GRAY CAST IRON INOCULANT

Abstract

A ferrosilicon inoculant for gray cast iron containing between 0.1 to 10% by weight strontium, less than 0.35% by weight calcium, 1.5 to 10% by weight aluminum and 0.1 to 15% zirconium, The inoculant, method for producing the inoculant, method for inoculating the melt and a gray cast iron inoculated with the inoculant are covered.

Claims

1. A ferrosilicon inoculant for cast iron consisting essentially of about 15 to 90% by weight silicon; about 0.1 to 10% by weight strontium; less than about 0.35% by weight calcium; about 1.5 to 10.0% by weight aluminum; about 0.1 to 15% by weight zirconium, and a balance of iron, with residual impurities in the ordinary amount.

2. The ferrosilicon inoculant according to claim 1, wherein the silicon is present in an amount of about 40 to 80% by weight.

3. The ferrosilicon inoculant according to claim 1, wherein the aluminum is present in about 2-6% by weight.

4. The ferrosilicon inoculant according to claim 1, wherein the aluminum is present in about 2-4% by weight.

5. A method for inoculating gray cast iron comprising adding the ferrosilicon inoculant of claim 1 to molten cast iron.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein no other inoculant is added to the molten gray cast iron in the transfer ladle.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein no other inoculant is added to the molten gray cast iron in the pouring unit.

8. The method of claim 5, wherein no other inoculant is added to the molten gray cast iron in the pouring stream to the mold.

9. The method of claim 5, wherein a single addition of the ferrosilicon inoculant of claim 1 is made to the molten cast iron in the poring unit during the casting process.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] FIGS. 1 A, C, E and G show the results with 0.006% aluminum in the cast iron.

[0023] FIGS. 1 B, D, F and H show the result with 0.012% aluminum in the cast iron.

[0024] FIG. 2 shows the pouring unit with low hours on it.

[0025] FIG. 3 shows the pouring unit with slag build-up.

[0026] FIG. 4 shows pouring unit with low slag build-up when inoculant according to the invention is used.

[0027] FIG. 5 shows another pouring unit with low slag build-up when inoculant according to the invention is used

[0028] FIG. 6 shows how inoculants are generally added to cast iron.

[0029] FIG. 7 shows phase diagrams for slag compositions according to prior art and according to the invention.

[0030] FIG. 8 shows tensile strength for cast iron samples inoculated with inoculant described in Example 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0031] It was been found that the aluminum content in the inoculant should be about 1.5 to 10.0% by weight and more preferably about 2 to 6% by weight.

[0032] In accordance with the present invention, the strontium content in the inoculant of the present invention should be between about 0.1 to 10% by weight. Preferably the inoculant contains about 0.4 to 4% by weight strontium content or between about 0.4 to 1% by weight. A good commercial inoculant has about 1% by weight strontium.

[0033] In accordance with the present invention, the amount of zirconium should be between 0.1 to 15% and preferably between about 0.1 to 10%. Best results will be obtained with a zirconium content of about 0.5 to 2.5%.

[0034] Also in accordance with the present invention, the calcium content must not exceed about 0.35% and preferably is below about 0.15%. Best results are obtained when the calcium content is below about 0.1%.

[0035] The amount of silicon in the inoculant should be about 15 to 90% and preferably about 40 to 80% by weight of inoculant.

[0036] The balance of the inoculant is iron with residual impurities in the ordinary amount.

[0037] The inoculant of the present invention can be made in any conventional manner with conventional raw materials. Generally, a molten bath of ferrosilicon is formed to which a strontium metal or strontium silicide is added along with an aluminum rich material, and a zirconium-rich material; titanium-rich material or both. Preferably, a submerged arc furnace is used to produce a molten bath of ferrosilicon. The calcium content of this bath is conventionally adjusted to drop the calcium content to below the 0.35% by weight level. To this is added aluminum, strontium metal or strontium silicide and a zirconium-rich material. The additions of aluminum, the strontium metal or strontium silicide, zirconium-rich material to the melt are accomplished in any conventional manner. The melt is then cast and solidified in a conventional manner.

[0038] The solid inoculant is then crushed in a conventional manner to facilitate its addition to the cast iron melt. The size of the crushed inoculant will be determined by the method of inoculation, for example, inoculant crushed for use in ladle inoculation is larger than the inoculant crushed for stream inoculation. Acceptable results for ladle inoculation is found when the solid inoculant is crushed to a size of about ⅜ inch by down.

