhancer feature.

(9) FIG. 8 shows a cut-away view of an exemplary helmet cover having ari inner surface flow enhancer feature that extends between two vents.

(10) FIG. 9 shows a cut-away view of an exemplary helmet cover having an inner surface flow enhancer feature that extends between a vent configured in the front portion of the helmet cover and a vent configured in the back portion of the helmet cover.

(11) FIG. 10 shows a cut-away view of the exemplary helmet cover shown in FIG. 9 along line BB, having an inner surface flow enhancer feature that extends between a vent configured in the front portion of the helmet and a vent configured in the back portion of the helmet.

(12) FIG. 11 shows an isometric view of an exemplary helmet cover having a plurality of different thickness interchangeable pads.

(13) FIG. 12 shows a cut-away view of an exemplary helmet cover having vents and a plurality of decoupling ribs extending along the inner surface of the helmet cover.

(14) FIG. 13A shows a cut-away view of the exemplary helmet cover shown in FIG. 12 along line CC having a deflection feature on the outer surface and a decoupling rib along the inner surface of the helmet cover.

(15) FIG. 13B shows a cut-away view of an exemplary integral decoupling feature.

(16) FIG. 14 shows an isometric view of an exemplary helmet cover configured on helmet and having a deflection feature on the outer surface.

(17) FIG. 15 shows a cut-away view of the exemplary helmet cover shown in FIG. 10, having a decoupling feature configured over the inner surface.

(18) FIG. 16 shows a perspective front-side cut-away, view of an exemplary helmet 18 comprising a helmet portion 300, a shell portion 310 and a helmet cover portion 12.

(19) FIG. 17 shows a side cross-sectional view exemplary helmet 18 comprising a helmet portion 300, a shell portion 310 and a helmet cover portion 12.

(20) FIG. 18 shows a bottom cut-away, view of an exemplary helmet 18 comprising a helmet portion 300, a shell portion 310 and a helmet cover portion 12.

(21) FIG. 19 shows a back cut-away, view of an exemplary helmet 18 comprising a helmet portion 300, a shell portion 310 and a helmet cover portion 12.

(22) FIG. 20 shows a top-down cut-away, view of an exemplary helmet 18 comprising a helmet portion 300, a shell portion 310 and a helmet cover portion 12.

(23) FIG. 21 shows an exemplary helmet having a helmet portion, shell portion and helmet cover portion.

(24) FIGS. 22, 23 and 24 show exemplary post shaped decoupling features.

(25) FIG. 25 shows an exemplary honeycomb impact absorbing material.

(26) Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the figures. The figures represent an illustration of some of the embodiments of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner. Further, the figures are not necessarily to scale, some features may be exaggerated to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention.

(27) As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Also, use of “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.

(28) Certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described herein and are illustrated in the accompanying figures. The embodiments described are only for purposes of illustrating the present invention and should not be interpreted as limiting the Scope of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention, and certain modifications, combinations and improvements of the described embodiments, will occur to those skilled in the art and all such alternate embodiments, combinations, modifications, improvements are within the scope of the present invention.

(29) U.S. Pat. No. 7,328,462, to Albert E. Straus and entitled Protective Helmet, '462, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention contemplates the use of helmets disclosed in '462 comprising an outer layer comprising the helmet over as described herein having at least one vent comprising an aperture through said helmet cover. The helmet cover, as described herein, may be an integral part of a helmet, such as a helmet described in '462 and may be permanently attached to the outside surface of a hardened shell. The helmet cover may be attached to any suitable type of base helmet, thereby forming an inventive helmet, as described herein.

(30) Definitions

(31) Impact sports, as used herein, is defined as any sports where impact with another player, sport equipment, or the ground is common, such as football, field hockey, lacrosse, ice hockey, rugby, boxing, mixed martial arts, baseball, bicycling, mountain biking, skateboarding, roller skating, ice skating, horseback riding, racquetball, wrestling, lacrosse, paintball, soccer, climbing, jet skiing, rafting, kayaking, snow skiing, snowboarding, and the like. Team impact sport refers to impact sports played by two or more players against another team and are typically played in a fixed space, such as a field or court.

