Pharmaceutical compositions and preparations for administration to the eye

Abstract

Compounds comprising R-G-Cysteic Acid (i.e., R-G-NH—CH(CH.sub.2—SO.sub.3H)COOH or Arg-Gly-NH—CH(CH.sub.2—SO.sub.3H)COOH) and derivatives thereof, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, stereoisomers, multimers, cyclic forms, linear forms, drug-conjugates, pro-drugs and their derivatives. Also disclosed are methods for making and using such compounds including methods for inhibiting cellular adhesion to RGD binding sites or delivering other diagnostic or therapeutic agents to RGD binding sites in human or animal subjects.

Claims

1. A pharmaceutical composition for administration to an eye of a human or non-human animal subject, said pharmaceutical composition comprising: a peptide, said peptide comprising Glycinyl-Arginyl-Glycinyl-Cysteic Acid-Threonyl-Proline-COOH (SEQ ID NO:2) or having the formula:
X1-R-G-Cysteic Acid-X where X and X1 are independently selected from: Phe-Val-Ala, Phe-Leu-Ala, Phe-Val-Gly, Phe-Leu-Gly, Phe-Pro-Gly, Phe-Pro-Ala, Phe-Val; or from Arg, Gly, Cysteic, Phe, Val, Ala, Leu, Pro, Thr and salts, combinations, D-isomers and L-isomers thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

2. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 wherein the peptide consists of a hexapeptide having the structural formula (SEQ ID NO:2): ##STR00017##

3. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 wherein the peptide comprises Glycine-Arginine-Glycine-Cysteic Acid-Threonine-Proline-COOH (SEQ ID NO:2).

4. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 wherein the peptide is linear.

5. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 wherein the peptide is cyclic.

6. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 wherein the peptide is a hexapeptide.

7. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises water and at least one additional component selected from: sodium chloride; potassium chloride; calcium chloride, calcium chloride dehydrate; magnesium chloride; magnesium chloride hexahydrate; basic salt solution (BSS); buffers; phosphate buffer; borate buffer; citric acid; boric acid; ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); hyaluronic acid; polyethylene glycol; carboxymethyl cellulose; alginic acid; sodium alginate and preservatives.

8. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 comprising a liquid.

9. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 comprising a gel.

10. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 comprising a suspension.

11. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 comprising a nanoparticles.

12. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 comprising a liposomes.

13. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 which is suitable for intravitreal injection into the eye.

14. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13 wherein the peptide is a hexapeptide.

15. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13 wherein the peptide comprises Glycine-Arginine-Glycine-Cysteic Acid-Threonine-Proline-COOH (SEQ ID NO:2) in a concentration of at least 0.0001 mg per 100 ml of the pharmaceutical composition.

16. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 which is suitable for topical administration to the eye.

17. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16 wherein the peptide is a hexapeptide.

18. A pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 16 wherein the peptide has the formula (SEQ ID NO:2): ##STR00018##

19. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising a solution for intravitreal injection into an eye of a human or non-human animal subject, said solution comprising: a peptide which comprises Glycine-Arginine-Glycine-Cysteic Acid-Threonine-Proline-COOH (SEQ ID NO:2); and at least one component selected from: water, sodium chloride; potassium chloride; calcium chloride, calcium chloride dihydrate; magnesium chloride; magnesium chloride hexahydrate; and basic salt solution (BSS).

20. A pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 19 further comprising a buffer.

21. A pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 20 wherein the buffer comprises at least one of: phosphate buffer and borate buffer.

22. A pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 19 further comprising: at least one component selected from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); hyaluronic acid; carboxymethyl cellulose; polyethylene glycol; alginic acid and sodium alginate.

23. A pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 19 further comprising a preservative.

24. A pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 19 further comprising: a buffer; at least one component selected from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); hyaluronic acid; carboxymethyl cellulose; polyethylene glycol; alginic acid; sodium alginate; and a preservative.

25. A pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 19 wherein the peptide is a hexapeptide.

26. A pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 19 wherein the peptide is linear.

27. A pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 19 wherein the peptide has the formula (SEQ ID NO:2): ##STR00019##

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

(1) FIG. 1 shows the effect of three peptides, namely, cyclic-RGD-peptide, R-G-Cysteic acid peptide (Compound 1) (SEQ ID NO: 2) and RGE peptide, on the kinetics of wound healing;

(2) FIG. 2 shows and HPLC chromatogram of R-G-Cysteic acid peptide (Compound 1) (SEQ ID NO: 2);

(3) FIG. 3 shows an Electrospray mass chromatogram of R-G-Cysteic acid (Compound 1) (SEQ ID NO: 2);

(4) FIG. 4 shows and HPLC chromatogram of cyclic R-G-Cysteic acid peptide (Compound 2) (SEQ ID NO: 1); and

(5) FIG. 5 shows an Electrospray mass chromatogram of cyclic R-G-Cysteic acid peptide (Compound 2) (SEQ ID NO: 1).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND EXAMPLES

(6) The present invention provides novel compounds, including those of General Formulas I through VII above. Specific examples include linear form of Arg-Gly-NH—CH(CH.sub.2—SO.sub.3H)COOH (example referred to herein as Compound 1) (SEQ ID NO: 2) and cyclic form of Arg-Gly-NH—CH(CH.sub.2—SO.sub.3H)COOH) (example referred to herein as Compound 2) (SEQ ID NO: 1); as well as derivatives thereof, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, stereoisomers, multimers, cyclic forms, linear forms, multimeric forms, drug conjugates, pro-drugs and their derivatives.

Synthesis of Compounds 1 and 2

(7) Conventional solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS; see R. B. Merrifield, J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1963) 85 (14): 2149-2154) known to a person of ordinary skill in the art maybe carried out. The SPPS is a preferred method of synthesis because of the high yields. In general, the first stage of the solid phase peptide synthesis technique consists of peptide chain assembly with protected amino acid derivatives on a polymeric support. The second stage of the technique is the cleavage of the peptide from the resin support with the concurrent cleavage of all side chain protecting groups to give the crude free peptide. The general principle of SPPS is one of repeated cycles of coupling-deprotection. The free N-terminal amine of a solid-phase attached peptide is coupled to a single N-protected amino acid unit. This unit is then deprotected, revealing a new N-terminal amine to which a further amino acid may be attached. See Asymmetric Synthesis by Von G. M. Coppola and H. F. Schuster; John Wiley & Sons, New York 1987 for synthesis, protection and deprotection strategies and Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis by Peter G. M. Wuts and Theodora W. Greene, (2nd edition) J. Wiley & Sons, 1991. for protection and deprotection strategies.

