Transmitter, receiver and methods for transmitting/ receiving synchronisation signals

Abstract

A transmitter, a receiver and methods therein, configured to transmit a first type of synchronisation signal, in M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i,, 0≤i≤(M.sub.1−1) and a second type of synchronisation signal in M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j,, 0≤j≤(M.sub.2−1) of a subframe, wherein M.sub.2≥M.sub.1≥2. The transmitter comprises a processor, configured to determine in which symbols l.sub.i the synchronisation signal of the first type is to be transmitted, and in addition configured to calculate in which symbols k.sub.j, the synchronisation signal of the second type is to be transmitted, by placing each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j at a symbol distance from an associated symbol l.sub.i. The transmitter also comprises a transmitting circuit configured to transmit the synchronisation signals of the first type in the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i, and transmitting the synchronisation signals of the second type in the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j.

Claims

1. A user equipment (UE) in a wireless communication network for transmitting a synchronisation signal of a first type in M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i, 0≤i≤(M.sub.1−1), of a subframe, and a synchronisation signal of a second type in M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j, 0≤j≤(M.sub.2−1), of the subframe for synchronising the UE with a receiver in the wireless communication network, wherein the synchronisation signal of the second type is detected by the receiver based on relative positions of the synchronisation signals of the first and second types in the transmission, the UE comprising: a processor configured to: determine in which symbols l.sub.i of the subframe the synchronisation signal of the first type is to be transmitted, and determine in which symbols k.sub.j of the subframe the synchronisation signal of the second type is to be transmitted by placing each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j at a symbol distance from an associated symbol l.sub.i, wherein the symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j and the respective associated symbol l.sub.i is previously known to the receiver; and a transmitting circuit configured to cooperate with the processor to: transmit the synchronisation signal of the first type in the determined M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i of the subframe, and transmit the synchronisation signal of the second type in the determined M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j of the subframe, wherein the symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j and the respective associated symbol l.sub.i is the symbol distance known by the receiver; wherein the subframe comprises N symbols and at least one of the N symbols has a cyclic prefix length different than the cyclic prefix lengths of other ones of the N symbols, where N >M.sub.2≥M.sub.1≥2, wherein the synchronisation signal of the first type only occupies the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i within the subframe, wherein the synchronisation signal of the second type only occupies the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j within the subframe, and wherein the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i have an equal cyclic prefix length, and the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j have an equal cyclic prefix length, and switch off a transmitter amplifier after transmitting symbols holding the synchronisation signals of the first and second types, when the synchronisation signals of the first and second types are contiguous.

2. The UE according to claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to determine the symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j and the respective associated symbol l.sub.i is based on a set of integer offset values Δ.sub.j, which is known by the receiver, and wherein:
k.sub.j=l.sub.i+Δ.sub.j,∀l.sub.i, where |Δ.sub.j|>0,(k.sub.j,l.sub.i)∈{0,1, . . . ,N−1}.

3. The UE according to claim 2, wherein the processor is configured to establish the set of offset values Δ.sub.j such that:
|Δ|=1,2 or 3.

4. The UE according to claim 1, wherein the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i are determined to be contiguously located in subsequent symbols l.sub.j, such that:
l.sub.i+1=l.sub.i+1.

5. The UE according to claim 1, wherein the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i are determined to be distantly located from each other, such that:
l.sub.i+1≤l.sub.i+N −3.

6. The UE according to claim 1, wherein M.sub.1=M.sub.2.

7. The UE according to claim 1, wherein the synchronisation signal of the first type and the synchronisation signal of the second type are dedicated for device-to-device communication.

8. The UE according to claim 1, wherein: the synchronisation signal of the first type comprises primary sidelink synchronization signal, and the synchronisation signal of the second type comprises secondary sidelink synchronization signal.

9. The UE according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the synchronisation signal of the first type and the synchronisation signal of the second type is based on any of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and single carrier-frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA).

10. A method performed by a user equipment (UE) in a wireless communication network for transmitting a synchronisation signal of a first type in M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i, 0≤i≤(M.sub.1−1), of a subframe and a synchronisation signal of a second type in M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j, 0≤j≤(M.sub.2−1), in the subframe for synchronising the UE with a receiver in the wireless communication network, wherein the synchronisation signal of the second type is detected by the receiver based on relative positions of the synchronisation signals of the first and second types in the transmission, the method comprising: determining in which M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i of the subframe, the synchronisation signal of the first type is to be transmitted to the receiver; determining in which M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j of the subframe the synchronisation signal of the second type is to be transmitted to the receiver by placing each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.1 at a symbol distance from an associated symbol l.sub.i, wherein the symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.1 and the respective associated symbol l.sub.i is previously known to the receiver; transmitting to the receiver the synchronisation signal of the first type in the determined M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i of the subframe and the synchronisation signal of the second type in the determined M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j of the subframe, wherein the symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j and the respective associated symbol l.sub.i is the symbol distance known by the receiver, wherein the subframe comprises N symbols with N >M.sub.2>M.sub.1>2 and at least one of the N symbols has a cyclic prefix length different than the cyclic prefix lengths of other ones of the N symbols, wherein the synchronisation signal of the first type only occupies the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i within the subframe, wherein the synchronisation signal of the second type only occupies the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j within the subframe, and wherein the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i have an equal cyclic prefix length, and the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j have an equal cyclic prefix length; and switching off a transmitter amplifier after transmitting symbols holding the synchronisation signals of the first and second types, when the synchronisation signals of the first and second types are contiguous.

11. A wireless communication network including user equipment (UE) configured to detect a synchronisation signal of a first type in M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i, 0≤i≤(M.sub.i−1), of a subframe and a synchronisation signal of a second type in M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j, 0≤j≤(M.sub.2−1), in the subframe for synchronising the UE with a transmitter in the wireless communication network, wherein the subframe comprises N symbols and at least one of the N symbols has a cyclic prefix length different than the cyclic prefix lengths of other ones of the N symbols, wherein N >M.sub.2>M.sub.1>2, the UE comprising: a processor; and a receiving circuit configured to cooperate with the processor to receive from the transmitter the synchronisation signal of the first type in the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i of the subframe and the synchronisation signal of the second type in the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.1 of the subframe, wherein the processor is configured to: prior to receiving the subframe, establish a symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j of the synchronisation signal of the second type and each of the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i of the synchronisation signal of the first type, and determine in which M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j of the subframe the synchronisation signal of the second type is to be detected based on the established symbol distance, wherein the synchronisation signal of the first type only occupies the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.j within the subframe, the synchronisation signal of the second type only occupies the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j within the subframe, the M.sub.1symbols l.sub.j have equal cyclic prefix lengths, and the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j have equal cyclic prefix lengths, and wherein an amplifier of the transmitter is switched off after transmission of symbols holding synchronisation signals of the first and second types when the synchronisation signals of the first and second type are contiguous.