(32) Vent, as used herein, is defined as an aperture through a helmet cover that extends from the outer surface to the inner surface.

(33) Impact absorbing material, as, used herein, is defined as, a compressible material that may be used to disperse, dampen, or dissipate an impact and includes, but is not limited to, elastomeric materials, open and closed cell foam materials, pleated fabrics, fabrics, composite materials and the like. The impact absorbing material may be a resilient impact absorbing material that effectively returns to an original shape after being compressed and deformed. Alternatively, the impact absorbing material may be a non-resilient impact absorbing material that does not return to an onginal shape after being compressed and deformed, such as styrofoam.

(34) Partially aligned, as used herein, in reference to a helmet cover vent and a helmet vent, means that the helmet cover vent aperture at least partially overlays a helmet vent, thereby allowing for air flow through the helmet cover and the helmet.

(35) Tapering vent, as used herein, means that a vent aperture is larger in area at the outer surface of the helmet cover than at the inner surface of the helmet cover.

(36) Flared vent, as used herein, means that a vent aperture has a smaller area at the outer surface of the helmet cover than at the inner surface of the helmet cover.

(37) Air capturing vent, as used herein, means that the vent is configured to capture air as it passes over the outer surface of the helmet cover and may comprise an aperture that is not planar to the outer contour of the helmet cover and/or may comprise a vent leading edge that is recessed, and/or a trading edge that is elevated from the contour of the helmet cover.

(38) Non-planar, as used herein in reference to a vent aperture on an outer surface of a helmet cover, means that the aperture is not planar with the contour of the helmet and thereby is configured to capture air as it passes over the helmet cover. A non-planar vent does not follow the contour of the outer surface of the helmet cover, and may comprise one or more protruding or recessed features. Describe a different way, the leading edge of a non-planar vent aperture may be recessed, or a trailing edge of a non-planar vent aperture may be raised from the contour of the helmet cover.

(39) Edge of a helmet, as used herein, means the perimeter of the head insertion opening of the helmet.

(40) A helmet cover portion may be affixed to a helmet portion, such as to the shell portion such that it is not detachably attachable to the helmet portion. For example, a helmet cover portion may be affixed to the shell portion by an adhesive, wherein the helmet cover portion would required tearing or breaking of the adhesive bond to remove the helmet cover portion. In addition, permanent fasteners may be used to affix the helmet cover portion to the helmet portion.

(41) As shown if FIG. 1, an exemplary helmet cover 12, comprises a plurality of vents, 16. Two vents 16 and 16′ are configured in the top, toward the or leading edge 22 of the helmet cover 12 and the two vents, 16″ and 16′″ (not shown in this view) are configured on the sides. As shown on vent 16′, an aperture 60 is configured through the helmet cover. Vent 16′ has an outer surface open area 61 that is larger than the inner surface open area 62, making vent 16′ a tapered vent 65. The leading edge 63 of vent 16′ comes to a point, whereas the trailing edge 64 is rounded. Any suitable shape of vent or aperture may be used. A flared vent would have an inner surface open area that is larger than the outer surface open area. The side vents 16″ and 16′″ are configured as air capture vents, wherein it is configured to capture air as it passes over the outer surface of the helmet cover. The leading edge width 28 of the aperture on vent 16′ is larger than the trailing width 29 of the aperture, and creates a recess 27, or outer surface flow channel 26. This outer surface flow channel, as shown in FIG. 1, is, not planar with the outer surface of the helmet cover and would direct air into vent 16″. Helmet cover 12, shown in FIG. 1 comprises a outer skin 13.