(8) Of the two major used forms of solid phase peptide synthesis—Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl; base labile alpha-amino protecting group) and t-Boc (t-butyloxycarbonyl; acid labile protecting group), Fmoc may be used preferably in the synthesis of the present peptides. Each method involves different resins and amino acid side-chain protection and consequent cleavage/deprotection steps. After cleavage from the resin, peptides are usually purified by reverse phase HPLC using columns such as C-18, C-8, and C-4.

(9) An Example of Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis

(10) The following is an outline of the synthetic steps for peptide synthesis on Wang resin as the solid support, using the base labile 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protecting group.

(11) Fmoc Deprotection

(12) Load 0.08 mmol of Fmoc-Pro-Wang resin into a fritted column equipped with a plastic cap. Wash the resin with 2×3-ml portions of DMF (dimethylformamide) for 1 minute each. Next, add about 3 ml of 20% piperidine in DMF and allow the Fmoc deprotection to continue for 15 minutes. During this time, gently swirl or agitate the column to assure a complete mixing. After the reaction is complete (about 15 min.), drain the reaction column and wash the resin again with DMF (4×3 ml).

(13) Amide Bond Coupling

(14) The desired Fmoc-protected amino acid, Fmoc-Thr-tBu, (3 eq.; relative to resin loading indicated by supplier) and DIEA (6 eq.) in DCM (0.5 M with respect to the amino acid) are then added to the resin. The mixture is cooled at −20° C. for 20 minutes. Next, benzotriazol-1-yl-oxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP), a peptide coupling reagent used in solid phase peptide synthesis (3 eq.) is added to the reaction. After shaking at −20° C. for 8 hours, the reaction mixture is drained and the resin is washed with DCM (3×).

(15) After the Fmoc deprotection using 20% piperdine in DMF (15 min) and the wash with DMF (3×), the next Fmoc protected amino acid (3eq.; relative to resin loading), PyBop (is coupled in the same manner as above.

(16) Cleavage

(17) In order obtain the peptide in the free acid form, the ester linkage is cleaved using strongly acidic conditions such as TFA (trifluoroacetic acid). Treat the resin with 2-3 ml of a solution of trifluoroacetic acid and water 95:5. Gently agitate the resin over a period of 25 minutes. Next, drain the column and carefully collect the filtrate into a glass collection vessel.

Synthesis of Compound 1 (GRG Cysteic Acid TP)(SEQ ID NO: 2)

(18) ##STR00008##
Step 1. Resin Loading: An o-chlorotrityl resin preloaded with proline is used as the starting material.
Step 2. Peptide assembly: Fmoc synthesis is used to assemble the peptide. Protected amino acids are activated with PyBOP and the terminal Fmoc groups removed with 20% piperidine in DMF. The following protected amino acids are used in the order in the order in which they appear:

(19) a. Fmoc-Thr-tBu (Fmoc threonine-t-butyl ester)

(20) b. Fmoc-cysteic acid-Pfp (Fmoc cysteic acid-pentafluorophenyl ester)

(21) c. Fmoc-Gly (Fmoc glycine)

(22) d. Fmoc-Arg-Pbf (N.sub.α-Fmoc-Nω-(2,2,4,6,7 pentamethyldihydrobenzofuran-5-sulfonyl)-L-arginine)

(23) e. Fmoc-Gly (Fmoc glycine)

(24) Step 3. Peptide cleavage from Resin: The resulting peptide is cleaved from the solid support and the protecting groups removed with a solution of 85.5% TFA, 5% phenol, 2% water, 5% thioanisole, and 2.5% ethanedithiol.

(25) Step 4. Purification: High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), is used to purify the resulting RGC peptides.

(26) A quantity of Compound 1, prepared as described above, was analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography to be >98% area/area in purity [HPLC conditions: Buffer A: 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water, Buffer B:0.1% TFA in acetonitrile, Mobile Phase(MP) A: 97% Buffer A and 3% Buffer B, Mobile Phase B: 79% Buffer A and 21% Buffer B, Mobile Phase C: 50% Buffer A and 50% Buffer B; for gradient see Table 1 below; flow rate: 1.0 mL/minute; column: Waters Symmetry® C18, 5μ, 4.6×250 mm; column temperature: 30° C.; detector: UV@220 nm; sample injection volume: 20.0 μL; sample preparation: 20 μL sample diluted with 1.0 mL Mobile Phase A (approximately 0.5 mg/mL)]. The corresponding HPLC chromatogram is shown in FIG. 2. In addition, based on the stepwise addition of the corresponding amino acids for the synthesis of the peptide sequence, the molecular weight of purified Compound 1 was determined by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry to be 638.3 amu (theoretical mass: 637.7 amu), confirming the identity of Compound 1. The Electrospray mass spectrogram of Compound 1 is shown in FIG. 3.

(27) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Pump Gradient Program to detect Compound 1 by HPLC Pump Gradient Program Step Time % MP A % MP B % MP C 0 0.1 min  100 0 0 1 60 min 0 100 0 2 20 min 0 0 100 3 15 min 100 0 0

Synthesis of Compound 2 (Cyclo-RGCysteic Acid fN(CH.SUB.3.)V) (SEQ ID NO: 1)

(28) ##STR00009##
Step 1. Loading Resin: An o-chlorotrityl resin is used as the starting material. Fmoc-N-methyl-L-Val is attached to the resin.
Step 2. Peptide Assembly: 2. Fmoc synthesis is used for the peptide assembly. Protected amino acids are activated with PyBOP and the terminal Fmoc groups removed with 20% piperidine in DMF. The following protected amino acids are used in the order in which they appear:

(29) a. Fmoc-Phe (Fmoc-phenyl alanine)

(30) b. Fmoc-cysteic acid-PfP (Fmoc-cysteic acid pentafluorophenyl ester)

(31) c. Fmoc-Gly (Fmoc-glycine)