12. The wireless communication network according to claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to determine the symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j and the respective associated symbol l.sub.i, based on a set of offset values Δ.sub.j, and wherein:
k.sub.j=l.sub.i+Δ.sub.j,∀l.sub.i, where |Δ.sub.j|>0,(k.sub.j,l.sub.i)∈{0,1, . . . ,N−1}.

13. A method performed by a wireless communication network for detecting a synchronisation signal of a first type in M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i, 0≤i≤(M.sub.1−1), of a subframe, and a synchronisation signal of a second type in M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j, 0≤j≤(M.sub.2−1), in the subframe for synchronising a user equipment (UE) with a transmitter in the wireless communication network, the method comprising: receiving, by the UE, the synchronisation signal of the first type in the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i of the subframe and the synchronisation signal of the second type in the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j of the subframe; determining, by the UE, in which M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i of the subframe the synchronisation signal of the first type is received; prior to receiving the subframe, establishing, by the UE, a symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j of the synchronisation signal of the second type and each of the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i of the synchronisation signal of the first type; determining, by the UE, in which M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j of the subframe the synchronisation signal of the second type is received; and detecting, by the UE, the synchronisation signal of the second type in the determined M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j of the subframe, wherein the subframe comprises N symbols and at least one of the N symbols has a cyclic prefix length different than the cyclic prefix lengths of other ones of the N symbols, where N >M.sub.2>M.sub.1>2, wherein the synchronisation signal of the first type only occupies the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i within the subframe, wherein the synchronisation signal of the second type only occupies the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j within the subframe, wherein the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i have equal cyclic prefix lengths, and the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j have equal cyclic prefix lengths, and wherein an amplifier of the transmitter is switched off after transmission of symbols holding synchronisation signals of the first and second types when the synchronisation signals of the first and second type are contiguous.

14. The method according to claim 10, wherein the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i are determined to be contiguously located in subsequent symbols l.sub.i, such that:
l.sub.i+1=l.sub.i+1.

15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i are determined to be contiguously located in subsequent symbols l.sub.i, such that: l.sub.i+1=l.sub.i+1.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Various embodiments are described in more detail with reference to attached drawings, illustrating various examples, in which:

(2) FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating a wireless communication network in an embodiment.

(3) FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating an example of D2D communication.

(4) FIG. 1C is a block diagram illustrating an example of D2D communication over an intermittent node.

(5) FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating a subframe comprising 14 symbols with positions dedicated to a first type of synchronisation signal and a second type of synchronisation signal, respectively, according to an embodiment.

(6) FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating a subframe comprising 14 symbols with positions dedicated to a first type of synchronisation signal and a second type of synchronisation signal, respectively, according to an embodiment.

(7) FIG. 2C is a block diagram illustrating a subframe comprising 14 symbols with positions dedicated to a first type of synchronisation signal and a second type of synchronisation signal, respectively, according to an embodiment.

(8) FIG. 2D is a block diagram illustrating a subframe comprising 14 symbols with positions dedicated to a first type of synchronisation signal and a second type of synchronisation signal, respectively, according to an embodiment.

(9) FIG. 2E is a block diagram illustrating a subframe comprising 14 symbols with positions dedicated to a first type of synchronisation signal and a second type of synchronisation signal, respectively, according to an embodiment.

(10) FIG. 2F is a block diagram illustrating a subframe comprising 14 symbols with positions dedicated to a first type of synchronisation signal and a second type of synchronisation signal, respectively, according to an embodiment.

(11) FIG. 2G is a block diagram illustrating a subframe comprising 14 symbols with positions dedicated to a first type of synchronisation signal and a second type of synchronisation signal, respectively, according to an embodiment.

(12) FIG. 2H is a block diagram illustrating a subframe comprising 14 symbols with positions dedicated to a first type of synchronisation signal and a second type of synchronisation signal, respectively, according to an embodiment.

(13) FIG. 2I is a block diagram illustrating a subframe comprising 14 symbols with positions dedicated to a first type of synchronisation signal and a second type of synchronisation signal, respectively, according to an embodiment.

(14) FIG. 2J is a block diagram illustrating a subframe comprising 14 symbols with positions dedicated to a first type of synchronisation signal and a second type of synchronisation signal, respectively, according to an embodiment.

(15) FIG. 2K is a block diagram illustrating a subframe comprising 14 symbols with positions dedicated to a first type of synchronisation signal and a second type of synchronisation signal, respectively, according to an embodiment.

(16) FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating a first symbol comprising a cyclic prefix and a data part of a first type of synchronisation signal and a second symbol comprising a cyclic prefix and a data part of a second type of synchronisation signal.

(17) FIG. 3B is a block diagram illustrating a first symbol comprising a cyclic prefix and a data part of a first type of synchronisation signal and a second symbol comprising a cyclic prefix and a data part of a second type of synchronisation signal.

(18) FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a method in a transmitter according to an embodiment.

(19) FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a transmitter according to an embodiment.

(20) FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a method in a receiver according to an embodiment.

(21) FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a receiver according to an embodiment.

(22) FIG. 8A is a block diagram illustrating a subframe comprising two synchronisation bursts each comprising two symbols with a synchronisation signal, according to prior art.

(23) FIG. 8B is a block diagram illustrating a subframe with 14 symbols with positions dedicated to a first type of synchronisation signal and a second type of synchronisation signal, respectively, according to prior art.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(24) Embodiments of the disclosure described herein are defined as a transmitter, a method in a transmitter, a receiver and a method in a receiver, which may be put into practice in the embodiments described below. These embodiments may, however, be exemplified and realised in many different forms and are not to be limited to the examples set forth herein; rather, these illustrative examples of embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete.

(25) Still other objects and features may become apparent from the following detailed description, considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood, however, that the drawings are designed solely for purposes of illustration and not as a definition of the limits of the herein disclosed embodiments, for which reference is to be made to the appended claims. Further, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale and, unless otherwise indicated, they are merely intended to conceptually illustrate the structures and procedures described herein.

(26) FIG. 1A is a schematic illustration over a wireless communication network 100 comprising a transmitter 110, a receiver 120 and a radio network node 130. The transmitter 110 and/or the receiver 120 may be mobile terminals, which may be served by the radio network node 130, thereby being connected to the wireless communication network 100.

(27) The transmitter 110 and the receiver 120 may be configured for D2D communication, and the transmitter 110 may send a D2D synchronisation signal to the receiver 120, for synchronisation between the devices 110, 120.

(28) The wireless communication network 100 may at least partly be based on radio access technologies such as, e.g., 3GPP LTE, LTE-Advanced, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Global System for Mobile Communications (originally: Groupe Special Mobile) (GSM)/Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (GSM/EDGE), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) networks, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) networks, Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) networks, Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) networks, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), or Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN), 3GPP2 CDMA technologies, e.g., CDMA2000 1× RTT and High Rate Packet Data (HRPD), just to mention some few options. The expressions “wireless communication network”, “wireless communication system” and/or “cellular telecommunication system” may within the technological context of this disclosure sometimes be utilised interchangeably.

