Conformal imaging vibrometer using adaptive optics with scene-based wave-front sensing

Abstract

Conformal imaging vibrometer using adaptive optics with scene-based wave front sensing. An extended object is located at the first end of a link, and a reference-free, adaptive optical, conformal imaging vibrometer using scene-based wave front sensing is located at the second end of the link. An aberrated, free space or guided-wave path exists between the ends of the link. The adaptive optical system compensates for path distortions. Using a single interrogation beam, whole-body vibrations of opaque and reflective objects can be probed, as well as transparent and translucent objects, the latter pair employing a Zernike heterodyne interferometer.

Claims

1. A system for adaptive optical reference-free conformal imaging vibrometry, comprising: a plurality of optical elements arranged according to an arbitrary geometry of a structure or object, configured to emit a single source beam to conform to the arbitrary geometry of the structure and substantially orthogonally illuminate a surface at multiple locations to form a plurality of signals resulting from the scattered or transmitted light, each optical signal including information for measuring a surface displacement or a velocity or an acceleration at multiple measurement locations on the structure; an optical receiver to collect said scattered or transmitted light from said object through a distorted path; a scene-based wave front sensor arranged in a closed-loop configuration to drive an adaptive optical tip-tilt compensator and a deformable optical element to compensate for path distortions; a 2-d optical video receiver to detect a compensated image of the object under evaluation; a multi-channel optical interferometer to coherently detect surface vibrations of said object under evaluation; a multi-channel receiver configured to receive the plurality of optical signals from said multi-channel interferometer and to generate a plurality of analog signals; a multi-channel converter for adapting the plurality of said analog signals into a plurality of digital signals; a multi-channel processor configured to process the plurality of said digital signals to determine the surface displacement or the surface velocity or the surface acceleration of at multiple locations on said object and to reconstruct said compensated images to display the real-time structural dynamics in real-time based on the surface displacements or the surface velocities or the surface accelerations; a diffraction-limited laser emitter directed in a substantially reverse-propagating direction with respect to said received scattered or transmitted light by said object; a first spatial light modulator to encode inverted wave front information onto said laser emitter beam; a second spatial light modulator to encode compensated image information onto said laser emitter beam; and an optical transmitter to direct said emitter beam in a substantially reverse direction with respect to said received scattered light.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein said optical source is a laser.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein said optical source is an incoherent source.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein said object is reflective.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein said object is transparent.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein said object is translucent.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein said deformable optical element is a MEMS spatial light modulator.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein said spatial light modulators (SLMs) are MEMS-based SLMs.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein said optical receiver is a Zernike interferometer.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein said optical receiver employs 2-d direct detection to demodulate said compensated object beam.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein said optical receiver employs 2-d coherent heterodyne detection to demodulate said compensated object beam as a function of location and time across the surface of said object.

12. The system of claim 1, wherein said optical receiver employs 2-d coherent homodyne detection to demodulate said compensated object beam as a function of location and time across the surface of object.

13. The system of claim 1, wherein a Zernike phase contrast microscope is employed immediately upstream of said 2-d direct detector.

14. The system of claim 1, wherein a Zernike phase contrast microscope is employed immediately upstream of said 2-d coherent detector.

15. A method for adaptive optical conformal imaging vibrometry, comprising: substantially orthogonally illuminating an object; receiving said illuminated light from said object; establishing a two-way communications link between said object and an optical transceiver through path distortions; generating an inverted wave front of said received light using a scene-based wave front sensor in a closed-loop adaptive optics configuration; compensating for said path distortions encountered by said object using said inverted wave front; generating a compensated image of said object; detecting 2-d video information of said compensated image using direct detection; generating said direct detected video signal of said compensated image; generating a laser beam possessing a diffraction-limited planar wave front; generating a local oscillator beam using said laser beam; detecting said 2-d video information of said compensated image using coherent detection with said local oscillator; generating a 2-d coherently detected video signal of said compensated image; executing a multi-point measurement of dynamic motions of said object to reveal said object’s displacement, velocity or acceleration as a function of location and time across said object, using said 2-d coherently detected video signal; analyzing said multi-point measurement using a multi-channel channelizer with image processing algorithms as known in the art; comparing said direct detected video signal against said coherent detected signal using said multi-channel analyzer with conventional image processing and algorithm techniques to obtain a vibrational signal across the surface of said object as a function of location and time; encoding said wave front inverted phase front information onto said laser beam by a first spatial light modulator and tip-tilt compensator; further encoding said compensated image information onto said laser beam by a second spatial light modulator; transmitting said encoded laser beam in a substantially reverse direction relative to said received light; propagating said encoded laser beam through said distortion in a substantially reverse direction relative to said received light; transmitting said encoded beam back to said object location, thereby completing the communications link and illuminating the whole-body of said object with a single beam; illuminating said object with said compensated image; and repeating and iterating said vibrometer process with illuminated object.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein said optical transceiver is an optical vibrometer with a laser source.

17. The method of claim 15 wherein said coherently detected video signal involves heterodyne detection.

18. The method of claim 15 wherein said coherently detected video signal involves homodyne detection.

19. The method of claim 15, wherein said spatial light modulators are MEMS devices.

20. The method of claim 15, wherein a Zernike phase contrast interferometer, with a 90° phase shifting feature, is employed immediately upstream of said 2-d direct video detector.

21. The method of claim 15, wherein a Zernike phase contrast interferometer, with a 90° phase shifting feature, is employed immediately upstream of said 2-d video coherent detector.

22. The method of claim 20, wherein said 90° Zernike phase shifting feature possesses a controllable diameter, wherein said diameter is controlled to maximize the phase contrast output of said Zernike phase contrast interferometer.

23. The method of claim 21, wherein said 90° Zernike phase shifting feature possesses a controllable diameter, wherein said diameter is controlled to maximize the phase contrast output of said Zernike phase contrast interferometer.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0089] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the disclosure, are only illustrative embodiments of the invention serve to better understand the principles of the invention in conjunction with this description.

[0090] FIG. 1A depicts a prior art typical down-link adaptive optical communications system of the prior art, having the capability of compensating for dynamic wave front distortions encountered by an optical beam upon propagation through an atmospheric path, as viewed through a telescope or microscope.

[0091] FIG. 1B depicts a prior art typical up-link adaptive optical communications system of the prior art, having the capability of compensating for dynamic wave front distortions encountered by an optical beam upon propagation through an atmospheric path, as viewed through a telescope or microscope.

[0092] FIG. 2A depicts a prior art typical compensated imaging system of the prior art, having the capability of compensating for propagation distortions imposed onto an image-bearing optical beam, in the presence of co-propagating external point-source reference beam that samples the wave front errors along the path, as viewed through a telescope. A Shack-Hartmann wave front error sensor measures the phase aberrations encountered by the propagating beam.

[0093] FIG. 2B depicts a prior art Shack-Hartmann wave front-error-sensor system, for the case of an incident aberrated reference beam, showing an array of microlenses that focus the beamlets onto a detector array.

[0094] FIG. 2C depicts a prior art Shack-Hartmann wave front-error-sensor system, for the case of a compensated (unaberrated) reference beam, showing the beamlets focused onto a detector array.

[0095] FIG. 3A shows an embodiment of the prior art, depicting a compensated imaging system, as viewed through a telescope or microscope, using a Shack-Hartmann wave front error sensor, having the capability of compensating for propagation distortions imposed onto an image-bearing optical beam, without the need for a point source reference beam.

[0096] FIG. 3B depicts a Shack-Hartmann wave front-error-sensor system used in the prior art, for the case of an aberrated image-bearing beam, showing an array of microlenses, or lenslets, that focuses the image-bearing beamlets onto a detector array.

[0097] FIG. 3C depicts a Shack-Hartmann wave front-error-sensor system used in the prior art, for the case of a compensated (unaberrated) image-bearing beam, showing an array of microlenses that focuses the image-bearing beamlets onto a detector array.

[0098] FIG. 4 shows a flow chart of exemplary embodiments of the present invention, an embodiment of which employs a Zernike phase contrast interferometer. This flow chart also depicts a closed-loop functionality of the process.