(32) d. Fmoc-Arg-Pbf (N.sub.α-Fmoc-Nω-(2,2,4,6,7 pentamethyldihydrobenzofuran-5-sulfonyl)-L-arginine)

(33) Step 3. Peptide cleavage from resin: The peptide is cleaved from the solid support using acetic acid/TFA/DCM (1:3:3)

(34) Step 4. Cyclization and deprotection to desired cyclic peptide: Cyclization via in situ activation using diphenylphosphorylazide and sodium bicarbonate under high dilution. The side chains are deprotected using 85.5% TFA, 5% phenol, 2% water, 5% thioanisole, 2.5% ethanedithiol.
Step 5. Purification: HPLC is used for purification.
A quantity of Compound 2, prepared as described above was analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography to be >99% area/area in purity (HPLC conditions: Mobile Phase A: 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water, B: 0.1% TFA in (80% acetonitrile plus 20% water); gradient 26% to 36% B in 20 minutes; flow rate: 1.0 mL/minute; column:Phenomenex C18(2) 4.6×150 mm, 5μ, 100 A; detector: UV@220 nm; sample injection volume: 100.0 μL). The corresponding HPLC chromatogram is shown in FIG. 4. In addition, based on the stepwise addition of the corresponding amino acids for the synthesis of the peptide sequence, the molecular weight of purified Compound 2 was determined by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry to be 625.3 amu (theoretical mass: 625.77 amu), confirming the identity of Compound 2. The Electrospray mass spectrogram of Compound 2 is shown in FIG. 5.

Methods for Inhibiting Cellular Adhesion

(35) The present invention also provides methods for inhibiting cellular adhesion to RGD binding sites in a human or animal subject by administering to the subject an effective amount of R-G-Cysteic Acid (i.e., linear form of R-G-NH—CH(CH.sub.2—SO.sub.3H)COOH or cyclic form of R-G-NH—CH(CH.sub.2—SO.sub.3H)COOH) or a derivative thereof (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, stereoisomers, multimers, cyclic forms, linear forms, drug-conjugates, pro-drugs and their derivatives).

(36) Applicant has discovered that synthetic RGCysteic Acid peptides of the present invention induce apoptosis by competitively inhibiting the cell attachment to the ECM components. Therefore, the present synthetic RGCysteic acid peptides and their derivatives can be used as potent integrin antagonists as therapeutic agent against angiogenesis, inflammation, cancer metastasis, thrombosis, prevention and treatment of scar formation as well as a pharmacological vitreolysis agents. In addition, in an important aspect of the present invention, an improved targeting of the α, β integrins using multimerized and radiolabeled RGC peptides, for use as internal radiotherapeutic agents for tumor detection (diagnostic or imaging agent) and tumor treatment is envisaged. In another important aspect, improved RGC peptide conjugates or multimeric RGC peptide conjugates function as drug carriers, for example, as anti-cancer drug carriers for efficient tumor targeting.

(37) As described elsewhere herein, the sulfonic acids in the RGC-peptides are stronger acids than corresponding carboxylic acids in RDG-peptides. This higher polarity of the sulfonic acid group leads to stronger intermolecular bonding. For example, R-G-Cysteic acid, which has a more polarized O—H bond, may form stronger hydrogen bonds than R-G-Aspartic acid, which has a relatively less polarized O—H bond, with the amide groups and/or side chains of the amino acids of the proteins in the integrin binding site and/or have stronger interactions with metal ions complexed in the integrin binding site. Therefore, the novel R-G-Cyesteic acid peptides and their derivatives of the present invention present improved compounds and compositions over the corresponding RGD peptides in integrin receptor recognition and binding.

(38) Additionally, in diabetic patients with chronic hyperglycemia associated with elevated IOP, open angle glaucoma particularly is reported to be related to the accumulation of fibronectin in the trabecular meshwork tissue and the excess of fibronectin is believed to inhibit the aqueous outflow (see Oshitari, T, et al., Am. J. Ophthalmol. (2007) 143:363-365). Involvement of fibronectin in the cell-ECM interaction in the trabecular meshwork was indicated in primary open angle glaucoma (see Mark S. Filla, et al., Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (2002) 43:151-161; and Cheryl R. Hann, et al., Ophthalmic Res. (2001) 33: 314-324). It has also been reported that the endothelial cells of Schlemm's canal interact with extracellular matrix in influencing outflow facility (see Cindy K. Bahler et al., Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (2004) 45: 2246-2254). In light of the inhibition of the aqueous outflow by the presence of an excess of extracellular matrix components such as fibronectin, application of RGCysteic acid peptides and their derivatives to treat the elevated IOP of diabetic patients would be highly beneficial to diabetic patients.

(39) The preferred RGCysteic acid peptides can be a fusion polypeptide, a cyclic or linear polypeptide, a derivatized polypeptide, including RGCysteic acid peptide derivatized or associated or coupled with drug delivery systems or other drugs, such as, for example, anti-cancer drugs, a multimerized RGC peptide, a monoclonal antibody containing RGCysteic acid sequence that immunoreacts with integrins' binding site or functional fragment thereof.

(40) RGCysteic acid containing polypeptides can have a sequence corresponding to the amino acid residue sequence of natural integrin adhesive binding region, such as those present in fibrinogen, fibronectin, vitronectin, von Willebrand factor, laminin, thrombospondin, and the like ligands.

(41) The present peptide sequence consists of three amino acids having terminal guanidino, sulphonic and carboxylic groups and its derivatives coupled and/or associated with drug delivery systems, including peptide fragments, glycoproteins, and polymer groups such as PEG, Pluronic, and other polymer groups, and, liposomes and nanoparticles. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising them for treatment of various pathological disorders include injectable, gel, suspension, ointment, solid and liquid dosage forms.

(42) Integrin receptors associated with a cell adhesion motif such as fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin, fibrinogen, thrombospondin, and von Willebrand factor, are the target epitope of RGCyteic acid peptide and its derivatives. The tripeptide, RGCysteic acid, has been discovered as a recognizable minimal amino acid sequence by cell binding domains. This sequence can also interfere with immune functions unrelated to integrins.