(29) The wireless communication network 100 may be configured to operate according to the Time Division Duplex (TDD) and/or the Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) principle, according to different embodiments.

(30) TDD is an application of time-division multiplexing to separate uplink and downlink signals in time, possibly with a Guard Period (GP) situated in the time domain between the uplink and downlink signalling. FDD means that the transmitter and receiver operate at different carrier frequencies.

(31) The purpose of the illustration in FIG. 1A is to provide a simplified, general overview of an example of the wireless communication network 100 and the involved methods and nodes, such as the transmitter 110, the receiver 120 and the radio network node 130 herein described, and the functionalities involved.

(32) FIG. 1B illustrates an example wherein the transmitter 110 and the receiver 120 are situated outside any wireless communication network 100, i.e., LTE network. The transmitter 110 transmits a D2D synchronisation signal (D2DSS) to be received by the receiver 120, for synchronisation purposes.

(33) FIG. 1C illustrates yet an embodiment of D2D communication, wherein multi-hop is illustrated. The transmitter 110 transmits a D2DSS to be received by the receiver 120, via an intermediately situated other network node 140.

(34) It is to be noted that the illustrated settings of FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B and/or FIG. 1C of one instance of the transmitter 110, one instance of the receiver 120 and possibly one radio network node 130 or other network node 140 in FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B and/or FIG. 1C are to be regarded as non-limiting examples of embodiments only. The wireless communication network 100 may comprise any other number and/or combination of the discussed entities 110, 120, 130, 140. A plurality of transmitters 110, receivers 120, other network nodes 140 and another configuration of radio network nodes 130 may thus be involved in some of the herein disclosed embodiments. Thus, e.g., when reference is made herein to multi-hop over another network node 140, the other network node 140 may comprise a set of a plurality of other network nodes 140, according to some embodiments.

(35) Thus whenever “one” or “a/an” transmitter 110, receiver 120 other network node 140 and/or radio network node 130 is referred to in the present context, a plurality of the transmitter 110, receiver 120 other network node 140 and/or radio network node 130 may be involved, according to some embodiments.

(36) The transmitter 110, the receiver 120 and/or the other network node 140 may correspondingly be represented by, e.g., a wireless communication terminal, a mobile cellular phone, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a wireless platform, a mobile station a user equipment, a tablet computer, a portable communication device, a laptop, a computer, a wireless terminal acting as a relay, a relay node, a mobile relay, a Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), a Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) nodes or any other kind of device configured to communicate wirelessly with each other by direct communication and possibly also with the radio network node 130, according to different embodiments and different vocabulary.

(37) Further, the radio network node 130 and/or the other network node 140, according to some embodiments, may be configured for downlink transmission and uplink reception, and may be referred to, respectively, as, e.g., a base station, a NodeB, an evolved Node Bs (eNB, or eNode B), a base transceiver station, an Access Point Base Station, a base station router, a Radio Base Station (RBS), a micro base station, a pico base station, a femto base station, a Home eNodeB, a sensor, a beacon device, a relay node, a repeater or any other network node configured for communication with the mobile stations within cell coverage over a wireless interface, depending, e.g., of the radio access technology and/or terminology used.

(38) Some embodiments may define a modular implementation approach, and make it possible to reuse legacy systems such as, e.g., standards, algorithms, implementations, components and products.

(39) The transmitter 110 and the receiver 120 may synchronise by utilising two distinct types of synchronisation signals, transmitted in symbols in bursts, with a pre-defined inter-symbol spacing between the symbols for the two types of synchronisation signals within a burst.

(40) The herein discussed symbols may comprise, e.g., Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) or Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols in different embodiments.

(41) The transmitter 110 may transmit two types of synchronisation signals, transmitted in symbols, such as, e.g., OFDM or SC-FDMA symbols, in bursts, with a pre-defined inter-symbol spacing between the symbols for the two types of synchronisation signals within a burst.

(42) The receiver 120 may correspondingly detect two types of synchronisation signals, transmitted in symbols, such as, e.g., OFDM or SC-FDMA symbols, in bursts, with a pre-defined inter-symbol spacing between the symbols for the two types of synchronisation signals within a burst.

(43) The receiver 120 may optionally utilise a repetitive signal property of the synchronisation signal of the first type, if consecutive symbols are utilised for transmitting the synchronisation signal of the first type.

(44) Thus it is herein disclosed how to arrange the symbol locations of a synchronisation signal, which is transmitted in a burst manner, in order to reduce the complexity of the receiver 120 by enabling efficient coherent detection and avoidance of blind detection.

(45) According to an embodiment, transmission of synchronisation signals in bursts is disclosed, which may comprise of a set of N symbols labelled from l=0, . . . , N−1. Several bursts may be transmitted contiguously after each other but at some point in time, there may be at least N symbols not comprising any synchronisation signals. A burst may be a subframe. It is noted that a burst may be confined to a subset of the symbols within a subframe, e.g., excluding the last symbol, which is not used for transmission for D2D communication in LTE.

(46) It may further be assumed that two types of synchronisation signals are defined; a first type of synchronisation signal and a second type of synchronisation signal.

(47) These synchronisation signals may comprise different information and it may be assumed that both have to be successfully detected in order to acquire sufficient synchronisation. Furthermore, the first type of synchronisation signal typically has to be detected before detecting the second type of synchronisation signal.

(48) As a non-limiting example, the first type of synchronisation signal may be generated from one or several length-63 Zadoff-Chu sequences, whose central element is punctured, resulting in a sequence of length-62. Similarly, the second type of synchronisation signal may be generated from two interleaved length-31 sequences being derived from a set of m-sequences, resulting in a sequence of length-62.

(49) Following the assumptions on burst transmission, there will thus be at least 2 symbols comprising consecutive transmission of the first type of synchronisation signal, having an inter-symbol spacing being different than that of another 2 symbols comprising consecutive transmission of the first type of synchronisation signal. Similarly, there will thus exist at least 2 symbols comprising consecutive transmission of the second type of synchronisation signal, having an inter-symbol spacing being different than that of another 2 symbols comprising consecutive transmission of the second type of synchronisation signal.

(50) Suppose there are M.sub.1≥2 symbols that are used for the first type of synchronisation signal. These signals are transmitted in symbols l.sub.0, . . . , l.sub.M.sub.1.sub.−1. Furthermore, there are M.sub.2≥M.sub.1 symbols that are used for the second type of synchronisation signal. These signals are transmitted in symbols k.sub.0, . . . , k.sub.M.sub.2.sub.−1. Only 1 synchronisation signal is transmitted in 1 symbol, i.e., the intersection of these sets is empty, such that: {l.sub.0, . . . , l.sub.M.sub.1.sub.−1} ∩ {k.sub.0, . . . , k.sub.M.sub.2.sub.−1}=Ø

(51) In one embodiment, the number of symbols may be the same for the first type and the second type of synchronisation signals, such that: M.sub.1=M.sub.2.