(42) FIG. 2 shows a top down view of the helmet cover shown in FIG. 1. An outer surface flow enhancer feature 26 is shown extending from the leading edge 22 of the helmet cover. The outer surface flow enhancer feature 26 has a leading width 28 that is greater than the trailing width 29. An air capture vent 67″ is shown being configured at the trailing edge of the outer surface flow enhancer feature 26. In addition, both side air capture vents 67 and 67′ can be seen in this view.

(43) FIG. 3 shows a cut-away side view along line A of FIG. 2, and shows the inner surface 21, attachment features 17 and inner surface flow enhancer features 24, 24′. The attachment features 17-17″, are integral extension 70 type features, having one component of a hook and loop fastener 74 attached. These tabs 72 are configured to wrap around the edge of the helmet and attach to the second hook and loop component that may be attached, such as by, an adhesive, to the helmet. Two inner surface flow enhancer features 24, 24′ are shown configured on the inner surface 21 of the helmet cover 12. Inner surface flow enhancer feature 24 is recessed, as indicated by the curved contour lines, and extends from the leading edge 22 of the helmet cover to the back of the helmet. Inner surface flow enhancer feature 24′, a protrusion from the inner surface 21 contour, extends from the leading edge 22 of the helmet cover past a vent 16, to the trailing edge 23 of the helmet cover. In this configuration, the inner surface flow enhancer feature may increase the amount of ventilation and/or air flow to or from vents.

(44) The impact absorbing material 14 is shown configured between the inner skin 15 and outer skin 13 in FIG. 3. As described, the thickness of the impact absorbing material may vary along the surface of the helmet cover. As shown in FIG. 3, the thickness of the impact absorbing material is relatively uniform.

(45) FIG. 4 shows a cut-away view of an exemplary helmet cover having an attachment feature and an inner surface flow enhancer feature that may allow for air flow from the leading edge of the helmet, along the inside surface of the helmet, to the trailing edged of the helmet. The attachment feature 17 is shown extending from the back or trailing edge of the helmet and is an integral extension 70, configured as a tab 72 having one component of a hook and loop fastener 74 attached thereto. The inner surface flow enhancer feature 24 is a recessed area configured around the vent 16. The thickness of the impact absorbing material 14, varies along the contour of the helmet cover 12, with the impact absorbing material being thinner toward the edges of the helmet cover and thicker towards the top of the helmet cover.

(46) FIG. 5 shows an isometric view of an exemplary helmet cover having interchangeable pads 46. As shown in FIG. 5, two different discrete pads 44 and 46 may be attached to the helmet cover. Discrete pad 44′ is shown as a darker interchangeable pad 46′, indicating that it has greater impact absorbing properties. As described, discrete pad 44′ may be thicker, or have a higher density than discrete pad 44, or may comprise a different impact absorbing material. Pad recesses 48 and 48′ are shown in the helmet cover for the placement of the discrete pads. The discrete pads may be placed into the recesses, as indicated by the arrows, and retained or attached to the helmet cover in any suitable way. Fasteners, tabs, integral extensions from the inner or outer skin, for example, may be used to attach a discrete pad to a helmet cover.

(47) FIG. 6 shows an isometric view of an exemplary helmet cover 12 having a vent opening 16 configured to at least partially align with a helmet vent 19 opening in a helmet 18. An aperture 60 of the helmet cover 12, or the open area on the inner surface 62 of the helmet cover, may be configured to at least partially align with a helmet vent aperture 90, or open area on the helmet outer surface. An aligned, vent may extend from the outer surface of the helmet cover to the inner surface of the helmet, thereby providing direct ventilation from the interior of the helmet to the outside of the helmet cover. Any number of aligned vents may be configured in a helmet comprising a helmet cover including, but not limited to, one or more, two or more, four or more, six or more and any range between and including the number of vents provided. The helmet 18 comprises a plurality of attachment features 17, 17′, such as a hook and loop fastener configured on the outer surface of the helmet, and particularly on the dome portion of the outer surface. These fasteners may be configured to align and couple with a hook and loop fastener configured on the inside surface of the helmet cover, such as those shown in FIG. 9. In one embodiment, the helmet cover is an integral helmet cover and is a permanent part of the helmet that may be molded around at least a portion of the outer surface of a helmet. An integral helmet cover, as used herein, is permanently attached to a helmet and is not detachably attachable. A face guard 100 may be attached to the helmet or to the helmet cover in any suitable way, including as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 7,328,462 to Straus.