(43) Thus, it has been discovered that the synthetic RGCysteic acid sequence is to mimic the RGD cell binding domain, and a substitution on the α-carbon of aspartic acid gives a stronger binding affinity to the target integrins. The sulfonic acids in the RGC-peptides are stronger acids than corresponding carboxylic acids in RDG-peptides. This higher polarity of the sulfonic acid group leads to stronger intermolecular bonding. For example, R-G-Cysteic acid, which has a more polarized O—H bond, may form stronger hydrogen bonds than R-G-Aspartic acid, which has a relatively less polarized O—H bond, with the amide groups and/or side chains of the amino acids in the integrin binding site and/or have stronger interactions with metal ions complexed in the integrin binding site.

(44) The most general formulas for the RGCysteic acid sequences of the present invention are as follows:

(45) ##STR00010##
Where X=—CH(R.sub.1)—S(═O).sub.2—Y;

(46) —CH(R.sub.1)—SH;

(47) CH(R.sub.1)—OZ;

(48) —CH(R.sub.1)S(═O)Y;

(49) —CH(R.sub.1)—O—S(═O).sub.2—OX.sub.1; and

(50) —CH(R.sub.1)—O—P(═O).sub.2—OX.sub.1; and

(51) Wherein Y=OX.sub.1, NH.sub.2; X.sub.1=—H, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 straight chain alkyl, phenyl;

(52) R.sub.1=H, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 straight chain alkyl, phenyl or SO.sub.3H

(53) Z=H, SO.sub.3H

(54) ##STR00011##
Where X=—CH(R.sub.1)—S(═O).sub.2—Y;

(55) —CH(R.sub.1)—SH;

(56) CH(R.sub.1)—OZ;

(57) —CH(R.sub.1)S(═O)Y;

(58) —CH(R.sub.1)—O—S(═O).sub.2—OX.sub.1; and

(59) —CH(R.sub.1)—O—P(═O).sub.2—OX.sub.1; and

(60) Wherein Y=OX.sub.1, NH.sub.2; X.sub.1=—H, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 straight chain alkyl, phenyl;

(61) R.sub.1=H, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 straight chain alkyl, phenyl or SO.sub.3H

(62) Z=H, SO.sub.3H; and

(63) A.sub.2 is selected from: -Phe-Val-Ala, -Phe-Leu-Ala, -Phe-Val-Gly, -Phe-Leu-Gly, -Phe-Pro-Gly, -Phe-Pro-Ala, -Phe-Val, or salt or N-alkylated derivative thereof. Any combination of D-form or L-form of Arg, Gly, Cysteic, Phe, Val, Ala, Leu, Pro, Thr, as well as cyclic form of the above sequence can be used.
Examples of cyclic forms include:

(64) ##STR00012##
where X′ is selected from: H, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, Ph, SO.sub.3H; Y=OH, NH.sub.2 and Z=H, CH.sub.3.

(65) Cyclic forms also include penta and hepta peptides, such as for example a specific compound of General Formula C, namely, Compound 2 (Cyclo-RGCysteic Acid fN(CH.sub.3)V), is shown below:

(66) ##STR00013##

(67) Formula A encompasses General Formulas I-VI described elsewhere herein. Formula B encompasses general formula VII described elsewhere herein.
A.sub.1-Arg-Gly-NH—CH(X)—CO-A.sub.2  Formula D:
Where X=—CH(R.sub.1)—S(═O).sub.2—Y;

(68) —CH(R.sub.1)—SH;

(69) —CH(R.sub.1)—OZ;

(70) —CH(R.sub.1)S(═O)Y;

(71) —CH(R.sub.1)—O—S(═O).sub.2—OX.sub.1; and

(72) —CH(R.sub.1)—O—P(═O).sub.2—OX.sub.1; and

(73) Wherein Y=OX.sub.1, NH.sub.2; X.sub.1=—H, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 straight chain alkyl, phenyl;

(74) R.sub.1=H, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 straight chain alkyl, phenyl or SO.sub.3H

(75) Z=H, SO.sub.3H; and

(76) A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 are selected from: -Phe-Val-Ala, -Phe-Leu-Ala, -Phe-Val-Gly, -Phe-Leu-Gly, -Phe-Pro-Gly, -Phe-Pro-Ala, -Phe-Val, or salt or N-alkylated derivative thereof. Any combination of D-form or L-form of Arg, Gly, Cysteic, Phe, Val, Ala, Leu, Pro, Thr, as well as cyclic form of the above sequence can be used.

(77) The substituted RGCysteic acid sequences includes cyclic RGCysteic acid analogues.

(78) The application of the RGCysteic acid and its derivatives can be made subcutaneously, dermatologically, ophthalmically and systemically, by employing a drug delivery system or any pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms of injection or solid or ointment formulation.

(79) The compounds of the present invention may be administered by any route that is suitable to bring about the intended therapeutic effect including but not limited to: oral, rectal, intravenous, intraarterial, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrathecal, sublingual, buccal, intranasal, transmucosal, transdermal, topical, intraocular, intravitreal, other enteral, other parenteral and/or other possible route(s) of administration.

(80) The compounds of the present invention may be administered at any dosage that provides the intended therapeutic effect while avoiding untoward or toxic effects. Typical dosages at which the compounds of the present invention may be administered to human subjects are in the range of about 1 ng/kg to about 1.0 g/kg.

(81) Where possible and appropriate, compounds of the present invention may optionally be prepared in the form of liposomes or nanoparticles (e.g., nanocapsules). The formation and use of liposomes is generally known to those of skill in the art. Liposomes are formed from phospholipids dispersed in an aqueous medium such that they spontaneously form multilamellar concentric bilayer vesicles sometimes referred to as multilamellar vesicles (MLVs). MLVs are typically from 25 nm to 4 μm in diameter. When sonicated, MLVs form small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) of about 200 to 500 angstroms in diameters having cores which contain the aqueous solution. In general, when dispersed in an aqueous medium, phospholipids can form various structures other than liposomes, depending on the molar ratio of lipid to water. At low molar lipid to water ratios, liposomes will form. The physical characteristics of liposomes depend on pH, tonicity and the presence or non-presence of divalent cations. Liposomes can interact with cells by different mechanisms, including 1) endocytosis (e.g., phagocytosis of the liposome by cells such as macrophages and neutrophils), adsorption to the cell surface, 2) interaction with cell-surface components, 3) fusion with the plasma cell membrane by insertion of the lipid bilayer of the liposome into the plasma membrane or 4) transfer of liposomal lipids to cellular or subcellular membranes, or vice versa. Varying the liposome formulation can alter which mechanism(s) by which the liposomes will interact with cells in the paranasal sinus, nasal mucosa, etc.