(52) In order to avoid blind detection of the second type of synchronisation signal, these signals may be transmitted in symbols k.sub.i, such that: k.sub.i=l.sub.i+Δ, ∀l.sub.i, where |Δ|>0.

(53) This implies that, in whatever symbol l.sub.i the receiver 120 detected a synchronisation signal of the first type, it may be able to detect a synchronisation signal of the second type at the unambiguous symbol position k.sub.i=l.sub.i+Δ. The value may be either predefined, or signalled, e.g., by Radio Resource Control (RRC) signalling to the receiver 120 prior to detecting the synchronisation signal. Hence, blind symbol position detection may be avoided.

(54) Hence, for each symbol l.sub.i, the symbol distance |k.sub.i−l.sub.i| between symbol l.sub.i and the associated symbol k.sub.i is equal for all symbols l.sub.i.

(55) When M.sub.2=p.Math.M.sub.1, as may be the case according to some embodiments, where p>1 is an integer, it may be generalised to associate multiple symbols for the second type of synchronisation signal with one symbol for the first type of synchronisation signal. For example, for a 2-to-1 relation, it may be established in several predefined ways, e.g., if
k.sub.0=l.sub.0+Δ,then k.sub.1=l.sub.0+Δ.sub.1, or k.sub.1=k.sub.0+{tilde over (Δ)},

(56) where Δ.sub.1 and {tilde over (Δ)} are predefined offset parameters, similar to Δ. A plurality of similar relations may be determined in embodiments when more than two symbols for the second type of synchronisation signal are associated with one symbol for the first type of synchronisation signal.

(57) Thus when M.sub.1 is 2, M.sub.2 may be 4 when p is set to 2; when M.sub.1 is 2, M.sub.2 may be 6 when p is set to 3; and/or when M.sub.1 is 3, M.sub.2 may be 6 when p is set to 2. These are merely some arbitrary examples of some possible implementations.

(58) In some embodiments, the first type of synchronisation signal may be transmitted in M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i, 0≤i≤(M.sub.1−1) of a subframe and the second type of synchronisation signal may be transmitted in M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j, 0≤j≤(M.sub.2−1) of the subframe.

(59) The subframe comprises N symbols, wherein N≥M.sub.2≥M.sub.1≥2.

(60) Hence, for each symbol l.sub.i, the symbol distance |k.sub.j−l.sub.i| between symbol l.sub.i and the associated symbol k.sub.j is equal for all symbols l.sub.i. However, said symbol distance |k.sub.j−l.sub.i| is different from another symbol distance |k.sub.j+1−l.sub.i|. Thus there may be several symbol distances for all symbols l.sub.i, which however are the same for all symbols l.sub.i.

(61) In some embodiments, M.sub.2>M.sub.1 and M.sub.2≠p.Math.M.sub.1, where p is an integer. In such embodiments, the symbol positions for └M.sub.2/M.sub.1┘.Math.M.sub.1 of the symbols defined for the second type of synchronisation signals are determined according to previous embodiments. Consequently only the remaining M.sub.2−└M.sub.2/M.sub.1┘.Math.M.sub.1 symbols for the second type of synchronisation signals may have additional inter-symbol spacing.

(62) In some further embodiments, the first and second type of synchronisation signals may be located readily close in order to accommodate coherent detection. This is achieved by arranging the synchronisation signals such that |Δ|<<N−1 and to avoid maximum separation of the symbols for the two types of synchronisation signals. In one embodiment, |Δ|=1,2 or 3 which may be expected to offer sufficient channel estimation performance in a system 100 using LTE numerology, given that the maximum Primary Synchronisation Signal (PSS) and Secondary Synchronisation Signal (SSS) spacing is three symbols.

(63) A further embodiment comprises using contiguously located symbols for the first type of synchronisation signal, i.e., l.sub.i+1=l.sub.i+1. This may easily be combined with any of the aforementioned embodiments. It may also be clear that this imposes certain constraints, e.g., |Δ|≥M.sub.1. An advantage of using contiguously located symbols for the first type of synchronisation signal is that it may accommodate better synchronisation performance. For example, when the channel is not varying significantly between 2 symbols, it may be possible to improve the channel estimates by interpolating over the set of contiguously located symbols containing the first type of synchronisation signal.

(64) Moreover, it has been shown that if a synchronisation signal within a symbol has a repetitive structure, it may be detected by computing a differential correlation value obtained as an auto-correlation of the received signal. One desirable property of this is that the magnitude of the correlation value is not affected by any frequency offsets. This is desirable for D2D communications, especially when operating out-of-network-coverage as illustrated in FIG. 1B and/or FIG. 1C, where the total frequency offset is due to both the transmitter 110 and the receiver 120. This may result in much larger frequency offsets than for typical cellular communications, since the radio network node 130, or eNodeB, may have much more accurate frequency oscillators than the mobile transmitter 110 and receiver 120. Further, a repetitive signal from 2 contiguous symbols also may allow computing differential correlation values for repetitive samples from different symbols. Contiguously located symbols may therefore offer more robust detection under large frequency offsets.

(65) Further, when Δ>0, it may be possible to finalise (i.e., detecting the second type of synchronisation signal) the synchronisation A symbols after the first type of synchronisation signal has been detected, by detecting the second type of synchronisation signal in that symbol.

(66) When Δ<0 and the receiver 120 buffers samples from previous symbols, it may be possible to finalise the synchronisation (i.e., detecting the second type of synchronisation signal) right after the first type of synchronisation signal has been detected.

(67) With channel fading, it is desirable to perform repetitive transmissions of a signal with a time-separation being larger than the channel coherence time. This provides time-diversity. It may therefore be beneficial to place the symbols as far a part as possible for any of the two synchronisation signal types. A further embodiment may comprise using symbols l.sub.i+1≥l.sub.i+N−3, which results in a maximum time-separation of the synchronisation signal of the first type, in a subframe where the last symbol may not be used for transmission. Time-diversity gains could also be obtained for the second type of synchronisation signal, e.g., if |Δ|=1, also k.sub.i+1≥k.sub.i+N−3.

(68) In the following figures, several examples of different embodiments are illustrated. The transmitter 110, receiver 120 and methods therein are however neither limited to these examples, nor to the considered set of indices l.sub.0 and l.sub.1. Also, according to some embodiments, the second type of synchronisation signal may be detected without requirement of blind detection, which saves computing resources at the receiver 120.

(69) FIG. 2A shows an embodiment of a subframe 200, comprising 14 symbols labelled from 0 to 13. In the illustrated example, there are two symbols (positions 6 and 7) comprising a synchronisation signal of the first type, and two symbols (positions 8 and 9) comprising a synchronisation signal of the second type. Thus M.sub.1=M.sub.2=2, Δ=2 and l.sub.1=l.sub.0+1.

(70) An advantage of the illustrated embodiment is that it may allow interpolation of channel estimates from the 2 contiguously located symbols (positions 6 and 7) comprising the first type of synchronisation signal.