[0099] FIG. 5 shows an exemplary detailed embodiment of the present invention depicting a reference-free, whole-body, scene-based adaptive optical conformal imaging vibrometer over an aberrated path (e.g., a turbulent atmospheric path). The vibrometer employs a spatial-dependent coherent heterodyne multi-pixel detector to ascertain a map of vibrational modes of an object or constellation of objects and its evaluation.

[0100] FIG. 6 shows an exemplary detailed embodiment of the present invention depicting a reference-free, whole-body, scene-based adaptive optical conformal imaging vibrometer over an aberrated path (e.g., a turbulent atmospheric path) and employing Zernike interferometry, in the case of transparent, translucent or reflective objects. The vibrometer employs a spatial-dependent coherent heterodyne multi-pixel detector and channelizer to ascertain a map of vibrational modes of an object or constellation of objects.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0101] The goal of the embodiments described herein is eight-fold: (1) Establish an efficient optical vibrometer between an extended object and a vibrometer; (2) Provide a means to correct for intervening path distortions using adaptive optics without the need for a coherent, diffraction-limited single-pixel reference; (3) Provide a means by which the whole-body of an object is efficiently illuminated by the transceiver with only a single beam over the same distorting atmosphere; (4) Provide a means by which a vibrating object can be remotely sensed, and its vibrational modes evaluated, by the system that illuminates the entire object over a distorting path with a single beam; (5) Provide a means by which a transparent vibrating object can be remotely sensed by the system that illuminates the entire object over a distorting path with a single beam; (6) Provide a means to realize a path-compensated, conformal imaging vibrometer so that a mapping of vibrational modes of the an object of arbitrary size and shape can be obtained over an aberrated path (or a moving workpiece or medical patient, etc.) with only a single coherent or incoherent beam, without the need for a free-space or optical fiber array of individual vibrometers and/or specialized fixtures; (7) Provide a means by which the spatial resolution of a vibrometer is limited by the diffraction-limited image of the object and not by a finite number of individual sensing transducers, fibers or laser vibrometers; and, (8) Provide a means by which the process can be repeated (iterated) to realize enhanced signal-to-noise performance.

[0102] In the present invention, the compensated laser vibrometer can be viewed as a communications system, across a distorting atmosphere, with a Doppler-modulated source (e.g., a vibrating object) at one end of the link and a laser transceiver at the opposing end of the link, a subsystem of which functions as an adaptive optical, scene-based wave front sensor (SB-WFS) compensated imager.

[0103] Turning now to FIG. 4, a flow chart, 400, is shown that depicts the basic operation of the system. The basic system 400 is comprised of a communications link between an object 411 (and 427) and an optical transceiver (414, 415, 416, 422, 424 and 425) between which is an aberrated path (413 and 426). The system is comprised of a down-link propagation path, 410, and an up-link propagation path, 430, which iterates (repeats) via path 428, forming a closed-loop network for enhanced performance.

[0104] Note that, in practice, the down-link and the up-link paths precisely overlap and propagate in opposition to each other. Flow chart 400 shows them as counter-propagating and parallel, but spatially separated, the latter for heuristic reasons. It is therefore to be understood that these two paths precisely overlap with each other, and that the down-link and up-link beams (410 and 430) counter-propagate with respect to each other.

[0105] Returning to FIG. 4, an illuminated object, 411, is located at the initial end of the down-link path, 410, and, as described herein, is the same object, 427, as at the terminal end of the up-link, 430. The process subsequently repeats via path 428. The object 411 (or 427) can be in the form of a single object or a group of objects. The objects can be opaque, reflective, transparent or translucent.

[0106] In one embodiment, an object 411 is illuminated by a source, resulting in a field given by E(x,t) = Io(x,t), where Io(x,t) is the spatially dependent distortion-free illuminated image amplitude. The object 411 can be illuminated by either a coherent source, such as a laser, or by an incoherent source, such as an LED array, sunlight, etc. In the case of an object situated in a long-haul outdoor link, the incoherent illumination can be of the form of sunlight (or a laser). In the case of a short-range link, in a manufacturing or medical application, the illumination source can be in the form of an LED array (or a laser).

[0107] In addition, the down-link illuminated object is modulated by 412, yielding the input down-link modulated signal, M.sub.D(x,t). As we discuss below, the modulation can be externally applied by a separate amplitude and/or phase and/or polarization modulator or by the vibrating object itself, the latter of which can be described as a phase modulator, and the latter system, described as an adaptive optical (or compensated) conformal imaging laser Doppler vibrometer (CI-LDV).

[0108] The source can be a single beam; as opposed to the prior art, in which the illumination is in the form of a plurality of beamlets, optical fibers or laser vibrometers, arranged by a specialized fixture to service a given object’s shape or topology, at a precise standoff distance. In the present invention, a single beam illuminates the extended object, without the need of precision alignment of fixtures or specified standoff distances. Moreover, the source can be incoherent (e.g., sunlight, LED arrays) or coherent (e.g., a laser).

[0109] Returning to FIG. 4, light from the illuminated object 411 --- described by the field E(x,t) = Io(x,t), where Io(x,t) is the spatially and temporally dependent amplitude of the illuminated image surface --- propagates through a distorting atmosphere 413. The distortion 413 can be the result of propagation through a turbulent atmosphere, as well as through aberrations due to a manufacturing or medical diagnostic environment or through an optical fiber. By reciprocity, the path distortion is the same for the down-link, 413, as it is for the up-link, 426, but in reverse direction. That is, they each impose the same spatially and temporally dependent, dynamic phase error, PHI, onto the respective propagating field in the form E(x,t) = Io(x,t)exp(iPHI), where PHI is indicative of a turbulent atmosphere. Note that PHI, is, in general, spatially and temporally dependent; that is PHI = PHI(x,t).

[0110] In either case, light reflected, scattered or transmitted by the object can be modulated by a modulation signal, M.sub.D(x,t), which can be in the form of an external (amplitude, phase or polarization) modulator, or can be due to the vibrating object itself or a constellation of independent vibrating objects (excited by either a single acoustic mode or a combination of modal excitations).

[0111] The distorted down-link beam is subsequently received by an optical vibrometer. The vibrometer is comprised of an optical system, 414, typically a telescope or microscope, which also serves to transmit the up-link beam, 425, the latter in reverse sequence. The elements of 414 (and 425) can be in the form of transmission and/or reflection optics.

[0112] The vibrometer is further comprised of a closed-loop adaptive optical system, 415; a means to generate a compensated image 416 of the object 411; a demodulator, that is, a vibrometer (comprised of elements 440, 441, 442, 443 and 444); an up-link optical source (a coherent or incoherent source) 421; a local oscillator 420 for coherent detection; a means by which to spatially encode the up-link source with compensated image information 422; and, a means by which to spatially and temporally encode the up-link source with inverted wave front information 424.

[0113] The up-link optical source, 421, typically a laser, is located at the initial point of the up-link path, 430. The up-link optical beam from laser 421 is given by E(x,t) = 1, and is assumed to be a diffraction-limited, plane wave source, possessing plane wave equi-phase surfaces, with a constant, uniform field amplitude. Hence, the field is represented by unity (“1”). This laser beam forms the source of the up-link path, 430. The up-link source can be an incoherent source, such as a LED array or a coherent source, such as a laser. In the case of coherent detection demodulation, the up-link source 421 is a laser, which forms the carrier frequency for the local oscillator 420.

[0114] The closed-loop adaptive optical system, 415, is comprised of a scene-based wave front error sensor (SB-WFS), and a wave front reconstruction processor that imposes wave front correction information onto the beam via a deformable mirror or other class of spatial phase modulator, arranged in a servo-controlled, closed-loop architecture, as is known in the art (recall FIG. 3A) This operation results in a beam 416, E(x,t) = Io(x,t)exp(-iPHI+iPHI) = Io(x,t), which is that of the compensated distortion-free, image-bearing beam.