(82) A nanocapsule is any nanoparticle that consists of a shell and a space, in which desired substances may be placed. Techniques for forming nanocapsules are known in the art. Polymeric nanocapsules can be made in specific sizes and shapes. They can be produced as monodisperse particles which have precisely defined physical and chemical properties and, thus, can be tailored to facilitate release of the therapeutic or diagnostic substance in response to particular bimolecular triggering mechanisms, such as pH, mucous flow or other conditions present within the paranasal sinus or other area in the ear, nose or throat where the device is implanted. Nanocapsules can be used in the present invention as “smart drugs” which have specific chemical receptors or binding sites that will bind to specific target cells (e.g., cancer cells or cells associated with inflammatory conditions.

(83) The following are non-limiting examples of formulations for pharmaceutical preparations containing compounds of the present invention. Also included are examples of the safety and/or efficacy demonstrated using exemplary RGC peptides or derivatives in inhibiting cell adhesion. As used herein, the terms “RGCysteic Acid Peptide,” “RGC peptide”, “RGCys-peptide” and “compounds of the present invention” shall synonymously mean compositions containing the sequence R-G-Cysteic Acid and their derivatives, including but not limited to those defined by General Formulas I-VII and Compounds 1, and 3-5 as described herein.

Example 1

Pharmaceutical Formulations

(84) The following are examples of pharmaceutical formulations I-X, which contain R-G-Cysteic Acid Peptides of the present invention, such as any of those defined by General Formulas I-VII or any of Compounds 1-5 as described herein.

(85) TABLE-US-00002 Formulation I R-G-Cysteic Acid Peptide 0.0001 mg to 10 g (RGCys-peptide) NaCl 0.01 mg to 0.9 g Water QS to 100.0 mL Formulation II RGCysteic Acid Peptide 0.0001 mg to 10 g (RGCys-peptide) EDTA 0.001 mg to 100 mg NaCl 0.01 mg to 0.9 g Water QS to 100.0 mL Formulation III RGCysteic-peptide 0.0001 mg to 10 g EDTA 0.001 mg to 100 mg NaCl 0.01 mg to 0.9 g Citric Acid 0.0001 mg to 500 mg Water QS to 100.0 mL Formulation IV RGCysteic-peptide 0.0001 mg to 10 g NaCl 0.01 mg to 0.9 g Phosphate Buffer to pH = 3.0-9.0 Water QS to 100.0 mL Formulation V RGCysteic-peptide 0.0001 mg to 10 g EDTA 0.001 mg to 100 mg NaCl 0.01 mg to 0.9 g Phosphate Buffer to pH = 3.0-9.0 Water QS to 100.0 mL Formulation VI RGCysteic-peptide 0.0001 mg to 10 g NaCl 0.01 mg to 0.9 g Borate Buffer to pH = 3.0-9.0 Water QS to 100.0 mL Formulation VII RGCysteic-peptide 0.0001 mg to 10 g Hyaluronic Acid Sodium salt 0.01 to 10% Boric Acid 0.01 to 1.0% Polyethyleneglycol (PEG 8000) 0.01 to 10% Sodium Chloride 0.10 to 0.9% Potassium Chloride 0.01 to 0.20% Calcium Chloride Dihydrate 0.001 to 0.05% Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate 0.01 to 0.20% Preservative pH 4.0-8.0 Water QS to 100.0 mL Formulation VIII RGCysteic-peptide 0.0001 mg to 10 g Hyaluronic Acid Sodium salt 0.01 to 10% Carboxymethyl Cellulose 0.01 t0 10% Boric Acid 0.01 to 1.0% Polyethyleneglycol (PEG 8000) 0.01 to 10% Sodium Chloride 0.10 to 0.9% Potassium Chloride 0.01 to 0.20% Calcium Chloride Dihydrate 0.001 to 0.05% Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate 0.01 to 0.20% Preservative pH 4.0-8.0 Water QS to 100.0 mL Formulation IX RGCysteic-peptide 0.0001 mg to 10 g Hyaluronic Acid Sodium salt 0.01 to 10% Sodium Alginate 0.01 t0 10% Boric Acid 0.01 to 1.0% Polyethyleneglycol (PEG 8000) 0.01 to 10% Sodium Chloride 0.10 to 0.9% Potassium Chloride 0.01 to 0.20% Calcium Chloride Dihydrate 0.001 to 0.05% Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate 0.01 to 0.20% Preservative pH 3.0-8.0 Water QS to 100.0 mL Formulation X RGCysteic-peptide 0.0001 mg to 10 g Hyaluronic Acid Sodium salt 0.01 to 10% Alginic Acid 0.01 t0 10% Boric Acid 0.01 to 1.0% Polyethyleneglycol (PEG 8000) 0.01 to 10% Sodium Chloride 0.10 to 0.9% Potassium Chloride 0.01 to 0.20% Calcium Chloride Dihydrate 0.001 to 0.05% Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate 0.01 to 0.20% Preservative pH 3.0-8.0 Water QS to 100.0 mL

Example 2

Comparison of The PVD-Inducing Effects of RGD Peptides and Glycyl-Arginyl-Glycyl-Cysteic-Threonyl-Proline-COOH (GRG Cysteic Acid TP: Compound 1) in Rabbits

(86) In this example, the PVD-Inducing Effects of RGD Peptides and Glycyl-Arginyl-Glycyl-Cysteic-Threonyl-Proline-COOH (RGCysteic Acid Peptide; GRG Cysteic Acid TP; Compound 1) were compared in rabbits. The protocol for this study was as follows:

(87) Protocol:

(88) Animal Model

(89) a) 20 Male and Female Rabbits

(90) b) Weighing approximately 1.5-2.5 kg.