(71) However, the subframe 200 may comprise any arbitrary number N of symbols, such as, e.g., 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, . . . , ∞, etc. The herein described embodiments of synchronisation are neither limited to, nor dependent upon the number of symbols within the subframe 200.

(72) FIG. 2B illustrates another embodiment of the subframe 200, comprising 14 symbols labelled from 0 to 13. In the illustrated example, there are two symbols (positions 6 and 7) comprising a synchronisation signal of the first type, and two symbols (positions 4 and 5) comprising a synchronisation signal of the second type. Thus M.sub.1=M.sub.2=2, Δ=−2 and l.sub.1=l.sub.0+1.

(73) An advantage also of the illustrated embodiment in FIG. 2B is that it may allow interpolation of channel estimates from the 2 contiguously located symbols (positions 6 and 7) comprising the first type of synchronisation signal.

(74) FIG. 2C illustrates another embodiment of the subframe 200, comprising 14 symbols labelled from 0 to 13. In the illustrated example, there are two symbols (positions 4 and 6) comprising a synchronisation signal of the first type, and two symbols (positions 5 and 7) comprising a synchronisation signal of the second type. Thus M.sub.1=M.sub.2=2, Δ=1 and l.sub.1=l.sub.0+2.

(75) An advantage of the arrangements in FIG. 2C is that it offers the minimum separation between the symbols, i.e., 1 symbol distance spacing for the different types of synchronisation signals. Furthermore, there is 1 symbol comprising the synchronisation signal of the first type, which is located next to 2 symbols comprising the synchronisation signal of the second type, thus it may be used for channel estimation for both these 2 symbols.

(76) FIG. 2D illustrates another embodiment of the subframe 200, comprising 14 symbols labelled from 0 to 13. In the illustrated example, there are two symbols (positions 5 and 7) comprising a synchronisation signal of the first type, and two symbols (positions 4 and 6) comprising a synchronisation signal of the second type. Thus M.sub.1=M.sub.2=2, Δ=−1 and l.sub.1=l.sub.0+2.

(77) An advantage of the arrangements in FIG. 2D is that it offers the minimum separation between the symbols, i.e., 1 symbol distance spacing for the different types of synchronisation signals. Furthermore, there is 1 symbol comprising the synchronisation signal of the first type, which is located next to 2 symbols comprising the synchronisation signal of the second type, thus it may be used for channel estimation for both these 2 symbols.

(78) FIG. 2E illustrates yet another embodiment of the subframe 200, comprising 14 symbols labelled from 0 to 13. In the illustrated example, there are two symbols (positions 4 and 8) comprising a synchronisation signal of the first type, and two symbols (positions 5 and 9) comprising a synchronisation signal of the second type. M.sub.1=M.sub.2=2, Δ=1 and l.sub.1=l.sub.0+4.

(79) FIG. 2F illustrates yet another embodiment of the subframe 200, comprising 14 symbols labelled from 0 to 13. In the illustrated example, there are two symbols (positions 5 and 9) comprising a synchronisation signal of the first type, and two symbols (positions 4 and 8) comprising a synchronisation signal of the second type. Thus M.sub.1=M.sub.2=2, Δ=−1 and l.sub.1=l.sub.0+4.

(80) An advantage of the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 2E and 2F is that it does not require a set of contiguous symbols. Thereby these embodiments may make it easier to insert the symbols for synchronisation considering that some of the symbols of the subframe 200 may not be available and/or may be occupied for transmission of other channels and/or signals.

(81) Furthermore, it also clear that by separating the two pairs of symbols comprising a synchronisation signal of the first and second types, time-diversity is provided. That is, the farther apart the symbols comprising a synchronisation signal of the first type are located, the less impact of channel fading. The same observation also holds for the separating the symbols comprising a synchronisation signal of the second type. It may be realised that the figures are just examples and it would be possible to separate the symbols even farther apart than illustrated in FIGS. 2E and 2F. Hence, an arrangement of this form (i.e., l.sub.1≠l.sub.0+1) offers maximum coherent detection gain (since the first and second types of synchronisation signals are located in contiguous symbols, k.sub.0=l.sub.0±1), while simultaneously enabling time-diversity by for both types of synchronisation signals, by separating the pairs of symbols sufficiently apart.

(82) FIG. 2G illustrates yet another embodiment of the subframe 200, comprising 14 symbols labelled from 0 to 13. In the illustrated example, there are two symbols (positions 3 and 7) comprising a synchronisation signal of the first type, and four symbols (positions 4, 5, 8 and 9) comprising a synchronisation signal of the second type. Thus M.sub.1=2, M.sub.2=4, Δ=1, Δ.sub.1=2 and l.sub.1=l.sub.0+3.

(83) FIG. 2H illustrates another embodiment of the subframe 200, comprising 14 symbols labelled from 0 to 13. In the illustrated example, there are two symbols (positions 5 and 9) comprising a synchronisation signal of the first type, and four symbols (positions 3, 4, 7 and 8) comprising a synchronisation signal of the second type. Thus M.sub.1=2, M.sub.2=4, Δ=−1, Δ.sub.1=−2 and l.sub.1=l.sub.0+3.

(84) An advantage of the illustrated embodiments in FIG. 2G and FIG. 2H, which are similar to that of FIGS. 2E and 2F, but may accommodate more symbols for the second type of synchronisation signal and thus improve the detection probability.

(85) A symbol, such as an OFDM or a SC-FDMA symbol, may comprise a data part and a Cyclic Prefix (CP), see FIG. 2I. In a further embodiment, it may be considered that all the N OFDM/SC-FDMA symbols do not have the same cyclic prefix length. For example in the prior art LTE system, for a subframe with N=14 OFDM/SC-FDMA symbols, symbol 1=0 and 1=7 include cyclic prefixes which are longer than the cyclic prefixes for the other symbols in the subframe 200.

(86) In one embodiment, at least one of the N OFDM/SC-FDMA symbols has different cyclic prefix length than the other OFDM/SC-FDMA symbols. In order to avoid blind decoding of the OFDM/SC-FDMA symbol position of a synchronisation signal of the second type, it is disclosed to allocate the synchronisation signal of the first type to OFDM/SC-FDMA symbols having the same cyclic prefix length. Furthermore, synchronisation signals of the second type are also allocated to OFDM/SC-FDMA symbols with the same cyclic prefix length, which may not be the same as that for the synchronisation signals of the first type. This assures that the OFDM/SC-FDMA symbol position could be determined without blind decoding according to previous embodiments, even if the first type and second type of synchronisation signals are transmitted in OFDM/SC-FDMA symbols with different cyclic prefix lengths.

(87) As an example, referring to the prior art LTE system, subframes l=0 and l=7 may comprise synchronisation signals of the first type, or comprise synchronisation signals of the second type, or not comprise any synchronisation signals at all. FIG. 2J shows an example where all synchronisation signals are allocated to OFDM/SC-FDMA symbols having the same cyclic prefix length. This is achieved by setting M.sub.1=M.sub.2=2, Δ=3, l.sub.1=l.sub.0+1 and l.sub.0=5. It may also be noted that in the prior art as shown in FIG. 8B, the primary sidelink synchronization signal symbols are located in symbols l=6 and l=7, i.e., they have different cyclic prefix lengths.