(48) As shown in FIG. 7, an exemplary helmet cover 12 has a pair of inner surface flow enhancer features 24, 24′ that extend around the open area 62, 62′ of the vents 16, 16′ respectively. The aperture 60′ extends from the outer surface 20 of the helmet cover to the inner surface 21. The inner surface flow enhancer features provide additional area for the flow of air to impinge on a helmet surface. The inner surface flow enhancers shown are recess from the contour of the inner surface.

(49) As shown in FIG. 8, an exemplary helmet cover 2 has two inner surface flow enhancer features 24″ and 24′″ that extend between two vents 16, 16′. These inner surface flow enhancer features are protrusions from the inside surface 21 of the helmet cover and create a channel for flow between the two protrusions. The channel 25 is between the two inner surface flow enhancers.

(50) As shown in FIG. 9, an exemplary helmet cover 12 has an inner surface flow enhancer feature 24 that extends between a vent 16 configured in the front portion 34 of the helmet cover and a vent 16′ configured in the back portion 36 of the helmet cover. The vents are configured to channel air from the first vent 16, along the inner surface flow enhance and out the second vent 16′, when moving in a forward direction, as indicated by the large arrow. Also shown in FIG. 9 are attachment features, 17, 17′ configured on the inner surface of the helmet cover. A first attachment feature 17 is configured in a recess 77 along the front portion, or leading edge of the helmet and a second attachment feature 1T is configured within a recess 77′ on the side portion of the inner surface 21. These two attachment features may be a hook-and-loop fastener material 24 that are configured to align with the opposing portion of hook-and-loop fattener material configured on the outside of a helmet, as shown in FIG. 6.

(51) FIG. 10 shows a cut-away view of the exemplary helmet cover 12 shown in FIG. 9 along line BB. The helmet cover has an inner surface flow enhancer feature 24 that extends between a vent 16 configured in the front portion of the helmet and a vent 16′ configured in the back portion of the helmet. The arrows indicate the direction of air flow into the front vent, along the inner surface flow enhancer and out the second back vent. The vent configured in the back of the helmet may have a geometry configured to produce a low pressure when air is flowing over the vent as indicated by the arrows. A venturi effect may be produced in the second vent, whereby air flowing over the vent creates a suction force to draw air up and out of the vent. A front vent may be configured to capture air when moving in a forward direction as shown. This combination of vent geometries may greatly increase the amount of flow into the inside surface of the helmet cover or through an inner surface flow enhancer.

(52) As shown, in FIG. 11, an exemplary helmet cover 12 has a plurality of different thickness interchangeable pads 46-46″. Interchangeable pad 46 is much thinner than interchangeable pad 46″. A user may choose interchangeable pad 46′ for practice sessions when there is going to be a lot of contact. Interchangeable pad 46′ may extend out from the outer surface of the helmet cover whereas interchangeable pad 46 may be substantially flush with the outside surface of the helmet cover when installed in the pad recess 48. A person may choose to install interchangeable pad 46 for game situations, for example. Logos and other words and/or symbols may be configured on the interchangeable pads including team logos and names for example. In addition, an interchangeable pad may be provided in different colors to allow a coach to divide a team into different squads for practice, such as a blue squad, having blue colored interchangeable pads and a red squad, having red interchangeable pads installed on their helmet covers.