[0039] An alternative way to make the inoculant is to layer into a reaction vessel silicon, iron, strontium metal or strontium silicide, aluminum and zirconium-rich material and then melt it to form a molten bath. The molten bath is then solidified and crushed as disclosed above.

[0040] The base alloy for the inoculant is preferably ferrosilicon which can be obtained in any conventional manner such as forming a melt of quartz and scrap iron in a conventional manner, however, it is also possible to use already formed ferrosilicon or silicon metal and iron.

[0041] The silicon content in the inoculant is about 15% to 90% a by weight and preferably about 40% by weight to 80% by weight. When the inoculant is made from a base alloy of ferrosilicon, the remaining percent or balance after all other elements is iron.

[0042] Calcium will normally be present in the quartz, ferrosilicon and other additives such that the calcium content of the molten alloy will generally be greater than about 0.35%. Consequently, the calcium content of the alloy will have to be adjusted down so that the inoculant will have a calcium content within the specified range. This adjustment is done in a conventional manner.

[0043] The aluminum is added to the inoculant after calcium has been removed.

[0044] The exact chemical form or structure of the strontium in the inoculant is not precisely known. It is believed that the strontium is present in the inoculant in the form of strontium silicide (SrSi.sub.2) when the inoculant is made from a molten bath of the various constituents. However, it is believed that acceptable forms of strontium in the inoculant are strontium metal and strontium silicide no matter how the inoculant is formed.

[0045] Strontium metal is not easily extracted from its principal ores, Strontianite, strontium carbonate, (SrCO.sub.3) and Celesite, strontium sulfate, (SrSO.sub.4). It is not economically practical to use strontium metal during the production process of the inoculant and it is preferred that the inoculant is made with strontium ore.

[0046] U.S. Pat. No. 3,333,954 discloses a convenient method for making a silicon bearing inoculant containing acceptable forms of strontium wherein the source of strontium is strontium carbonate or strontium sulfate. The carbonate and sulfate are added to a molten bath of ferrosilicon. The addition of the sulfate is accomplished by the further addition of a flux. A carbonate of an alkali metal, sodium hydroxide and borax are disclosed as appropriate fluxes. The method of the '954 patent encompasses adding a strontium-rich material to a molten ferrosilicon low in calcium at a sufficient temperature and for a sufficient period of time to cause the desired amount of strontium to enter the ferrosilicon. U.S. Pat. No. 3,333,954 is incorporated herein by reference and discloses a suitable way to prepare a silicon-bearing inoculant containing strontium to which an aluminum rich material is added and either a zirconium-rich material, a titanium-rich material or both can be added to form the inoculant of the present invention. The addition of the aluminum rich material and zirconium-rich material, titanium-rich material or both can be accomplished by adding these materials to the molten bath of ferrosilicon either before, after or during the addition of the strontium-rich material. The addition of the aluminum rich material and the zirconium-rich material, titanium-rich material or both is accomplished in any conventional manner.

[0047] There are the normal amount of trace elements or residual impurities in the finished inoculant. It is preferred that the amount of residual impurities be kept low in the inoculant.

[0048] In the specification and claims, the percent of the elements are weight percent based on the solidified final product inoculant unless otherwise specified.

[0049] It is preferred that the inoculant be formed from a molten mixture of the different constituents as described heretofore, however, some improvement in chill depth is experienced by making the inoculant of the present invention in the form of a dry mix or briquette that includes all of the constituents without forming a molten mix of the constituents. It is also possible to use two or three of the constituents in an alloy and then add the other constituents either in a dry form or as briquettes to the molten iron bath to be treated. Thus, it is within the scope of this invention to form silicon-bearing inoculant containing strontium and use it with an aluminum, and a zirconium-rich material.

[0050] The addition of the inoculant to the cast iron is accomplished in any conventional manner. For example, as provided in FIG. 6 the inoculant can be added to the transfer ladle, to the pouring unit (2), to the stream of cast iron (3) as it enters the mold, and using an insert placed inside the mold runner system.

[0051] Preferably the inoculant is added as close to final casting as possible. Typically, ladle and stream inoculation are used to obtain very good results. Mold inoculation may also be used. Stream inoculation is the addition of the inoculant to molten stream as it is poured into the mold.

[0052] The amount of inoculant to add will vary and conventional procedures can be used to determine the amount of inoculant to add. Acceptable results have been found by adding between 0.3 and 0.6% inoculant based on the weight of cast iron when using ladle inoculation.

[0053] Although the discussion heretofore has dealt primarily with the addition of the inoculant of the present invention to cast iron to produce gray cast iron, it is likewise possible to add the inoculant of the present invention to reduce chill in ductile iron.