(88) FIG. 2K illustrates another example of a subframe 200 wherein pairs of synchronisation signals of the first type and second type respectively are located as far apart as possible within the subframe 200. Thereby advantages associated with maximum time-diversity is achieved while having maximum coherent detection gain, as the symbols comprising synchronisation signals of the first type and synchronisation signals of the second type are contiguous.

(89) FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B illustrate the distance d for two different orderings of the synchronisation signals.

(90) It may be realised that a condition for avoiding blind detection of the second type of synchronisation signal is that the distance d, which is the spacing between the first instant of the first type of synchronisation signal and the first instant of the second type of synchronisation signal, is constant for all OFDM/SC-FDMA symbols containing the first type of synchronisation signals. This allows determining the position of the second type of synchronisation signal unambiguously even if the different types of synchronisation signals are located in OFDM/SC-FDMA symbols with different cyclic prefix length. Thus, k.sub.i=l.sub.i+Δ, ∀l.sub.i, where |Δ|>0 subject to that the distance d between symbol k.sub.i and l.sub.i may be fixed for all symbols l.sub.i.

(91) Thereby, the described methods may comprise improvement of the synchronisation performance for synchronising the transmitter 110 and the receiver 120, by locating synchronisation signals in vicinity of each other such that coherent detection may be utilised. Also, by defining predefined symbol spacing relations between synchronisation signals such that blind detection may be avoided.

(92) Furthermore, power saving may be improved in the transmitter 110 when the synchronisation signals are located contiguously, as the power amplifier of the transmitter 110 may be switched off in between the transmitted signal bursts.

(93) In some further, not illustrated embodiments, the synchronisation signals may be distributed in the symbols of the subframe 200 according to minor variations of the above explicitly stated specifications. Also, the described transmitter 110, receiver 120 and methods may be applied in any system, wherein two types of synchronisation signals are transmitted in bursts.

(94) FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating embodiments of a method 400 for use in a transmitter 110, for transmitting a first type of synchronisation signal in M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i, 0≤i≤(M.sub.1−1) of a subframe 200 and a second type of synchronisation signal, comprising M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j, 0≤j≤(M.sub.2−1) in the subframe 200. The subframe 200 comprises N symbols, wherein N≥M.sub.2≥M.sub.1≥2.

(95) The M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i may in some embodiments have an equal cyclic prefix length and/or the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j may have an equal cyclic prefix length.

(96) The number of symbols l.sub.i, k.sub.j may be the same for the first type and the second type of synchronisation signals in some embodiments, such that M.sub.1=M.sub.2 and the set of integer offset values Δ.sub.j may comprise one single offset value.

(97) The M.sub.2 number of symbols k.sub.j may in some embodiments exceed the M.sub.1 number of symbols l.sub.i and the set of offset values Δ.sub.j may comprise a plurality of distinct integer offset values Δ.sub.j, defining the respective determined symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j and the respective associated symbol l.sub.i, such that: k.sub.j=l.sub.i+Δ.sub.j, wherein Δ.sub.j ∈ {0,1, . . . , N−1}.

(98) The first type of synchronisation signal and the second type of synchronisation signal are dedicated for Device-to-Device, D2D, communication and the transmitter 110 may comprise a non-stationary unit, such as, e.g., a mobile station or UE.

(99) Also, the first type of synchronisation signal, and/or the second type of synchronisation signal may be based on any of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) or Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) in different embodiments.

(100) Furthermore, the transmitter 110 may be a user equipment (UE) operating within a 3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP LTE system) and wherein the synchronisation signals of the first type comprises primary sidelink synchronization signals and wherein the synchronisation signals of the second type comprises secondary sidelink synchronization signals, in some embodiments.

(101) To transmit the first and second synchronisation signals, the method 400 may comprise a number of actions 401-403. It is however to be noted that any, some or all of the described actions 401-403, may be performed in a somewhat different chronological order than the enumeration indicates, be performed simultaneously or even be performed in a completely reversed order according to different embodiments. Further, it is to be noted that some actions may be performed in a plurality of alternative manners according to different embodiments, and that some such alternative manners may be performed only within some, but not necessarily all embodiments. The method 400 may comprise the following actions:

(102) Action 401

(103) It is determined in which M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i of the subframe 200, the synchronisation signal of the first type is to be transmitted.

(104) The M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i may in some embodiments be determined to be contiguously located in subsequent symbols l.sub.i, such that: l.sub.i+1=l.sub.i+1.

(105) However, in some embodiments, the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i may be determined to be distantly located from each other, such that: l.sub.i+1≥l.sub.i+N−3.

(106) Action 402

(107) The M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j are placed at a one or more determined 401 symbol distance from an associated symbol l.sub.i of the subframe 200, according to a calculation of when the synchronisation signal of the second type is to be transmitted, wherein said one or more determined symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j and the respective associated symbol l.sub.i is equal between all of the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i in the subframe 200 and their respective associated M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j.

(108) The one or more symbol distance between the determined 401 M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i and each of the associated M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j may be determined 401 from the first time instance after the cyclic prefix of the symbols l.sub.i, k.sub.j.

(109) The calculation of the one or more determined 401 symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j and the respective associated symbol l.sub.i, may in some embodiments be based on a set of integer offset values Δ.sub.j, which is known by a receiver 120, and by calculating: k.sub.j=l.sub.i+Δ.sub.j, ∀l.sub.i, where |Δ.sub.j|>0, (k.sub.j, l.sub.i) ∈ {0,1, . . . , N−1}.

(110) The set of integer offset values Δ.sub.j may in some embodiments comprise |Δ|=1, 2 and/or 3.

(111) Action 403

(112) The synchronisation signal of the first type is transmitted in the determined 401 M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i of the subframe 200, and the synchronisation signal of the second type in the calculated 402 M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j of the subframe 200.

(113) The synchronisation signal may, in some embodiments, be transmitted over multiple hops between the transmitter 110 and the receiver 120, via one or more intermediate other nodes 140.

(114) FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a transmitter 110, configured to transmit a first type of synchronisation signal, in M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i, 0≤i≤(M.sub.1−1) of a subframe 200 and a second type of synchronisation signal in M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j, 0≤j≤(M.sub.2−1) of the subframe 200. The subframe 200 comprises N symbols, wherein N≥M.sub.2≥M.sub.1≥2.

(115) Further, the illustrated transmitter 110 is configured to perform the method 400 according to any, some or all of the previously discussed actions 401-403.

(116) The first type of synchronisation signal and the second type of synchronisation signal may be dedicated for Device-to-Device (D2D) communication and the transmitter 110 may comprise a non-stationary unit.