[0115] The reconstruction processor 415 utilizes the distorted image of the object itself as a reference wave front. This is opposed to the prior art, which requires an external, coherent, sub-diffraction-limited optical beam such as a laser, glint, guide star, etc. (recall FIGS. 1A and 1B). As is described in the more recent prior art (recall, FIG. 3A), the wave front processor includes a scene-based wave front sensor (SB-WFS), a computer-based wave front reconstruction subsystem, a tip-tilt compensator, a spatial light modulator, and respective drivers.

[0116] As a result of the reconstruction wave front processor, 415, an inverted phase, -PHI, is imposed onto the image-bearing down-link 410 received beam 414. The resultant field is given as E(x,t) = Io(x,t)exp (-iPHI+iPHI), thereby resulting in a compensated image of the object 416, given by E(x,t) = Io(x,t). Hence, a distortion-free image of the object is obtained via 416 --- or, via 440, the latter, employing Zernike interferometry in the case of a transparent or translucent object --- thereby completing the down-link.

[0117] In addition, as a result of the reconstruction wave front processor, 415, an inverted phase, -PHI, is imposed onto the up-link beam source 421 via the spatial phase modulator 424 via 415. This results in an up-link beam given by E(x,t) = Io(x,t)exp(-iPHI).

[0118] This beam then exits the vibrometer through telescope 425, as up-link beam 430. Upon reverse propagation back through the atmospheric distortion 426, the resultant field is given by E(x,t) = Io(x,t)exp(-iPHI+iPHI) = Io(x,t) at the terminus of the up-link path 430, illuminating the location of the object 427 as a distortion-free image. Thus, this beam illuminates the object with the same illumination pattern as the initially illuminated object 411, subject to the diffraction limit and field-of-view (FOV) of the system. At this point, the sequence repeats , via path 428, and the next iteration proceeds, thereby forming a closed-loop, optical communications network between object 411 and the vibrometer.

[0119] Returning to FIG. 4, the down-link communicated signal 412 (i.e., the vibrations of the object) is demodulated by 442 via coherent (heterodyne) detection in the form of a 2-d modulated interferogram, which represents the signal spatially 443, yielding a pixelated mapping of the vibration signal, M.sub.D(x,t), 444. In the case of coherent heterodyne or homodyne detection, a local oscillator 420 is present, using the up-link laser 421 as a carrier source. Demodulator 442 is comprised of a multi-channel heterodyne interferometer, which is detected by a multi-channel receiver, typically, a high-speed, two-dimensional multi-pixel ccd detector.

[0120] For most applications, the measured vibrations are normal to the surface. In some specific instances, the collected light may not be received entirely from the surface normal. In the latter case, the surface displacement of the vibrating object 411 in the direction normal to the surface can thus be ascertained given the a priori surface topology of the object, on a pixel-by-pixel basis, and the resultant output of the multi-channel ccd detector, also on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Using geometrical analysis, the desired normal temporal vibration amplitude, V.sub.N, is given by V.sub.N(x,t) = M.sub.D(x,t)/cos(theta), where M.sub.D(x,t) is the measured spatio-temporal displacement --- i.e., the output of the demodulated signal 444 at each resolvable pixel across the surface of the object --- and theta is the angle between the normal to the surface and the angle of the measurement displacement (typically, where «1, so, cos(theta) ~1 - .sup.2), which is known by a look-up table, given the shape and topology of the object at each pixel location. In this case, the demodulated signal 444 can be viewed as an output from a conformal imaging laser Doppler vibrometers (CI-LDV).

[0121] Note, in the present invention, that the number of resolvable vibration pixels is indicative of the spatial resolution of the object (using a single-beam vibrometer) and not by the number of fibers or laser vibrometers, the latter of which is typical of the prior art in CI-LDVs. Hence, the spatial resolution of the present invention can be in the range of 100 to 1,000 pixels in each dimension, as opposed to the prior art, where the spatial resolution is limited to the number of independent vibrometers, fibers, etc. (~1 to 100 pixels in each direction).

[0122] The system employs two different spatial light modulators 422 (SLM.sub.1) and 424 (SLM.sub.2). In the case of SLM.sub.2, inverted wave front information, -PHI, indicative of the path distortion 413, is imposed onto the up-link beam 430 by spatial light modulator 424 (SLM.sub.2), via 415. This operation results in the compensation of atmospheric distortions at the location of the object 427 at the terminus of the up-link 430.

[0123] On the other hand, spatial and temporal amplitude information, indicative of the image-bearing compensated image, Io(x,t), 416 are imposed onto the up-link beam by spatial light modulator 422 (SLM.sub.1). This results in an illumination beam pattern that precisely illuminates the object 427 at the terminus of the up-link 430.

[0124] It is to be appreciated that there is a fundamental difference in the functions of the operations, and, hence, design requirements, of 422 (SLM.sub.1) and 424 (SLM.sub.2), vis-à-vis spatial and temporal encoding information and image resolution. The function of 422 (SLM.sub.1) is to encode spatial information of the compensated image (Io(x,t)) onto the up-link beam, 421, as derived from 416. Hence, the spatial resolution of operation 422 (SLM.sub.1) is that of the extended object, subject to the diffraction limit and the FOV of the system, to resolving the object, 416 (and, not the path distortions, 413).

[0125] On the other hand, the function of 424 (SLM.sub.2) is to encode wave front correction information (the inverted wave front phase, -PHI) onto the up-link beam to correction for path distortions (due to 413), as derived from 415. Hence, the resolution of operation 424 (SLM.sub.2) is that of the path distortions (413): the Fried cells, subject to the Nyquist conditions, and not the object information.

[0126] Therefore, the functions of these spatial light modulators, and, hence, 422 and 424, differ fundamentally (spatially and temporally), which is not anticipated in the prior art.

[0127] As an example, the spatial resolution of a typical atmospheric path distortion, and for a typical telescope aperture, is on the order 10 to 100 resolution elements in each dimension; whereas the spatial resolution of an object in a typical telescope is on the order of 1,000 to 10,000 elements in each dimension, as determined by the diffraction-limited resolution of the telescope and imaging system.

[0128] Returning to FIG. 4, we note that, by reciprocity, elements 415 and 424 are one in the same (but in reverse sequence) and are partitioned for ease of understanding the function of the overall system. Operation 415 receives the down-link, distorted beam, E(x,t) = Io(x,t)exp(+iPHI), whereas operation 424 addresses the up-link light beam, E(x,t) = Io(x,t). The wave front reversed laser up-link beam, E(x,t) = Io(x,t)exp(-iPHI), then passes through the same telescope (or microscope) transmitter, 425, as did the down-link beam 413, the latter for reverse transit through the atmosphere, 426, whose distortion is assumed unchanged during the propagation relative to its initial aberration, 413, as the down-link beam encountered. (This assumption is based on the round-trip photon transit time from the aberration to the transceiver and back, being less than the time constant of the aberration, the details of which are well-known in the art.)

[0129] After reverse transit through 426, the up-link beam illuminates the object, 427, with a field given by E(x,t) = Io(x,t) exp (iPHI+iPHI) = Io(x,t), subject to the overall system diffraction limit. The light-illuminated object can then become the second iteration of the initial illuminated object via path 428, and the process repeats as necessary. Therefore, the illuminated object 427 by the up-link laser 421 effectively becomes the down-link illuminated object 411 for subsequent iterations, thereby increasing the signal-to-noise of the vibrometer.

[0130] The following figures describe exemplary embodiments of the system 400, for the case of coherent detection of vibrating opaque objects (FIG. 5), and for the Zernike coherent detection for the case of a vibrating transparent, translucent or opaque objects (FIG. 6).

[0131] Turning now to FIG. 5, details of an exemplary embodiment 500 are shown that enables a SB-WFS system to realize the following nine functions: (1) illuminate an object 505 with a source 501 or 593; (2) receive an imaging-bearing beam 306 from the illuminated object 505, with a down-link modulation signal, 582, M.sub.D(x,t) imposed onto the beam by a vibrating object; (3) compensate for path distortions between the object and the vibrometer; (4) generate a compensated image of the object; (5) demodulate the signal via a 2-d heterodyne detector; (6) generate a 2-d pixelated mapping of the vibrations; (7) analyze the vibrational mode(s) of the vibrating object(s); (8) subsequently direct (i.e., transmit) a laser 593 optical beam 584 back to the location of the given object, 505, with whole-body illumination capability (limited by the system FOV), through a turbulent atmosphere 320, with diffraction-limited performance; and, (9) subsequently, repeat or iterate the process whereby the illuminated object forms a closed-loop communications network between the object and the vibrometer.