[0054] The following examples illustrate the present invention.

EXAMPLES

[0055] It is readily apparent that the inoculants of the present invention produces far superior results to that of the conventional commercial inoculant or to the untreated sample.

[0056] It will be understood that the preferred embodiments of the present invention herein chosen for the purpose of illustration are intended to cover all changes and modifications of the preferred embodiments of the present invention which do not constitute a departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Example 1

[0057] First rounds of testing used an inoculant according to the present invention containing 2% by weight aluminum in the alloy. Iron castings were produced with acceptable levels of carbides and slag buildup was not a problem. Below is a round of testing showing the difference between final aluminum of 0.006% and 0.012% Al in the cast iron, with the former being fully carbidic and the latter having carbide free or only trace amounts of carbide which is acceptable in this casting. No other significant changes were made to the process. FIG. 1 illustrates the results. No carbides were found in samples A and E inoculated with the inoculant according to the present invention. As can be seen from samples B and F in FIG. 1 the cast iron structure contains carbide.

Example 2

[0058] The occurrence of a hard slag buildup developed shortly after adding an inoculant (Alinoc®) with a calcium content of 0.5 to 1.5%, mainly occurring under the iron level on the walls of the pouring unit leading to shortened life and extra cleaning costs. FIG. 2 illustrates a pouring unit with low hours of use, while FIG. 3 illustrates a pouring unit with build-up of slag on the sidewalls when Alinoc® inoculant where added to the transfer ladle and Superseed® Extra inoculant with Al content <0.5% by weight were added to the pouring unit.

[0059] One test was done with inoculating the cast iron melt with Superseed® Extra inoculant with Al content <0.5% by weight and with the inoculant according to the present invention together with Superseed® Extra inoculant with Al content <0.5% by weight. As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 little or no slag build-up was found in the pouring unit.

[0060] Since molten cast-iron and slag coexists it was desirable to look at the chemistry of the slag in pouring unit. A baseline was taken to approximate what occurs when no Alinoc® inoculant is used in the transfer ladle and 0.5% by weight Superseed® Extra inoculant with Al content <0.5% by weight is added to the cast iron in the transfer ladle (Base line). One sample were taken with the revised process (0.125% Alinoc® inoculant and 0.375% Superseed® Extra inoculant with <0.5% by weight Al) (Sample 2015) and one sample were taken with the use of the inoculant according to the present invention containing 2% by weight aluminum. (Sample 2016) Samples were taken from the pouring unit just after transfer of new iron. The slag compositions are shown in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Slag compositions Composition range for slag found in Pouring Unit SiO.sub.2 FeO + MnO Al.sub.2O.sub.3 CaO + SrO + MgO Base line 45 25-30 15-20 6-10 2015 45 25-30 16-23 8-11 2016 29-38 30-35 15-18 13-18 

[0061] As can be seen from Table 1, the Base line slag and the 2015 slag have about the same compositions. The slag from the Sample 2016 using the inoculant of the present invention is, however, lower in SiO.sub.2 and higher in FeO and MnO. The slag compositions for Sample 2015 and Sample 2016 were plotted in a phase diagram for SiO.sub.2, CaO and Al.sub.2O.sub.3 for 30% FeO. The results are shown in FIG. 7. The slag compositions are shown as red marked triangles in the phase diagrams. It can be seen from FIG. 7 that the composition of the slag has moved from tridymite in the Sample 2015 towards a slag richer in FeO and Al.sub.2O.sub.3 for Sample 2016 inoculated with the inoculant according to the invention. Sample 2016 slag composition provides a less hard and less tough slag that is easier to remove than the tridymite slag of Sample 2015.

[0062] This change in slag composition is most likely related to the change in inoculation system, which has shifted the slag composition to be richer in Al, Sr and Zr and effectively moved the slag composition away from Tridymite.

[0063] The needed aluminum can be added to inoculating alloys such as Superseed® Extra inoculant in concentrations that provide efficient means to get the needed aluminum levels in the liquid gray iron to improve iron quality. Slag generation due to this method of aluminum addition will be reduced and provide a chemistry that is more easily dealt with. By combining the aluminum addition with the inoculation step a more economical solution is also possible.

[0064] The addition of Alinoc® inoculant; however, introduces calcium as well which led to slag build up problems. A study of the slags showed that calcium had shifted to a slag that caused faster slag build-up in the pouring unit. A batch of Superseed® Extra inoculant with 2% aluminum was produced and run with no problems with slag build up while still maintaining the improved microstructures.