(117) Further, the transmitter 110 may comprise a user equipment (UE), operating within a 3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP LTE) system, and wherein the synchronisation signals of the first type comprises primary sidelink synchronization signals and wherein the synchronisation signals of the second type comprises secondary sidelink synchronization signals.

(118) In further addition, the first type of synchronisation signal, and/or the second type of synchronisation signal may be based on any of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM), or Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA).

(119) For enhanced clarity, any internal electronics or other components of the transmitter 110, not completely indispensable for understanding the herein described embodiments have been omitted from FIG. 5.

(120) The transmitter 110 comprises a processor 520, configured to determine in which symbols l.sub.i of the subframe 200 the synchronisation signal of the first type is to be transmitted, and in addition configured to calculate in which symbols k.sub.j of the subframe 200, the synchronisation signal of the second type is to be transmitted, by placing each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j at a one or more determined symbol distance from an associated symbol l.sub.i, wherein said one or more determined symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j and the respective associated symbol l.sub.i is equal for all of the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i in the subframe 200.

(121) The one or more symbol distance between the determined M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i and each of the associated M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j may in some embodiments determined from the first time instance after the cyclic prefix of the symbols l.sub.i, k.sub.j.

(122) The processor 520 may be further configured to calculate the one or more determined symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j and the respective associated symbol l.sub.i, based on a set of integer offset values Δ.sub.j, which is known by a receiver 120, and by calculating: k.sub.j=l.sub.i+Δ.sub.j, ∀l.sub.i, where |Δ.sub.j|>0, (k.sub.j, l.sub.i) ∈ {0,1, . . . , N−1}.

(123) Furthermore, the processor 520 may be further configured to establish the set of offset values Δ.sub.j such that: |Δ|=1, 2 and/or 3.

(124) Also, according to some embodiments, the processor 520 may be further configured to determine to contiguously locate the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i in subsequent symbols l.sub.i such that: l.sub.i+1=l.sub.i+1.

(125) Further, in some embodiments, the processor 520 may be further configured to determine to locate the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i distantly from each other, such that: l.sub.i+1≥l.sub.i+N−3.

(126) According to some embodiments, the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i may have an equal cyclic prefix length and/or the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j may have an equal cyclic prefix length.

(127) Furthermore, the number of symbols l.sub.i, k.sub.j is the same for the first type and the second type of synchronisation signals, such that M.sub.1=M.sub.2 and the set of integer offset values Δ.sub.j comprises one single offset value.

(128) In some embodiments, the M.sub.2 number of symbols k.sub.j may exceed the M.sub.1 number of symbols l.sub.i and the set of offset values Δ.sub.j may comprise a plurality of distinct integer offset values Δ.sub.j, defining the respective determined symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j and the respective associated symbol l.sub.i, such that: k.sub.j=l.sub.i+Δ.sub.j, wherein Δ.sub.j ∈ {0,1, . . . , N−1}.

(129) Such processor 520 may comprise one or more instances of a processing circuit, i.e., a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a processing unit, a processing circuit, a processor, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a microprocessor, or other processing logic that may interpret and execute instructions. The herein utilised expression “processor” may thus represent a processing circuitry comprising a plurality of processing circuits, such as, e.g., any, some or all of the ones enumerated above.

(130) The transmitter 110 also may comprise a transmitting circuit 530, configured to transmit the synchronisation signals of the first type in the determined M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i of the subframe 200, and to transmit the synchronisation signals of the second type in the calculated M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j of the subframe 200.

(131) In further addition, the transmitter 110 may also comprise a receiving circuit 510, configured for receiving signals, such as, e.g., synchronisation signals, from other network nodes 120, 130, 140 over a wireless interface according to some embodiments.

(132) Furthermore, the transmitter 110 may further comprise at least one memory 525, according to some embodiments. The optional memory 525 may comprise a physical device utilised to store data or a program, i.e., a sequence of instructions, on a temporary or permanent basis. According to some embodiments, the memory 525 may comprise integrated circuits comprising silicon-based transistors. Further, the memory 525 may be volatile or non-volatile.

(133) Some or all of the above described actions 401-403 to be performed in the transmitter 110 may be implemented through the one or more processors 520 in the transmitter 110, together with a computer program product for performing at least some of the functions of the actions 401-403. Thus a computer program comprising program code may perform a method 400 according to any, at least some, or all of the functions of the actions 401-403 for transmitting synchronisation signals, when the computer program is loaded into a processor 520 of the transmitter 110.

(134) Further, a computer program product may comprise a computer readable storage medium storing program code thereon for use by the transmitter 110, for transmitting a first type of synchronisation signal in M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i, 0≤i≤(M.sub.1−1) of a subframe 200 and a second type of synchronisation signal, comprising M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j, 0≤j≤(M.sub.2−1) in the subframe 200. The subframe 200 comprises N symbols, wherein N≥M.sub.2≥M.sub.1≥2. The program code comprising instructions for executing a method 400 that comprises determining 401 in which M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i of the subframe (200), the synchronisation signal of the first type is to be transmitted; calculating 402 in which M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j of the subframe 200, the synchronisation signal of the second type is to be transmitted by placing the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j at a one or more determined symbol distance from an associated symbol l.sub.i, wherein said one or more determined symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.jand the respective associated symbol l.sub.i is equal between all of the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i in the subframe 200 and their respective associated M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j; and transmitting 403 the synchronisation signal of the first type in the determined M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i of the subframe 200, and the synchronisation signal of the second type in the calculated M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j of the subframe 200.

(135) The computer program product mentioned above may be provided for instance in the form of a data carrier carrying computer program code for performing at least some of the actions 401-403 according to some embodiments when being loaded into the processor 520. The data carrier may be, e.g., a hard disk, a CD ROM disc, a memory stick, an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device or any other appropriate medium such as a disk or tape that may hold machine readable data in a non transitory manner. The computer program product may furthermore be provided as computer program code on a server and downloaded to the transmitter 110 remotely, e.g., over an Internet or an intranet connection.

(136) FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating embodiments of a method 600 for use in a receiver 120 for detecting a first type of synchronisation signal, in M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i, 0≤i≤(M1-1) of a subframe 200 and a second type of synchronisation signal, in M2 symbols kj; received in the subframe 200. The subframe 200 comprises N symbols, wherein N≥M.sub.2≥M.sub.1≥2.

(137) The M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i may in some embodiments have an equal cyclic prefix length and/or the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j may have an equal cyclic prefix length.

(138) The number of symbols l.sub.i, k.sub.j may be the same for the first type and the second type of synchronisation signals in some embodiments, such that M.sub.1=M.sub.2 and the set of integer offset values Δ.sub.j may comprise one single offset value.

(139) The M.sub.2 number of symbols k.sub.j may in some embodiments exceed the M.sub.1 number of symbols l.sub.i and the set of offset values Δ.sub.j may comprise a plurality of distinct integer offset values Δ.sub.j, defining the respective determined symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j and the respective associated symbol l.sub.i, such that: k.sub.j=l.sub.i+Δ.sub.j, wherein Δ.sub.j ∈ {0,1, . . . , N−1}.