[0132] The present invention can therefore be viewed as a path-compensated, reference-free, single-beam conformal-imaging laser Doppler vibrometer (CI-LDV), using scene-based adaptive optics.

[0133] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, there is no required reference laser, guide star, glint or other diffraction-limited reference beam necessary to sample the path distortions. Instead, an incoherently or coherently illuminated (501 or 593) image-bearing beam from the object itself 505 forms an equivalent reference beam 306 that samples the intervening atmosphere, 320.

[0134] Note also, as opposed to the prior art (wherein a plurality of illuminated beams is required of whole-body vibrometry), in the present invention, only a single illumination beam is necessary to illuminate an extended object, within the field-of-view (FOV) of the system.

[0135] Moreover, as opposed to the single-pixel reference beam of the prior art (recall FIG. 1A), the light emerging from an extended object (i.e., the reference beam) can be comprised of multiple pixels that correspond to the object itself.

[0136] As we discuss below there are two different spatial light modulators, SLMs (360, SLM.sub.2; and 596, SLM.sub.1), that accomplish the respective tasks of wave front correction (inverted phase = -PHI) and, also, image-bearing readout [E(x,t) = Io(x,t)].

[0137] A scene-based wave front sensor (SB-WFS) system uses this image-bearing (306) inverted wave front wave front information (-PHI) to “pre-distort” and spatially encode the laser beam 584 via SLM.sub.2 360 and tip-tilt compensator 350. Specifically, the wave front error sensing (370) and compensated imaging adaptive optical wave front inversion subsystem (377) are utilized to this end.

[0138] Note that the light-based source, can be a coherent source, such as a laser, or an incoherent source, such as an LED array. This embodiment enables one to achieve diffraction-limited communication (vibrometry) with an object without the need of an external point-source reference beam.

[0139] In addition, the compensated image-bearing beam 506 forms the equivalent reference by which to encode an up-link laser 593 via spatial light modulator, SLM.sub.1, 596 with compensated image information [E(x,t) = Io(x,t)].

[0140] Light (501 or 593) from an incoherently or coherently illuminated object 505 propagates as beam 306 through an intervening atmospheric distortion 320 and is received by the compensated imaging system, which is comprised of a telescope formed by optical elements 330, 345 and 547. The telescope elements can be in the form of lenses, mirrors or a combination thereof. Note that the object illumination beam can be externally illuminated by 501 or can be illuminated by the up-link laser 593.

[0141] An optional spectral filter 379 is used to remove undesirable spectral bands from adding noise to the system. A polarizer 565 assures that the incident beam 306 and the laser 593 beam 543 are co-polarized for efficient heterodyne detection.

[0142] A fraction of the incident beam 306 propagates as 366 through beam splitter 365, then through a spatial filter, represented by pinhole 556 and lenses 547 and 349. The function of this spatial filter is to optimize the spatial frequency spectrum of the distorted image-bearing beam 366 prior to impinging upon the SB-WFS 370.

[0143] In this embodiment, spatial filter bandpass iris (pinhole) 556 is variable in diameter, as servo-controlled by 562 via processor 377 to optimally set the spatial filter bandpass in real-time. Specifically, spatial filter iris 556, is controlled to limit high-spatial-frequency image content from “spilling over” into adjacent Shack-Hartmann ccd elements 373, which would otherwise result in a source of noise in the ccd array. Using this servo-controller, the fidelity of the reconstructed wave front, as determined by the SB-WFS, will become a more faithful wave-front-reversed representation of the path distortions, via this bootstrap modality.

[0144] The beam 366 is then incident upon a scene-based wave front sensor (SB-WFS) 370, which, in this case is of the Shack-Hartmann variety (a pyramid SB-WFS can also be used), represented by lenslet array 371 and detector array 373, such as a ccd array. Immediately upstream of the ccd detector is an optional image intensifier (not shown in the figure), whose function is to provide high-gain, shot-noise-limited image amplification, as needed. The intensifier can also be gated and synchronized with the image-sampling rate to enable higher performance compensated imaging, especially, in the case of speckle imaging applications.

[0145] The output 376 of the SB-WFS 370 is processed by 377, which includes a wave front reconstruction processor and associated algorithms, as is known in the art. The output of the processor is directed to a tip-tilt driver 380 and wave front inversion (phase equal to -PHI) driver 381, which imposes this information onto wave front 306, respectively, comprised of a tip-tilt compensator (otherwise known as a fast steering mirror) 350 and a wave front spatial phase modulator SLM.sub.2 360 (typically a deformable mirror, a MEMS device, a metasurface device, a liquid crystal spatial phase modulator or equivalent).

[0146] The system functions as a servo-controlled adaptive optical processor, which, upon convergence, compensates for wave front distortions 320 and tip-tilt errors, subject to the servo-loop gain, as is known in the art.

[0147] Upon closed-loop convergence, the resultant field, E(x,t) = Io(x,t), corresponds to the compensated image-bearing beam 306 from the object 505 (subject to the servo-controlled gain, as is known in the art).

[0148] Returning to FIG. 5, a portion of the light 306 is reflected from beam splitter 365, as beam 367, and is reflected by a second beam splitter 591 as beam 506. This distortion-free, image-bearing beam, E(x,t) = Io(x,t), is detected by 590, which is comprised of a video camera (e.g., a ccd).

[0149] The video output 594 from the camera 590 is processed by 592 (e.g., contrast enhancement, edge detection, etc.). One fraction of the video signal from 592 --- 572 --- is directed to the video output 599 for viewing, which is a distortion-free image of the illuminated object 505. This image will be compared against the 2-d heterodyne vibration mapped image 598, as described below.

[0150] The other fraction of the video signal, 597, is directed to an amplitude 2-d spatial light modulator SLM.sub.1 596, which encodes the spatial information 597 of the compensated image, E(x,t) = Io(x,t), onto laser vibrometer source 593 beam 543.

[0151] Note that the laser 593 provides a diffraction-limited beam 543 [E(x,t) = 1], which passes through a Faraday isolator 541 to prevent reflected light from destabilizing the output of the laser 593. A portion of beam 543 passes through beam splitter 540 to the SLM.sub.1 596.

[0152] The spatially modulated light beam 584 propagates through beam splitters 574 and 591 and is reflected by beam splitter 365 in a direction counter to the incident image-bearing beam 306.

[0153] As described above, beam 584 is subsequently encoded with inverted wave front correction information (-PHI) by spatial phase modulator, SLM.sub.2, 360 and tip-tilt compensation device 350.

[0154] Return beam 584 --- now encoded with spatial amplitude information [E(x,t) = Io(x,t)] by SLM.sub.1 596, and with (inverted wave front) spatial phase information [exp(-iPHI)] by SLM.sub.2 360 and 350 --- exits the transceiver through telescope lenses 547, 345 and 330. This reverse-propagating beam at the exit of the telescope is given by E(x,t) = Io(x,t)exp(-iPHI).

[0155] Returning to FIG. 5, upon propagation of beam 584 back through the atmospheric distortion 320 (PHI), the resultant beam is given as E(x,t) = Io(x,t)exp(-iPHI+iPHI) = Io(x,t). Hence, the object is illuminated by a diffraction-limited, distortion-free image bearing beam 584 substantially similar to the initial illuminated object, Io(x,t). The fractional (i.e., spatial) illumination across the whole body 505, and the spatial resolution of the system can be controlled by varying the field-of-view (FOV) of the of the vibrometer telescope.

[0156] The illuminated object 505 by beam 584 forms a subsequent iteration and the process repeats as beam 306 (via path 428 of FIG. 4) for the next iteration pass of the system, thereby completing a closed-loop network between the object 505 and the vibrometer.