(91) c) Divide into 2 groups i) 10 Rabbits were injected intravitreally with 2.5% RGD solution at pH=6.5 a) 10 Right Eye injected with 2.5% RGD solution b) 5 Left Eye used as BSS Control c) 5 Left Eyes injected with 2.5% RGD+0.02% EDTA at pH=6.5 ii) 10 Rabbits were injected intravitreally with 2.5% RGCysteic solution at pH=6.5 a) 10 Right Eye injected with 2.5% RGCysteic solution at pH=6.5 b) 10 Left Eye injected with 2.5% RGCysteic solution+0.02% EDTA at pH=6.5

(92) Active Chemicals

(93) d) Sodium EDTA—99.0-100.5% from Spectrum Chemical Corp.

(94) e) RGCysteic acid—cGMP supplier (Purity >98%).

(95) f) RGD—cGMP supplier (Purity >98%).

(96) g) BSS solution

(97) Both the RGCysteic acid, RGD, RGCysteic acid+Sodium EDTA, RGD+Sodium EDTA, and the BSS solutions were injected into the vitreous cavity 24 hours prior to surgery. The rabbits (10 mg/kg body weight) were anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of 2.0 ml of 1:1 combination of xylazine (100 mg/ml) and Ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/ml). Pupils are dilated with topical cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1% and Phenylephrine hydrochloride 10%.

(98) All animals were initially examined with slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy to exclude any animals with pre-existing vitreoretinal abnormalities. The intravitreal injection of 0.10 cc was administered 2 mm posterior to the limbus in the supranasal quadrant using a 30-gauge needle attached to a 1.0 cc syringe. Care must be taken to avoid damage to the lens or retina.

(99) Twenty four hours following injection and immediately before initiation of a mechanical vitrectomy, a B-scan ultrasonography was performed to determine the status of the posterior vitreous and also the liquefaction of the vitreous. A two-port pars plana vitrectomy was performed using an infusion fiberoptic and a vitreous cutter attached to a vitrectomy unit. Following a 30 second core vitrectomy, the vitreous cutter was directed to the peripapillary retinal surface where, using low aspiration (<30 mmHg) a separation of the posterior cortical vitreous from the retinal surface was attempted in 4 quadrants. The sclerotomies were sutured and a postoperative B-Scan ultrasonography was carried out to determine the presence and extent of any PVD present in each quadrant. The animals were euthanized with intracardiac sodium pentobarbital injections, and the eyes were immediately enucleated.

(100) Classification of Liquefaction of the Vitreous and PVD was graded following this grading system to evaluate the extent of PVD based on the postoperative B-Scan ultrasound examination; Grade 0. a) No detachment of the posterior Vitreous is observed. b) Vitreous Liquefaction Grade 1. a) Consists of eyes in which the vitreous is detached in 2 or less quadrants. b) Vitreous Liquefaction Grade 2. a) Consists of eyes in which the vitreous is detached in 3 or more quadrants, but with remaining focal attachments along the medullary rays b) Vitreous Liquefaction Grade 3. a) Consists of eyes in which the vitreous is totally detached from the retinal surface b) Vitreous Liquefaction

(101) All eyes underwent a sharp razor penetration at the superior pole sub-adjacent to the pars plana immediately after enucleating to insure rapid penetration of fixative. Care was taken to avoid damage to the adjacent retina and lens. The eyes were immersed in 2% paraformaldehyde plus 2.5% glutaraldehyde for a minimum of 24 hours at 4 degrees Celsius. A unique posterior calotte was removed, dehydrated in methanol, and dried in carbon dioxide to the critical point, sputter-coated in gold and photographed using the scanning electron microscope.

(102) Results:

(103) Injection: 2.5% RGCysteic acid

(104) Group 1. At Baseline all Animals have no PVD in both eyes

(105) TABLE-US-00003 Eye Examined Animal 1 Animal 2 Animal3 Animal 4 Animal 5 O D Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Treated 3-4 Q 3-4 Q 2-3 Q 3-4 Q 1-2 Q Vitreous Vitreous Vitreous Vitreous Vitreous totally totally detached totally detached Detached Detached in 3 or Detached in 2 or more Q less Q O S Grade 0 Grade 0 Grade 0 Grade 0 Grade 0 Control
Injection: 2.5% of RGD
Group 2. At Baseline all Animals have no PVD in both eyes

(106) TABLE-US-00004 Eye Examined Animal 1 Animal 2 Animal3 Animal 4 Animal 5 O D Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Treated 3-4 Q 2-3 Q 1-2 Q 3-4 Q 3-4 Q Vitreous Vitreous Vitreous Vitreous totally detached detached totally Vitreous Detached in 3 or in 2 or Detached totally more Q less Q Detached O S Grade 0 Grade Grade Grade Grade 0 Control 1-2 Q 3-4 Q 1-Q Vitreous Vitreous Vitreous detached totally detached in 2 or Detached in 2 or less Q less Q
Injection: 2.5% RGCysteic acid+0.02% NaEDTA
Group 3. At Baseline all animals have no PVD in both eyes

(107) TABLE-US-00005 Eye Examined Animal 1 Animal 2 Animal3 Animal 4 Animal 5 O D Grade 1-2 Q Grade 3-4 Q — Grade 3-4 Q Grade Treated Vitreous Vitreous Vitreous 1-2 Q detached in totally totally Vitreous 2 or less Q Detached Detached detached in 2 or less Q O S Grade 1-2 Q Grade 0 — Grade 2-3 Q Grade 0 Control Vitreous Vitreous detached in detached in 2 or less Q 3 or more Q
Injection: 2.5% RGD+0.02% NaEDTA
Group 4. At Baseline all animals have no PVD in both eyes

(108) TABLE-US-00006 Eye Examined Animal 1 Animal 2 Animal3 Animal 4 Animal 5 O D Grade 3-4 Q Grade 0 Grade 3-4 Q Grade 0 Grade Treated Vitreous Vitreous 1-2 Q totally totally Vitreous Detached Detached detached in 2 or less Q O S Grade 2-3 Q Grade 2-3 Q Grade 0 Grade 0 Grade 0 Control Vitreous Vitreous detached detached in 3 in 3 or more Q or more Q

(109) The results of the kinetic study in Example 4 of this study show that RGD and RGCysteic acid (GRG Cysteic Acid TP; Compound 1) have similar properties and injection of 2.5% RGCysteic acid intravitreally causes complete separation of the vitreous from the retina in 24 hours, and in addition the vitreous of both the RGD and the RGCysteic acid rabbits are completely liquefied.