(53) As shown in FIG. 12, an exemplary helmet cover 12 has two vents 16, 16′ and a plurality of decoupling ribs, 230-230″, extending along the inner surface 21 of the helmet cover. The decoupling ribs reduce the contact surface area between the inner surface of the helmet cover and the outside surface of the helmet, thereby reducing friction and allowing for motion or rotation of the helmet cover with respect to the helmet. Any number and any configuration of decoupling features may be employed. In addition, the decoupling features may further dampen an impact as the decoupling features would have td be compress or deflect before a larger portion of the inner surface area of the helmet cover contacts the outer surface of the helmet. As described herein, the decoupling feature may comprise an impact absorbing material as described herein, such as a foam, a gel, a fluid, such as air and may be a pouch of fluid, air, gas, liquid or gel that is compressible.

(54) FIG. 13A shows a cut-away view of the exemplary helmet cover 12 shown in FIG. 12 along line CC. The cut-away shows a deflection feature 210 on the outer surface 20 of the helmet cover and a decoupling feature 230, or rib 232 along the inner surface 21 of the helmet cover. The decoupling feature 230 may comprise a foam, a gel, a fluid, such as air and may be a pouch of air that is compressible. A pouch of air is the decoupling feature 230, as shown in FIG. 13A The height of the decoupling rib provides a reduce contact surface area between the inner surface of the helmet cover and the outside surface of the helmet 80. The decoupling feature is attached to the inner skin 15 in this exemplary embodiment. As described herein, the decoupling feature may be harder than the inner skin and the impact absorbing material. A decoupling feature may comprise a hard plastic such as polyester, or polyethylene and may have a shore A hardness of about 40 or more, about 60 or more, about 80 or more and any range between and including the values provided. A hard decoupling feature may more easily slide along the outside surface of a helmet 80. For example, a hard shell of plastic may have a low coefficient of friction such as less than 0.3, or preferably less than 0.25 and more preferably less than 0.2, when tested according to ASTM D1894. Polyethylene and polyester, for example, can have a dynamic coefficient of friction of about 0.20, or 0.18. In addition, a hard decoupling feature will dampen an impact as a larger portion of the impact absorbing material will have to deform before the inner skin layer contacts the outside surface of the helmet. The height of the decoupling feature 234 provides an impact dampening distance or air gap 240 between the inner surface of the helmet cover 21 and the outer surface of the helmet portion 300, or shell portion configured there over. The deflection feature 210 comprises a plurality of dimples 214 and protrusion 212. The height of the protrusion 212, or depth of the dimples 216, may be any suitable dimension, but are preferable small in dimension with relation to the contour of, the helmet such as but not limited to about 0.1 mm or more about 0.25 mm or more, about 0.5 mm or more, about 1 mm or more, about 2 mm or more, about 4 mm or more, less than about 5 mm, less than about 2 mm, and any range between and including the depth of the dimples provided. The protrusions or dimples may appear as a mottled surface and the size and depth may create a contour over the surface of the helmet, wherein no single protrusion extends out from said contour, as shown in FIG. 12. The impact deflection feature may have protrusions and/or dimples that are microscopic, wherein they are not visible with the naked eye but are visible under a microscope. The surface area of the outermost outside surface 20 of the helmet cover is reduce by the deflection feature. The dimples have a diameter 218, and a center-to-center dimension 220.

(55) As shown in FIG. 13B, an exemplary integral decoupling feature 238 comprises a raised portion of the inner skin layer 15. An integral decoupling feature is defined herein as a decoupling feature that has a raised outer portion defined by an inner skin layer, as shown in FIG. 13B. It is contemplated that an inner skin layer may be formed before, during or after the attachment to the impact absorbing material 14. For example, an inner skin layer 15 may be formed to comprise a plurality of ribs, dimples and/or protrusion and a foam impact absorbing material may be cast and/or otherwise adhered to the formed inner skin layer. As shown in FIG. 13B, the impact absorbing material conforms to decoupling feature rib 232. In another embodiment, the decoupling features may be formed in an inner skin layer and impact absorbing material composite subsequent to the attachment of the inner skin layer to the impact absorbing material. The composite may be formed through heat and pressure in a mold, for example.