[0157] By reciprocity, this counter-propagating laser beam 584 will --- upon reverse propagation through the wave front SLM.sub.2 360 and the tip-tilt compensator 350 --- emerge from the system as a wave front-reversed replica of the incident aberrated beam 306, with image-bearing image information, E(x,t) = Io(x,t)exp(-iPHI). That is, the reverse-propagating light beam will be spatially encoded and emerge in a direction back to the object as wave front-reversed replica of the atmospheric distortions. As the laser beam 584 propagates back through the distorting medium (e.g., a turbulent atmosphere), it will “undo” the phase aberrations that were experienced by the initial image-bearing beam, ultimately, illuminating the original object as a diffraction-limited coherent beam, E(x,t) = Io(x,t).

[0158] This reverse-propagating beam will propagate over the same path back to the initial location of the object 505. Ideally, the return beam will form at the object location as a diffraction-limited beam. This information will then be directed back to the object, that is, the up-link, as a diffraction-limited beam, minimizing the bit error rate of the link.

[0159] The process then repeats, with the light-beam illuminated object forming the required object 505 for a subsequent iteration (recall FIG. 4; 428), modulation, etc., thereby forming a closed-loop communications system between the object and the vibrometer.

[0160] At least two different conditions must be satisfied to assure that the phase-conjugate wave illuminates the object as a diffraction-limit beam. First, it is assumed that the atmospheric path distortion and the position of the object do not change appreciably during the round-trip transit time of the phase-conjugate beam over the initial path, as is known in the art. Second, it is assumed that the incident object (down-link) beam 306 and the laser (up-link) beam 584 both fall within the isoplanatic volume. The second condition is always satisfied, since the incident beam is spatially encoded as an extended object, while the return laser beam, in this case, is equivalent to the image of the extended object. Hence, by definition, the return beam will lie within the isoplanatic patch, indicative of the atmosphere distortions.

[0161] Returning to FIG. 5, another portion of beam 367 propagates through beam splitter 591 and is reflected by beam splitter 574, emerging as beam 583. This beam is collimated by lens 595 onto detector 578 and forms the terminal end of the down-link (compensated) portion of the system. This signal combines with the local oscillator beam 589 to realize pixelated 2-d coherent detection mapping representation of the signal M.sub.D(x,t), as described below.

[0162] Returning to FIG. 5, one fraction of the signal from 592 --- 572 --- is directed to the video output 599 for viewing. The other fraction, 597, is directed to an amplitude spatial light modulator 596, which encodes the spatial information 597 of the compensated image onto laser communication source 593. The laser 593 provides a diffraction-limited beam, E(x,t) = 1, 543, which passes through a Faraday isolator 541 to prevent reflected light from destabilizing the output of the laser 593.

[0163] Returning to FIG. 5, one portion of the laser beam 543 is beam split by splitter 540 to form the local oscillator beam 589 for heterodyne detection of the down-link modulated signal beam 582, M.sub.D(x,t).

[0164] The local oscillator beam 589 passes through Faraday isolator 542 to prevent spurious reflections from destabilizing the laser 593. This beam is reflected by mirror 596 and is modulated by modulator 573 (typically, frequency shifted by a Bragg cell, acousto-optic modulator or equivalent, as is known in the art), thereby forming the local oscillator for coherent detection of the beam received from the illuminated object, 583 (the local oscillator beam 589 path is designated by the dashed lines).

[0165] The frequency-offset local oscillator beam 589 is reflected by mirror 597, passes through beam splitter 574 and is collimated by lenses 577 and 595, with its output incident upon coherent detector 578.

[0166] The signal (due to the vibrating object and/or the down-link signal) is heterodyne detected by the coherent combination of the signal beam 583 and the local oscillator beam 589 at detector 578.

[0167] Local oscillator beam 589 is designed to have a greater beam diameter than (image-bearing) signal beam 583 to assure overlap of the local oscillator beam with the signal beam.

[0168] The output of detector 578 thereby reveals the coherent detected, 2-d heterodyne demodulated down-link signal 598, M.sub.D(x,t,) that was initially modulated by the vibrating (and/or wobbling) object, represented by modulation signal 582 --- either whole body vibrations or a multitude of vibrational modes of the body or constellation of objects.

[0169] A multi-channel channelizer 579 processes the 2-d heterodyne video signal for analysis, thereby revealing a pixelated mapping of the vibrational modes of the object(s), represented by 598. This mapping can be compared against the compensated image video signal 599 for further analysis and characterization, the comparison of which can be ascertained using image processing algorithms, as is known in the art.

[0170] The compensated image of the vibrating object can be viewed spatially via 599, whereas its spatially dependent vibrational spectrum can be revealed by M.sub.D(x,t), 589. Note that the system is capable of providing spatial information as to the global and/or local vibration modes of an extended object (an airplane wing or automotive work piece) or a collection of independent objects (e.g., multi-pixel MEMS devices for evaluation). This class of vibrometer illuminates the entire object with a single beam (via a telescope or microscope), limited by the diffraction limit of the system and it’s FOV --- which can be on the order of 1,000 to 10,000 effective pixel locations on the object --- as opposed to the prior art, which requires multiple beams as point sources to illuminate multiple points along the surface of an object, limited by geometrical and structural factors (which is on the order of only 10 to 100 interrogation locations on the object) which is much less than that of the diffraction limit. The entire object is illuminated, which can be controlled by varying the FOV of the telescope (or microscope).

[0171] Note also, that this vibrational information is realized by illuminating the entire object within to FOV with a single laser beam, as opposed to the prior art, which requires multiple, independent beams. Moreover, as opposed to the prior art, the present invention does not require any physical fixture attached to the object. Furthermore, the resolution is diffraction limited; that is, the effective number of interrogated pixels is limited by diffraction and is not limited by a finite number of laser vibrometers, as is the case with the prior art. Furthermore, the present invention compensates for path distortions. This is opposed to the prior art, which required a finite ensemble of independent laser vibrometers, attached to a fixture at a fixed standoff distance from the object and, moreover, the prior art system does not compensate for path distortions.

[0172] It is important to note that the embodiment of FIG. 5 may appear counter-intuitive to one skilled in the art, upon examination of FIG. 2A. This follows, since, in the prior art of compensated imaging systems (e.g., FIG. 2A), a diffraction-limited beam typically, a laser, glint or guide star (recall FIG. 2A, 210), samples the propagation distortions through which an image-bearing beam (205) co-propagates. The compensation system senses wave front errors imposed by the atmosphere onto the received coherent reference beam. This information is utilized to control wave front-compensation elements (e.g., tip-tilt and a spatial phase modulator), so that, upon convergence, the spatial distortions experienced by the reference beam are corrected, with the reference beam restored to its diffraction limit. Subsequently, an image-bearing beam (which can be illuminated by an incoherent source) co-propagates over the same path as the reference beam, emerging from the correction system as a compensated image of high fidelity (limited by the isoplanatic patch volume, etc.); see 290 of FIG. 5.

[0173] Returning to FIG. 5, the required reference beam and the coherent laser beam are both present, but now, with two key (counter-intuitive) differences with respect to the conventional art of FIG. 2A. First, it is seen from FIG. 5 that the image-bearing beam (306) and optical source beam (584) are arranged to propagate in opposition to each another. That is, the pair of beams counter-propagates with respect to each other: One beam, the image-bearing beam 306, propagates, through the path distortions, from the object 505 to the compensation system, otherwise known as the down-link (recall 410 from FIG. 4). The other beam, 584, propagates from the telescope, upon reverse transit, back to the object, otherwise known as the up-link (recall 430 from FIG. 4). Both beams experience the same path distortions, but, from opposite directions.

[0174] The second key difference of FIG. 5 with respect to the prior art (FIG. 2A) is that the effective “roles” of the reference and image-bearing beams are essentially interchanged with respect to each other, relative to conventional image compensation systems. In the present embodiment, the effective point-source reference down-link beam of FIG. 2A (210) is, in FIG. 5, now in the form of the image-bearing down-link beam (306). And the image-bearing down-link beam of FIG. 2A (205) is, in FIG. 5, now in the form of an image-bearing up-link beam (584), the former simply an image to be compensated via the reference beam 205; the latter forming a reference itself, 306. These key differences are not obvious nor are they anticipated by those skilled in the art.