(110) Over all, the activity of RGCysteic acid is equal or slightly better than that of RGD in inducing complete PVD in the rabbits and liquefying the vitreous. This is possibly due to its stronger competitive binding ability to the binding sites of integrin-extracellular matrix interactions than RGD. As described elsewhere herein, sulfonic acids are stronger acids than corresponding carboxylic acids. This higher polarity of the sulfonic acid group leads to stronger intermolecular bonding. For example, R-G-Cysteic acid, which has a more polarized O—H bond, may form stronger hydrogen bonds than R-G-Aspartic acid, which has a relatively less polarized O—H bond, with the amide groups and/or side chains of the amino acids in the integrin binding site and/or have stronger interactions with metal ions complexed in the integrin binding site.

(111) The results also indicate that when these compounds are administered with 0.02% Sodium Edetate, the activity of both RGD as well as RGCysteic acid are not altered.

(112) The results also show that there were no adverse effects or adverse safety effects from the intravitreal injection of the RGCysteic acid compound Compound 1 or the RGD compound.

Example 3

Safety Study of Multiple Injections of RGC Peptide Compound 1 (GRG Cysteic Acid TP) in Rabbit Eyes

(113) In this example, multiple injections of RGC Peptide Compound 1 were administered to the eyes of 5 Male and 4 Female New Zealand Rabbits weighing approximately 1.5-2.5 kg. and the eyes were examined as described in the following paragraphs.

(114) The study then protocol was as follows: A) Baseline Examinations: At baseline the right and the left eyes of all 9 rabbits were examined slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy to confirm that no animals had pre-existing vitreoretinal abnormalities. In addition β-scan ultrasonography as well as ERG scans were performed on the left and right eyes of all 9 animals to obtain baseline readings. B) Experimental Treatments: All 9 Rabbits then received intravitreal injections of either RGC solution or saline (control). The treatment solutions were prepared as follows: RGC Solution: a 2.5 mg/100 μl solution of RGC Compound 1 containing 0.02 mg of disodium EDTA+ 0.80 mg of sodium chloride and USP sterile Water for injection having a pH adjusted to 6.5. Saline (control): a USP Isotonic sterile saline solution having an adjusted pH of 6.5.

(115) The dosing proceeded as follows:

(116) 1) The right eye of each of the 9 rabbits was injected intravitreally with 100 of the 2.5 mg/100 μl RGC Solution (delivering a dose=2.5 mg of Compound 1)

(117) 2) The Left eye of each of the 9 rabbits was injected intravitreally with 100 μl of the Saline (control).

(118) 3) One day after the initial intravitreal injections, the right and the left eyes of all 9 Rabbits were examined, by slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy to check if any of the rabbits have any adverse effects from the injection.

(119) 4) On the 7.sup.th day after the 1.sup.st injections, the right and the left eyes of all 9 Rabbits were again examined by slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy to determine if any of the rabbits exhibited adverse effects from the injection. In addition ERG scan were performed on all right and left eyes of all the animals to determine if there were any changes from baseline

(120) 5) A group of 3 rabbits, numbers 901, 904 and 909, was then randomly selected and mechanical vitrectomy was performed on the right and left eyes of those 3 selected animals to determine the status of the posterior vitreous.

(121) 6) The 3 randomly selected animals, numbers 901, 904 and 909, were euthanized with intracardiac sodium pentobarbital injections, and the eyes were immediately enucleated. All eyes underwent a sharp razor penetration at the superior pole sub-ajacent to the pars plana immediately after enucleation to insure rapid penetration of fixative. Care was taken to avoid damage to the adjacent retina and lens. The eyes were immersed in 2% paraformaldehyde plus 2.5% gluteraldehyde for a minimum of 24 hours at 4 degrees Celsius. A unique posterior calotte was removed, dehydrated in methanol, and dried in carbon dioxide to the critical point, sputter-coated in gold and photographed using the scanning electron microscope. The other samples were subjected to Histopathological examination.

(122) The remaining 6 Rabbits, numbers 902, 903, 905, 906, 907 and 908 were injected a second time 7 days post first injection.

(123) 1) The right eye of each of the 6 remaining rabbits was again injected intravitreally with 100 of the 2.5 mg/100 μl RGC Solution (delivering a second 2.5 mg dose of Compound 1)

(124) 2) The left eye of each of the 6 remaining rabbits was again injected intravitreally with 100 μl of the Saline (control).

(125) 3) One day after the 2.sup.nd intravitreal injections, the right and the left eyes of all 6 remaining rabbits were examined by slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy to check if any of the rabbits have any adverse effects from the injection.

(126) 4) On the 7.sup.th day after the 2.sup.nd injections, the right and the left eyes of all 6 reaming rabbits were examined, by slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy to check for any adverse effects from the injections. In addition ERG scans of the left and right eyes of all the animals were run to determine if there were any changes from the baseline.

(127) 5) Three rabbits, numbers 902, 903, and 907, were then randomly selected from the remaining 6 animals and mechanical vitrectomy was performed on the right and left eyes of those 3 randomly selected animals to determine the status of the posterior vitreous.

(128) 6) The 3 randomly selected animals, numbers 902, 903, and 907 were then euthanized with intracardiac sodium pentobarbital injections, and the eyes were immediately enucleated. All eyes underwent a sharp razor penetration at the superior pole sub-ajacent to the pars plana immediately after enucleation to insure rapid penetration of fixative. Care was taken to avoid damage to the adjacent retina and lens. The eyes were immersed in 2% paraformaldehyde plus 2.5% gluteraldehyde for a minimum of 24 hours at 4 degrees Celsius. A unique posterior calotte was removed, dehydrated in methanol, and dried in carbon dioxide to the critical point, sputter-coated in gold and photographed using the scanning electron microscope. The other samples were subjected to Histopathological examination.

(129) The remaining group of 3 Rabbits, numbers 905, 906, and 908, were then injected a third time, 14 days after the first injection, as follows:

(130) 1) The right eye of each of the 3 remaining rabbits was again injected intravitreally with 100 of the 2.5 mg/100 μl RGC Solution (delivering a third 2.5 mg dose of Compound 1)

(131) 2) The left eye of each of the 3 remaining rabbits was again injected intravitreally with 100 μl of the Saline (control).