(56) As shown in FIG. 14, an exemplary helmet cover 12 is configured on a helmet 18 and has a deflection feature 210 on the outer surface 20. The deflection feature will cause an impact to deflect away from the helmet as the friction of impact will be reduced. The helmet cover is also configured with a decoupling feature (not shown) that allows the helmet cover to move in the direction of impact and relative to the helmet as indicated by the large arrows. The impact causes the helmet cover to rotate or twist clockwise with the impact and relative to the helmet.

(57) As shown in FIG. 15, a helmet cover 12 comprises a decouple feature 230 over the interior or inner surface 21. The decoupling feature comprises a plurality of dimples and raised protrusions that reduce the area of contact between the helmet cover and the helmet.

(58) Referring now to FIGS. 16 to 21, an exemplary helmet 13 comprises a helmet portion 300, a shell portion 310, and a helmet cover portion 12. The helmet portion is configured to fit directly over a person's head, wherein the inner surface of the helmet portion is in contact with the person's head. The shell portion 310 extends over the helmet portion and may be detachably attachable to the helmet portion, or configured to move with respect to the helmet portion to deflect an impact force. The helmet cover portion is configured over the shell portion and comprises a plurality of decoupling features 230, that extend from the inner surface of the helmet cover to the shell portion and create an air gap between the helmet cover portion and the shell portion. The decoupling features shown are post shaped in geometry having a length dimension from the helmet cover portion to the shell portion that is about the same or smaller as the cross length dimension. The post shaped decoupling features may be rod shaped for example. The air gap between the helmet cover portion and the shell portion reduces the friction between the helmet cover portion and the shell portion, thereby enabling the helmet cover portion to slide over the shell portion upon impact.

(59) In addition, the air gap between the helmet cover portion and the shell portion enables air to freely flow from the interior of the helmet portion and out from the helmet, or vice versa. Therefore, the decoupling features 230 act as inner surface flow enhancers 24, whereby they increase the flow of air between the helmet cover portion and the remainder of the helmet. The helmet has a plurality of helmet vent apertures 90 that extend through the thickness of the helmet portion to allow air to flow in and out of the helmet. At least some, or a portion of the area of the helmet vent apertures 90′ is aligned with shell portion apertures 312. For example, air may flow into the helmet from the outside, through helmet cover apertures 60, through shell portion apertures 312 and then through the helmet vent apertures 90 to reach the person's head. The air gap 240 between the helmet portion and the helmet cover portion enables air to flow freely and thereby improves cooling to the wearer of the helmet.

(60) FIG. 16 shows helmet portion vent apertures that are elongated, having a length that is more than two times the width dimension. In addition, FIG. 16 clearly shows, that the helmet portion vent apertures 90′ are aligned, at least partially, with the shell portion apertures 312. A chin strap 402 is attached to the shell portion. The chin strap 402 may retain the shell portion to the helmet cover portion. For example, the chin strap may extend through an aperture of the helmet cover portion and thereby prevent the helmet cover portion from being completely detached when the chin strap is fastened.

(61) FIG. 17 shows that the air gap 240 extends around the outer, perimeter of the helmet portion 300 or shell portion 310, or along the inner surface 21 of the helmet cover portion 12.

(62) FIG. 18 shows, alignment of the apertures, 60, 312 and 90′ to allow air to freely flow from the outside surface 20 of the helmet cover portion 12 into the interior surface 81 of the helmet portion 300. In addition, FIG. 18 shows the elongated helmet portion vent apertures 90 aligning with a plurality of shell portion apertures 312′.

(63) FIG. 20 shows the plurality of vent apertures in the three component of the helmet 18.