[0175] Moreover, the effective image-bearing beam of FIG. 2A is, in FIG. 5, now in the form of a diffraction-limited coherent laser beam, 593. In essence, referring to the down-link portion of the system (recall FIG. 4; 410), the image-bearing beam samples the path distortions, and, using the SB-WFS system, the wave front-control elements are configured to correct for the wave front distortions that are acquired by the image-bearing beam (306). The laser beam is then spatially encoded (596) by the compensation system and emerges in a direction directed back to the initial object, as a wave front reversed replica of the wave front distortions that were acquired by the incident, image-bearing beam.

[0176] In the prior art, on the other hand, upon convergence of the wave front correction elements, a laser beam (recall FIG. 1B, 175) is injected into the compensation system. This laser beam (assumed to be in a single spatial mode and diffraction-limited) is aligned to propagate in a direction counter to the incident image-beaming beam, that is, the up-link.

[0177] Returning to FIG. 5, in the present invention, the laser readout beams differ fundamentally and is not anticipated with respect to the prior art, as shown in FIG. 1B. In the case of the prior art (FIG. 1B), the reference laser is a diffraction-limited plane wave, as shown in FIG. 1B, 175. That is, it is of uniform intensity, free of any spatial phase or amplitude information. In the present case, the communications laser is spatially encoded with the compensated image (599), as encoded by spatial modulator 576, which is counter to what is taught in the prior art.

[0178] In the prior art, in fact, by imposing any spatial amplitude information onto the communications laser of FIG. 1B, 175, the system would not result in a diffraction-limited beam back at the location of the glint and render the prior art ineffective or useless. Similarly, by not encoding the communications light source with image-bearing information, as in the present invention (FIG. 5; 596), the present invention would not result in a diffraction-limited beam 584 that illuminates the extended object, 505.

[0179] Returning to FIG. 5, the reverse-propagating light beam will then form at the object location as a diffraction-limited, image-bearing beam. This embodiment can be used to establish a high-performance simplex or duplex communications link between the object and the location of the compensation system, via a spatio-temporal modulation impressed upon one of both beams in the system: e.g., temporal modulation of the illumination beam at the object; and/or modulation of the communication light source at the location of the compensation device. Light from the object that propagates back to the compensation system 500 can be detected, after wave front compensation by elements 350 and 360, using conventional coherent or incoherent detection techniques for duplex communication requirements, as required.

[0180] Another class of application can employ a high-energy or a high-peak-power laser or laser amplifier chain (593) at the compensator location, which can be used to deliver sufficient optical flux at the object for materials processing, medical applications or directed energy applications, etc.

[0181] Since the light beam 584 is aligned using the now-compensated image as an effective spatial and angular fiducial marker, it is clear that the light beam will always reside within the isoplanatic volume, as defined by the path distortions, etc. Hence, the light beam will always be spatially encoded by the system as the intended wave front-reversed replica.

[0182] Note that the illuminated object can be in the form of a single target or a multitude of targets in space in a directed energy application, such as a group of weld joints in a manufacturing application or kidney stones, cancerous lesions or tooth cavities in a medical application, directed energy for solar panel remote powering, etc. In these cases, the return laser beam, upon reverse transit through the system can be amplified (e.g., Raman amplifiers, fiber amplifiers, etc.) for various applications. Other applications follow by those skilled in the art. Moreover, the optical system can be in the form of a space-based telescope, a microscope or an optical fiber, dependent upon the application design rules.

[0183] Vibrometers are well-known in the art. However, in this embodiment, the performance is enhanced in that the entire object is illuminated by a single diffraction-limited image-bearing beam, as generated at the remote location of the optical transceiver. Thus, whole-body illumination of the object is realized by a single beam, the output of the telescope 584. This is opposed to the prior art, which requires a plurality of beams, vibrometers or multiple fibers. The present invention has application to enhancing the performance of various remote sensing scenarios, including, as an example, manufacturing real-time process-control sensors, (time-dependent) long standoff distance vibration sensing with application to geo-physical mapping in the petroleum and defense sectors, target identification by detecting passive, vibrating target information, medical noncontact diagnostics, and various laser-based ultrasound applications.

[0184] Note also, that this vibrational information is realized by illuminating the entire object within to FOV with a single laser beam, does not require any fixture attached to the object. Moreover, the resolution is diffraction limited; that is, the effective number of interrogated pixels is limited by diffraction and is not limited by a finite number of laser vibrometers, as is the case with the prior art. Furthermore, the present invention compensates for path distortions. This is opposed to the prior art, which required a finite ensemble of independent laser vibrometers, attached to a fixture at a fixed standoff distance from the object and, moreover, the prior art system does not compensate for path distortions.

[0185] The present invention can be classified as a reference-free, path-compensated, adaptive optical, conformal imaging laser Doppler vibrometer (CI-LDV) using scene-based wave front sensing (SB-WFS).

[0186] Turning now to FIG. 6, details of an exemplary embodiment are shown that enables the system 600 to function as a path-compensated, conformal imaging adaptive laser Doppler vibrometer, capable of providing temporal and spatial information as to the whole-body or local vibrational modes of an extended object, 605.

[0187] Relative to the embodiment of FIG. 5, the present embodiment provides the added capability of enabling transparent or translucent objects to be probed. As such, the object can now be illuminated (601) in transmission or reflection. Moreover, the initial illumination source (601 or 963) can be coherent (e.g., a laser) or incoherent (e.g., sunlight, LED arrays, etc.). Note that, as opposed to the prior art, only a single illumination beam is required to illuminate extended object. Examples of objects to be evaluated include biological samples, plastic objects, thin film structures, semiconductor devices, automotive work pieces, airplane components, or a collection of independently vibrating objects, such as multi-pixel MEMS devices, etc.

[0188] The basic approach employs Zernike interferometry (Zernike phase-contrast microscopy) as a broadband 2-d phase detection modality, in conjunction with reference-free, scene-based adaptive optical compensation of propagation distortions. Given the Zernike interferometric approach, in the present case, the object can now be illuminated by an incoherent (in addition to a coherent) source.

[0189] This embodiment provides two remote sensing modalities, each without the need of a coherent reference beam: (1) a path-compensated Zernike image of the object, e.g., a phase-to-intensity mapping of a transparent object; and (2) a path-compensated heterodyne 2-d interferogram of the vibrating object.

[0190] As described below, path distortions (atmospheric turbulence, etc.) are compensated by the object beam itself. Hence, the Zernike interferometer outputs are those of a compensated phase-to-intensity mapped image, free of path distortions, and without the need of an auxiliary reference beam (e.g., a laser, glint, guide star, etc.).

[0191] Recall that this class of vibrometer functions across the entire object with a single illumination beam (limited by the FOV of the system), as opposed to the prior art, the latter of which requires a plurality of beams as point sources to illuminate multiple points along the surface of an object.

[0192] As is the case in FIG. 5, extended regions of an object or a multitude of objects, each with different acoustic or ultrasound signatures, can be illuminated by a single beam, the regions of which can be controlled by varying the FOV of the telescope (or microscope). Moreover, this class of vibrometer compensates for dynamic atmospheric distortions in long-haul scenarios as well as short standoff distances typical of manufacturing or medical environments (the prior art for extended objects and multi-pint interrogation requires a fixed standoff distance and a plurality of vibrometers, fibers or lasers, and does not compensate for static or dynamic path distortions).

[0193] A flow chart depicting this embodiment is shown in FIG. 4. The details of this embodiment’s flow chart are similar to that described in FIG. 4, with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 5, with the following differences:

[0194] The descriptors in 422, 440 and 441 now refer to Zernike images and Zernike interferometry.

[0195] In addition, the algebraic field descriptions in the flow chart [E(x,t) and Io(x,t)], are similar to those earlier referenced with respect to FIG. 4, except now, the functions are typically complex functions, since the object and images can be transparent (or translucent) and hence contain phase factors in general.