(140) The first type of synchronisation signal and the second type of synchronisation signal may be dedicated for Device-to-Device, D2D, communication and the receiver 120 may comprises a non-stationary unit, such as, e.g., a mobile station or UE.

(141) Also, the first type of synchronisation signal, and/or the second type of synchronisation signal may be based on any of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) or Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) in different embodiments.

(142) Furthermore, the receiver 120 may be a user equipment (UE) operating within a 3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP LTE system) and wherein the synchronisation signals of the first type comprises primary sidelink synchronization signals and wherein the synchronisation signals of the second type comprises secondary sidelink synchronization signals, in some embodiments.

(143) To receive the first and second synchronisation signals, the method 600 may comprise a number of actions 601-604. It is however to be noted that any, some or all of the described actions 601-604, may be performed in a somewhat different chronological order than the enumeration indicates, be performed simultaneously or even be performed in a completely reversed order according to different embodiments. Further, it is to be noted that some actions may be performed in a plurality of alternative manners according to different embodiments, and that some such alternative manners may be performed only within some, but not necessarily all embodiments. The method 600 may comprise the following actions:

(144) Action 601

(145) It is determined in which M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i of the subframe 200, the synchronisation signal of the first type is received.

(146) The M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i may in some embodiments be determined to be contiguously located in subsequent symbols l.sub.i, such that: l.sub.i+1=l.sub.i+1.

(147) However, in some embodiments, the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i may be determined to be distantly located from each other, such that: l.sub.i+1≥l.sub.i+N−3.

(148) Action 602

(149) A one or more determined symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j and the respective associated symbol l.sub.i is established, which is equal for all of the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i in the subframe 200.

(150) The one or more symbol distance between the determined 601 M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i and each of the associated M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j may be determined 601 from the first time instance after the cyclic prefix of the symbols l.sub.i, k.sub.j.

(151) Action 603

(152) Furthermore, it is calculated in which M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j of the subframe 200, the synchronisation signal of the second type is to be received.

(153) The calculation may in some embodiments be based on a set of integer offset values Δ.sub.j, which is known by a receiver 120, and by calculating: k.sub.j=l.sub.i+Δ.sub.j, ∀l.sub.i, where |Δ.sub.j|>0, (k.sub.j, l.sub.i) ∈ {0,1, . . . , N−1}.

(154) The set of integer offset values Δ.sub.j may in some embodiments comprise |Δ|=1, 2 and/or 3.

(155) Action 604

(156) The M.sub.2 synchronisation signal of the second type is detected in the calculated 603 M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j of the subframe 200.

(157) FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a receiver 120, configured to detect a received synchronisation signal in M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i, 0≤i≤(M.sub.1−1) of a subframe 200 and a second type of synchronisation signal, in M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j, 0≤j≤(M.sub.2−1). The signals are received in a subframe 200 comprising N symbols, wherein N≥M.sub.2≥M.sub.1≥2.

(158) The receiver 120 is configured to perform the above described method 600, according to at least some actions 601-604.

(159) The first type of synchronisation signal and the second type of synchronisation signal may be dedicated for Device-to-Device, D2D, communication and the receiver 120 may comprises a non-stationary unit, such as, e.g., a mobile station or UE.

(160) Also, the first type of synchronisation signal, and/or the second type of synchronisation signal may be based on any of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) or Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) in different embodiments.

(161) Furthermore, the receiver 120 may be a user equipment (UE) operating within a 3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP LTE system) and wherein the synchronisation signals of the first type comprises primary sidelink synchronization signals and wherein the synchronisation signals of the second type comprises secondary sidelink synchronization signals, in some embodiments.

(162) For enhanced clarity, any internal electronics or other components of the receiver 120, not completely indispensable for understanding the herein described embodiments have been omitted from FIG. 6.

(163) The receiver 120 comprises a receiving circuit 710, configured for receiving a signal such as, e.g., a synchronisation signal, from, e.g., the transmitter 110. The received signal, i.e., synchronisation signal may be of the first type in the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i of the subframe 200.

(164) However, the receiving circuit 710 may be configured for receiving radio signals of various types over a wireless interface from a plurality of transmitting entities, such as other network nodes 140, or the radio network node 130.

(165) In addition the receiver 120 comprises a processor 720, configured to establish a one or more determined symbol distance between a symbol k.sub.j and an associated symbol l.sub.i, and in addition configured to calculate in which M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j of the subframe 200, the synchronisation signal of the second type is to be detected. The one or more determined symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j and the respective associated symbol l.sub.i is equal for all of the M.sub.1 symbols l.sub.i in the subframe 200.

(166) The processor 720 may also be configured to calculate the one or more determined symbol distance between each of the M.sub.2 symbols k.sub.j and the respective associated symbol l.sub.i, based on a set of offset values Δ.sub.j, and by calculating: k.sub.j=l.sub.i+Δ.sub.j, ∀l.sub.i, where |Δ|>0, (k.sub.j, l.sub.i) ∈ {0,1, . . . , N−1}.

(167) Such processor 720 may comprise one or more instances of a processing circuit, i.e., a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a processing unit, a processing circuit, a processor, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a microprocessor, or other processing logic that may interpret and execute instructions. The herein utilised expression “processor” may thus represent a processing circuitry comprising a plurality of processing circuits, such as, e.g., any, some or all of the ones enumerated above.

(168) Furthermore, the receiver 120 may also in some embodiments comprise a transmitting circuit 730, configured for transmitting a wireless signal comprising, e.g., a synchronisation signal.

(169) Furthermore, the receiver 120 may further comprise at least one memory 725, according to some embodiments. The optional memory 725 may comprise a physical device utilised to store data or programs, i.e., sequences of instructions, on a temporary or permanent basis. According to some embodiments, the memory 725 may comprise integrated circuits comprising silicon-based transistors. Further, the memory 725 may be volatile or non-volatile.

(170) The terminology used in the description of the embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings is not intended to be limiting of the described methods 400, 600; transmitter 110 and/or receiver 120. Various changes, substitutions and/or alterations may be made, without departing from the disclosure as defined by the appended claims.

(171) As used herein, the term “and/or” comprises any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. In addition, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are to be interpreted as “at least one”, thus also possibly comprising a plurality of entities of the same kind, unless expressly stated otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “includes”, “comprises”, “including” and/or “comprising”, specifies the presence of stated features, actions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, actions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The term “or” as used herein, is to be interpreted as a mathematical OR, i.e., as an inclusive disjunction; not as a mathematical exclusive OR (XOR), unless expressly stated otherwise. A single unit such as, e.g., a processor may fulfil the functions of several items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. A computer program may be stored/distributed on a suitable medium, such as an optical storage medium or a solid-state medium supplied together with or as part of other hardware, but may also be distributed in other forms such as via Internet or other wired or wireless communication system.