(64) FIG. 21 shows a perspective view of the complete helmet 18 comprising the helmet portion, shell portion and helmet cover portion 12.

(65) Referring now to FIGS. 22 to 24, post shaped decoupling features 250 have a height 234, or dimension that extends from the attached end 265 to the extended end 266 along the extension axis 256, that is at least half the cross-extension dimension 252, or maximum dimension of the post shaped decoupling feature taken along the cross-extension axis 257. The extension axis 256 extends centrally through the post shaped decoupling feature from the attached end to the extended end and may be perpendicular to the inner cover surface of the helmet cover portion and/or perpendicular to the outside helmet portion surface, or shell outside surface. The cross-extension axis 257 As shown in FIG. 22, the post shaped decoupling feature is rod shaped, having a uniform circular cross-section along the height 234. The height 234 is about 1.5 time the diameter 252, or cross-extension dimension. The ratio of the height of the decoupling feature to the cross-extension dimension may be at least about 0.5, at least about 0.75, at least about 1 at least about 1.5, at least about 2.0, at least about 3.0, no more than about 3.0, no more than about 2.0 and any range between and including the ratios provided. As shown in FIGS. 23 and 24, the post shaped decoupling features are truncated decoupling features 270, having a smaller reduced cross-extension dimension from the attached end 265 to the extended end 266. A truncated decoupling feature may further decrease the area of contact between the helmet cover portion and the helmet portion, wherein the extended ends of the decoupling features account for the area of contact of the decoupling features to the helmet portion.

(66) The post shaped decoupling features may be integral decoupling features, wherein they are formed as a one-piece unit with the impact absorbing material of the helmet cover portion. The decoupling features may be part of a mold cavity that is used to form the impact absorbing material of the helmet cover portion, for example. A hard shell may be attached to the outer surface of the impact absorbing material of the helmet cover portion subsequently. In this embodiment, the decoupling features may also return to an original shape after deformation due to an impact. The decoupling features may compress upon an impact of the helmet with an object and the air gap between the helmet cover portion and the helmet portion may be reduced. The force to compress the decoupling features may increase as the air gap is reduced.

(67) In another embodiment, the decoupling features are not integral to the impact absorbing material of the helmet cover portion, rather they are attached to the helmet cover portion. In one embodiment, the decoupling features may be detachably attached to the helmet cover portion. The decoupling features may comprise an impact absorbing material that has a different hardness from that of the impact absorbing material of the dome portion of the helmet cover portion, such as about at least 20% difference in hardness, either harder or, softer, as defined by a Shore type test. For example, a decoupling feature may be 20% harder than the foam of the dome portion of the helmet cover portion, wherein the decoupling feature has a Shore A of 45 and the impact absorbing material of the dome portion has a Shore A of 30, for example.

(68) As shown in FIG. 25, an impact absorbing material may be a honeycomb 330 and may be a negative stiffness honeycomb 331, as shown. A honeycomb may be made out of plastic, metal or a composite material. The honeycomb has a negative stiffness beam 333 that comprises an undulation between the two attached ends of the beam; wherein the ends are attached to a beam connector 334. The honeycomb comprises unit cells 335 having a cell height 340 and a cell width 341. As a load is applied, as indicated by the bold arrow, the honeycomb will deflect to absorb the load and will rebound to substantially the original shape, as shown, when the load is removed. As shown in FIG. 25 the honeycomb is an impact absorbing material of the helmet cover portion 12 and extends toward the helmet portion 300.

(69) It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Specific embodiments, features and elements described herein may be modified, and/or combined in any suitable manner. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications, combinations and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

(70) The following reference is hereby incorporated by reference herein in, its entirety: Reference 1 D. M. Correa, T. D. Klatt, S. A. Cortes, M. R. Haberman, D. Kovar, and C. C. Seepersad, (2014), Negative Stiffness Honeycombs for Recoverable Shock Isolation, The University of Texas at Austin