[0196] Referring to FIGS. 4 and 6, the output of the Zernike interferometers is detected in two different ways:

[0197] In one case, a path-compensated Zernike image of the phase map corresponding to the object is obtained, as depicted in the flow chart of FIG. 4, callout 441 and FIG. 6, callout 699.

[0198] In the other case, a path-compensated, coherently detected heterodyne, 2-d spatio-temporal Zernike interferogram of the vibrating object is obtained, as depicted in the flow chart of FIG. 4, callout 444 and FIG. 6, callout 698.

[0199] In the former case, this operation is accomplished using an incoherent (or coherent) illumination beam and direct detection of the transparent object. Thus, a reference-free adaptive optical compensated Zernike image 699 is realized, free of path distortions.

[0200] In the latter case, the operation is accomplished using an incoherent (or coherent) illumination beam to realize spatially dependent mapping of a vibrating object via 2-d mapping of the vibrations 698. In the case of heterodyne detection, the vibrations of the object are equivalent to a 2-d set of phase modulators across the object, which can be viewed as a conformal imaging laser Doppler vibrometer (CI-LDV) with reference-free compensation of path distortions.

[0201] In this embodiment, 2-d mapping is realized using a high-speed, high-resolution video detector (e.g., a ccd) 678, with its video output incident upon a multi-channel analyzer 679, thereby revealing whole-body or local vibrations of the transparent object, or constellation of multiple transparent objects, 698.

[0202] Since the system provides scene-based wave front sensing, the system provides for adaptive optical functionality, and path distortions are also compensated, again, using only the image-bearing beam for wave front sensing and reconstruction.

[0203] Referring back to the flow chart of FIG. 4, it is assumed that the object beam 411 traverses a general turbulent atmosphere (413 and 426) between it and the transceiver, 414 and 425. The basic operations of the down-link 410 and the up-link 430 follow those of FIG. 4; recall 410 and 430, and the algebraic expressions of the field at each system function.

[0204] In the case of a general object (amplitude and phase), it is to be understood that the illuminated object field is given as E(x,t) = Io(x,t), where Io(x,t,) is a complex function of x and t. In the case of a phase-only object (e.g., biological samples, transparent or translucent plastic objects), it is to be understood that the illuminated object field is given as E(x,t) = Io(x,t), where Io(x,t,) is a purely imaginary function of x and t.

[0205] Turning now to FIG. 6, details of an exemplary embodiment is shown 600 that enables a SB-WFS adaptive optical system, in conjunction with a Zernike detector, to receive an imaging-bearing beam, compensate for path distortions and to provide spatio-temporal information due to a static (via 699) or vibrating transparent object (698). In either case, an adaptive optical, path-compensated Zernike phase contrast image is obtained for the object 605. In the latter case, a vibration spectrum is provided, as well as a vibration mapping of the vibrational modes at the surface of the object, resulting in an effective adaptive optical, path-compensated conformal image laser Doppler vibrometer (CI-LDV), without the need for a finite array of vibrometers. The effective number of vibrometers in this embodiment is given by the diffraction limit of the imaging system, which can exceed a finite number of vibrometer by orders of magnitude along each dimension, the latter, the case of the prior art.

[0206] In the system 600 a vibrating object 605 is illuminated by an external source (601), which can be a coherent source (e.g., a laser) or an incoherent source (e.g., sunlight, LEDs, etc.) or by the laser in the transceiver, 693. The spatio-temporal vibrations are represented by a spatial phase modulator 607 driven by a spatio-temporal signal 682 [M.sub.D(x,t)] across the object as a whole-body vibration or as a multitude of vibrational modes of a transparent object or constellation of transparent objects 605.

[0207] The goal is two-fold: (1) to obtain a Zernike image of the object 601; and (2) to obtain a spatial mapping of the vibrations of the object, 682, M.sub.D(x,t), the latter via Zernike dynamic interferometry.

[0208] The beam transmitted or reflected by the object emerges as beam 606, which propagates through the atmospheric phase distortions 320, The modulated signal image-bearing signal 606 encounters a spatially and temporally dependent path distortion 320, represented by the phase factor PHI = PHI(x,t), and is incident upon a vibrometer transceiver, comprised of a telescope (or microscope), represented by lenses 330 and 345, and a closed-loop scene-based adaptive optical system, as described with reference to FIG. 5.

[0209] Note that these embodiments and specific descriptions are similar to those of FIG. 5, except, now, as opposed to imaging of an opaque object and its vibrational modes, a Zernike image of transparent or opaque object(s) and its vibrational modes can be processed, as described in the flow chart of FIG. 4 and in what follows herein. The system provides a compensated video image of the Zernike image output 699, as well as a pixelated vibrational mapping 698 of the modes [signal M.sub.D(x,t)] of the object 605.

[0210] In what follows, we succinctly cover the salient points of this embodiment. Other details and descriptions are similar to those in FIG. 5.

[0211] For heuristic considerations, two Zernike interferometers are shown in FIG. 6: one to generate the compensated Zernike image (690) of the object and another to generate the dynamic Zernike interferogram (678). It is to be understood that these two Zernike functions can, in principle, be integrated into a single Zernike interferometer using existing art optical design rules (subject to differences in the functionality of the two interferometers).

[0212] Each Zernike interferometer shown in FIG. 6, is represented by a pair of lenses, with a Zernike plate located at its common focus: The first Zernike interferometer is comprised of lenses 647 and 695, with Zernike phase plate (schematically represented by) 658 at its common focus. The second Zernike interferometer is comprised of lenses 677 and 686, with Zernike plate (schematically represented by) 659 at its common focus.

[0213] One version of a Zernike plate is comprised is a transparent substrate, with its central region (e.g., a dimple) phase shifted by ¼ of a nominal optical wave, relative to the substrate, as is known in the art. Hence, as is known in the art, the Zernike interferometer can function in the face of a broadband optical input.

[0214] In general, the dimple diameter, d, is typically given by the Airy disc diameter. Note also that Zernike interferometers can also be formed using annular phase plates as is known in the art. The phase plates in the figure are therefore representations of a general Zernike interferometer for ease of viewing in the figure. In the present invention, the “effective” diameter, d, of the phase-shifting region is controlled by a servo system (not explicitly shown; as controlled by processor 692 and 678) the function of which is to optimize the contrast ratio (among other parameters and such parameters as the signal-to-noise) of the Zernike interferometer output.

[0215] Returning to FIG. 6, spectral filter 379 can be specified to realize a narrow spectral response, as deemed necessary. The spectral response of filter 379 can be controlled by a feedback loop (not shown) with control parameters determined by processors 377, 692 and 678 to optimize the signal-to-noise figure of the Zernike output. In addition, a polarizer 665 can be placed in the telescope system to define a fixed optical polarization in the receiver to maximize the fringe visibility of the Zernike output (both for the image 690 and for the 2-d heterodyne detector 698).

[0216] The image bearing beam 606 is incident upon beam splitter 365. The transmitted beam 366, in turn, is incident upon scene-based WFS 370 and wave front inverted computational reconstructor 377 that drives tip-tilt compensator (otherwise known as a fast steering mirror) 350 and inverted wave front SLM.sub.2 360 via respective drivers 380 and 381. This forms a closed-loop, scene-based adaptive optical subsystem which, upon convergence, compensates for wavefront distortions 320.

[0217] The now-compensated beam 667 reflected by beam splitter 365 is subsequently reflected by beam splitter 591, emerging as beam 608, which is incident upon Zernike plate 658. The Zernike output beam 608 (formed by lenses 647, 695 and phase plate 658), is collimated by lens 695 and is incident upon video camera 690. The video output 694 of camera 690 is that of a compensated Zernike interferometric mapping of the image-bearing phase object(s), 605. The video output 694 is processed by 692 (e.g., contrast enhancement, edge detection, etc.) whose video output is directed by 672 for viewing of the transparent object in the form of an intensity pattern 699, which is to be compared against the output of the Zernike coherent beam output (spatial vibrational spectrum) 698 to be discussed below. Details of the comparison of processor 679 are typical of image processing algorithms, as is known in the art.