[0065] In a two-step process, inoculating agents are added in two places, generally to the transfer ladle as it is filled and in the pouring stream when the mold is filled to produce the casting. On the other hand, a one-step process according to the invention, the inoculating agent is added only in one place, such as in the transfer ladle as it is filled.

[0066] Slag control in iron transfer vessels and pouring units is a constant problem foundries deal with every day and by adding additional elements, such as calcium in the Alinoc® inoculant, the slag chemistry is affected. The chemistry change produces heavy slag buildup that is very hard to remove. Using the inoculant of the present invention with increased aluminum content, the aluminum input can be controlled without the input of calcium creating the slag buildup.

Example 3

[0067] Two different inoculants according to the invention were produced.

[0068] Inoculant A had the following composition: 73.1% by weight Si, 1.94% by weight Al, 0.10% by weight Ca, 1.19% by weight Zr, 0.99% by weight Sr, the remaining being Fe.

[0069] Inoculant B had the following composition: 71.3% by weight Si, 4.4% by weight Al, 0.085 Ca, 1.27% by weight Zr, 0.98% by weight Sr, the remaining being iron.

[0070] Inoculant A according to the invention was added to a cast iron melt in the pouring ladle as the only inoculant in an amount of 0.3% by weight based on the weight of the base cast iron and Inoculant B was added to a cast iron melt in the pouring ladle as the only inoculant in an amount of 0.3% by weight based on the weight of the base cast iron.

[0071] For comparison purposes the base cast iron was inoculated with Superseed® Extra inoculant containing less than 0.5% by weight Al, denoted Inoculant C.

[0072] The base cast iron had the following composition: 3.45° % by weight C, 1.82% by weight Si, 0.071% by weight S, 0.049% by weight P, 0.0039% by weight.

[0073] The final compositions of the cast irons inoculated with Inoculant A, Inoculant B and prior art Inoculant C are shown in Table 2.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Final iron (wt %) Element C % Si % S % P % Mn % Ti % Al % Cr % Sn % Sb % Cu % Target 3.35 ± 2.05 ± 0.20 0.070 ± 0.050 ± 0.015 0.60 ± Max 0.0030 0.13 ± 0.010 0.12 ± 0.02 0.057 ± 0.013 0.50 ± 0.05 0.20 0.005 0.10 0.010 Inoculant B 3.32 2.00 0.072 0.051 0.59 0.004 0.012 0.14 0.12 0.057 0.51 Inoculant A 3.42 2.01 0.071 0.050 0.59 0.004 0.0068 0.14 0.12 0.057 0.51 Inoculant B 3.44 1.98 0.071 0.051 0.59 0.004 0.0117 0.14 0.12 0.058 0.51 Inoculant C 3.44 2.07 0.071 0.048 0.59 0.004 0.0036 0.14 0.12 0.056 0.50 Inoculant A 3.42 2.04 0.072 0.050 0.59 0.004 0.0066 0.14 0.12 0.058 0.51

[0074] The aim was to obtain a target level of at least 0.010% by weight aluminum in the final cast iron as well as low chill and good mechanical properties. As can be seen from Table 3, the targeted aluminum content was obtained by the addition of Inoculant B containing 4.4% by weight aluminum. The addition of Inoculant A in an amount of 0.3% based on the cast iron did not reach the target aluminum content. In order to reach the target aluminum content more than 0.3 of Inoculant A have to be added. Inoculant C according to the prior art did, as expected, not provide any increase in the aluminum content of the cast iron.

[0075] Wedges were cast to determine chill depth for the casting inoculated with Inoculant A, Inoculant B and Inoculant C. The results are shown in Table 4.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 4 Inoculant Chill, mm Chill, mm Comment Inoculant B 2.1 2 Hint of carbides in upper corners Inoculant A 1.9 2 Hint of carbides in upper corners Inoculant B 1.4 1 Hint of carbides in upper corners Inoculant A 3.5 4 Hint of carbides in upper corners Inoculant C 2.5 3 Hint of carbides in upper corners

[0076] From Table 4 it can be seen that Inoculant B with an aluminum content of 4.4% by weight based on the weight of base iron resulted in a very low chill depth.

[0077] Tensile strength were measured for the cast irons inoculated with Inoculant A, Inoculant B and prior art Inoculant C. The results for yield strength and ultimate strength are shown in FIG. 8.

[0078] It can be seen from FIG. 8 that the cast irons inoculated with Inoculant B have appreciably higher yield strength and ultimate strength than the cast irons inoculated with Inoculant A, while the cast iron inoculated with prior art Inoculant C showed the lowest yield strength and ultimate strength.