[0218] Another video output of 692, 697, is directed to SLM.sub.1 696 to spatially encode the laser beam 643 with the compensated Zernike spatial information, indicative of that of the object 605, emerging as beam 684. (Details of the laser 693, beam 643, Faraday isolator 641, and beam splitter 640 are similar to corresponding elements of FIG. 5.)

[0219] As is the case with respect to FIG. 5, in the present case, SLM.sub.1 696 and SLM.sub.2 360 each perform different functions, each with different design parameters: SLM.sub.1 696 encodes image-bearing information (in the form of a Zernike output 697) onto the reverse transit beam 684, whose spatial resolution matches that of the object 605, subject to Nyquist conditions (on the order of 1,000 to 10,000 pixels along each dimension).

[0220] On the other hand, SLM.sub.2 360 encodes inverted wave front information (-PHI) onto beam 684, whose spatial resolution matches that of the propagation distortion 320 (on the order of 10 to 100 pixels in each dimension, subject to the Nyquist conditions).

[0221] Returning to FIG. 6, upon encoding beam 643 with SLM.sub.1 696, beam 684 is directed into a reverse direction relative to beam 667 for reverse transit through the inverted wave front encoding SLM.sub.2 360 and tip-tilt compensator 350.

[0222] The beam 684 emerging from the vibrometer [E(x,t,) = Io(x,t)exp(-iPHI)] then propagates in a counter-propagating direction with respect to the initial image bearing beam 606, then, through the path distortion 320 [exp(+iPHI)], emerging as a compensated wave front image-bearing beam 684 [E(x,t,) = Io(x,t)], which is then incident upon object 605 thereby illuminating the object with a diffraction-limited image. The sequence subsequently repeats for a following iteration through the system, via path 428 (recall, FIG. 4).

[0223] Returning to FIG. 6, a fraction of the compensated image-bearing beam 667 reflects from beam splitter 574 as beam 683, which is incident upon a second Zernike interferometer, comprised of phase plate 659, bounded by lenses 647 and 686. The output of this second Zernike is collimated and is incident upon a high-resolution, high-speed, large-area 2-d video camera (e.g., a high-speed ccd) 678. The output of this second Zernike interferometer from lens 686 is incident upon a large-area video camera (e.g., a high-speed ccd) 678.

[0224] Also, incident upon camera 678 is a local oscillator beam 689 (shown as dashed lines in FIG. 6). The local oscillator is similar to that described in FIG. 5, and, in this case, 673 (in the form of a Bragg grating, acousto-optical modulator or equivalent) generates the frequency offset for the local oscillator beam 689. Recall that laser 693 beam 643 propagates through Faraday isolator 641 and reflects off beam splitter 640 as beam 689. The Faraday isolators prevent spurious reflections from destabilizing the laser 693. The local oscillator beam 689 (dashed lines) is then incident upon a Zernike interferometer, formed by lenses 677 and 686 with Zernike phase plate, represented by 659 (Note that local oscillator beam 689 can also be coupled onto detector 678 using beam splitters downstream of lens 686, as deemed necessary.) The beam waist of the local oscillator beam 689 is greater than that of signal beam 683 to assure overlap of the signal beam across the entire coherent detector active area of 678.

[0225] This output 698 corresponds to a high-speed interferogram of the spatial vibrational modes of the object, which can be superimposed on a compensated image 699 for comparative reasons of the illuminated object 605 and modulation information 682.

[0226] A multi-channel processor 679 yields the surface vibrations, accelerations or displacements from the illuminated object 605 at each spatially resolvable location, within the FOV of the telescope system lenses 330, 345 and 347. The resultant data can be compared to the compensated image 699 for a detailed mapping analysis. Conventional image processing algorithms can also be implemented for this operation, as is known in the art. The pixelated mapping of the vibrational modes is given by signal 698 M.sub.D(x,t). This system is equivalent to an adaptive optical, reference-free, compensated, conformal-imaging laser Doppler vibrometer (CI-LDV) using a scene-based WFS.

[0227] As opposed to the prior art, the path distortions are compensated, the object can be illuminated by a single (coherent or incoherent) beam, independent of standoff distances and the vibrations are revealed at pixel locations determined by the number of diffraction-limited pixels across the surface and not by a finite number of laser vibrometers (and associated fixtures), the latter constraint of which is in the prior art.

[0228] The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments disclosed were meant only to explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best use the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications suited to the particular use contemplated.

[0229] As an example, the system can be used to service other portions of the spectrum, from the ultraviolet to the infrared to mm wave and below, with application to radars, hyperspectral imaging, among others. Dual-conjugate optical systems can be implemented to simultaneously correct for near-field aberrations (e.g., turbulent boundary layers) and far-field aberrations (e.g., distributed atmospheric turbulence). Moreover, different classes of wave front-error sensors can be used in place of the Shack-Hartmann WFS, such as a pyramid WFS. Furthermore, acoustic analogs of this system can be realized, with application to medical and nondestructive evaluation of materials, among others.

[0230] It is to be appreciated that the compensated optical imaging system can be implemented to service a variety of imaging-based applications beyond atmospheric viewing systems. Hence, when the basic imaging system is referred to as a telescope, it is to be understood that the present teachings and embodiments can also be applied, without loss of generality, to compensated microscopy systems, speckle imaging, ophthalmological systems, communications systems, and the distortion path is referred to as a dynamic atmosphere, ultrasound imaging systems and so on. Moreover, optical reflective as well as optical transmissive elements can be implemented in the above-mentioned embodiments.

[0231] Similarly, when the distortion path that imposed the wave front distortions to be compensated is referred to as a dynamic atmosphere, it is to be understood that the teachings can also be applied, without loss of generality, to a correct for propagation-path distortions such as those experienced by imperfect optical elements, and static and/or dynamic distortions due to propagation through, or scattered from, ocular systems, skin tissue, clouds, turbid liquids, industrial environments, and so on. The scene-based (Shack-Hartmann) wave-front sensor could also be used in a post-processing scheme such as deconvolution or to augment speckle imaging.

[0232] It is also understood that the teachings herein can apply to guided-wave implementations of the present invention, given the state-of-the-art in optical fiber devices including, but not limited to, modulators, Faraday rotators and isolators, polarizers, sensors, fiber couplers and splitters, photonic crystal fibers, holey fibers, diode-pumped fiber lasers, amplifiers, Raman fiber amplifiers and MEMS devices. Fiber realizations can also be employed in place of bulk optical elements.

[0233] Furthermore, it is also to be understood that the teachings described herein can also enable reference-free compensated imaging and beam delivery for systems that operate in other regions of the electro-magnetic spectrum. As an example, precision compensated imaging over propagation-path distortions in the THz regime can be realized by employing appropriate THz detectors, sources, and beam forming components (THz sensors, imagers, diffraction gratings, photonic crystals, modulators, etc.) analogous to those in the optical embodiments. In addition, it is to be appreciated that the extension of the techniques taught herein can also apply to acoustic and ultrasonic reference-free imaging and beam forming systems through acoustic-based distortion paths.

[0234] The possibility of modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art. No limitation is intended by the description of exemplary embodiments which may have included tolerances, feature dimensions, specific operating conditions, engineering specifications, or the like, and which may vary between implementations or with changes to the state of the art, and no limitation should be implied therefrom. Applicant has made this disclosure with respect to the current state of the art, but also contemplates advancements and that adaptations in the future may take into consideration of those advancements, namely in accordance with the then current state of the art. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the Claims as written and equivalents as applicable. Reference to a claim element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated. Moreover, no element, component, nor method or process step in this disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or step is explicitly recited in the Claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. Section 112, as it exists on the date of filing hereof, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for ... ” and no method or process step herein is to be construed under those provisions unless the step, or steps, are expressly recited using the phrase “comprising the step(s) of .... ”

[0235] The foregoing Detailed Description of exemplary and preferred embodiments is presented for purposes of illustration and disclosure in accordance with the requirements of the law. It is not intended to be exhaustive nor to limit the invention to the precise form(s) described, but only to enable others skilled in the art to understand how the invention may be suited for a particular use or implementation.

[0236] The scope of the invention is to be defined by the following claims.