(132) 3) One day after the 3.sup.rd intravitreal injections, the right and the left eyes of all 6 remaining rabbits were examined, by slit lamp, biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy to check if any of the rabbits have any adverse effects from the injection.

(133) 4) On the 7.sup.th day after the 3.sup.rd injections, the right and the left eyes of all 3 remaining rabbits were again examined by slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy to check for any adverse effects from the injections. In addition ERG scans of the left and right eyes of all the animals were run to determine if there were any changes from the baseline.

(134) 5) Mechanical vitrectomy was performed on the right and left eyes of the 3 remaining animals (Nos. 905, 906 and 908) to determine the status of the posterior vitreous.

(135) 6) The 3 remaining animals (Nos. 905, 906, and 908) were euthanized with intracardiac sodium pentobarbital injections, and the eyes were immediately enucleated. All eyes underwent a sharp razor penetration at the superior pole sub-ajacent to the pars plana immediately after enucleation to insure rapid penetration of fixative. Care was taken to avoid damage to the adjacent retina and lens. The eyes were immersed in 2% paraformaldehyde plus 2.5% gluteraldehyde for a minimum of 24 hours at 4 degrees Celsius. A unique posterior calotte was removed, dehydrated in methanol, and dried in carbon dioxide to the critical point, sputter-coated in gold and photographed using the scanning electron microscope. The other samples were subjected to Histopathological examination.

(136) 3) Active Chemicals

(137) The active chemicals used in this study were as follows:

(138) a. Disodium EDTA—99.0-100.5% from Spectrum Chemical Corp.

(139) b. RGC Peptide (Compound 1)

(140) c. USP sterile isotonic saline solution

(141) 4) Study Formulations

(142) a) RGC Solution: 2.5 mg/100 μl solution of RGC containing 0.02 mg of disodium EDTA+ 0.80 mg of sodium chloride and USP sterile water for injection adjusted to a pH=6.5. Sterile filter through a 0.22μ filter into a 2.0 mL vial.

(143) b) Saline (Control): USP Isotonic sterile saline solution pH adjusted 6.5. Sterile filtered through a 0.22μ filter into a sterile vial.

(144) 5) Anesthesia for Injection Preparation

(145) a. Intramuscular injection of 2.0 mL of a 1:1 combination of xylazine (100 mg/ml) and Ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/ml)

(146) b. Pupils were dilated with topical cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1% and Phenylephrine hydrochloride 10%

(147) 6) Intravitreal Injection Preparation:

(148) A sterile vial containing the RGC solution containing 2.5 mg/100 μl and isotonic sterile saline solution, pH adjusted to 6.5 was provided.

(149) Prior to the injection, the investigator confirmed that there was 0.10 cc (100 micro liters) of solution in the 1.0 cc syringe.

(150) 7) Injection Procedure:

(151) Since the intravitreal injections do not result in a level of visual disability sufficient to disrupt the normal daily activity of the rabbits, this is not considered a major survival procedure according to the animal resolution of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology guidelines.

(152) Both the RGC solution as well as the sterile saline solutions was injected into the vitreous cavity after the baseline examination of slit lamp Biomicroscopy, Ophthalmoscopy and ERG was completed on the Rabbits. The Rabbits (10 mg/kg body weight) were anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of 2.0 ml of 1:1 combination of xylazine (100 mg/ml) and Ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/ml). Pupils were dilated with topical cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1% and Phenylephrine hydrochloride 10%.

(153) All animals were initially examined with slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect opthalmoscopy to exclude any animals with pre-existing vitreoretinal abnormalities. The intravitreal injection of 0.10 cc was administered 2 mm posterior to the limbus in the supronasal quadrent using a 30-gauge needle attached to a 1.0 cc syringe. Care was taken to avoid damage to the lens or retina.

(154) Seven (7) days following injection a mechanical Vitrectomy was performed on the animals. A two-port pars plana vitrectomy was performed using an infusion fiberoptic and a vitreous cutter attached to a vitrectomy unit. Following a 30 second core vitrectomy, the vitreous cutter was directed to the peripapillary retinal surface where, using low aspiration (<30 mmHg) a separation of the posterior cortical vitreous from the retinal surface was attempted in 4 quadrants. The animals were euthanized with intracardiac sodium pentobarbital injections, and the eyes were immediately enucleated.

(155) All eyes underwent a sharp razor penetration at the superior pole sub-ajacent to the pars plana immediately after enucleation to insure rapid penetration of fixative. Care was taken to avoid damage to the adjacent retina and lens. The eyes were immersed in 2% paraformaldehyde plus 2.5% gluteraldehyde for a minimum of 24 hours at 4 degrees Celsius. A unique posterior calotte was removed, dehydrated in methanol, and dried in carbon dioxide to the critical point, sputter-coated in gold and photographed using the scanning electron microscope.

(156) Analysis of Results

(157) The data on the Safety between eyes treated with RGC solution and sterile saline solution was analyzed for safety using the following techniques:

(158) i) Slit lamp biomicroscopy;

(159) ii) Ophthalmoscopy;

(160) iii) ERG;

(161) iv) Histopathology; and

(162) v) Electron microscopy.

(163) Safety Profile:

(164) First Intravitreal administration of 100 μl of 2.5% RGC solution to the group of nine Rabbits numbers 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, was not associated with any significant toxicity at all time points. There was no significant difference in reported adverse effects between the 2.5% RGC group and the isotonic saline solution group. This lack of toxicity was determined by clinical examination, indirect ophthalmoscopy and ultrasound p-scan and mechanical vitrectomy.

(165) Slit lamp biomicroscopy was performed at all study visits and focused on the lids, conjunctiva and sclera, cornea, endothelial changes, anterior chamber reaction, iris, lens and capsule, as well as the anterior vitreous for signs for inflammation demonstrate a near complete lack of inflammatory reaction to intravitreal injections of 100 μl of 2.5% RGC solution and the isotonic saline solution group. At all study points and in all study groups there did not appear to be any signs of significant toxicity induced by the test articles.

(166) Clinical evaluation of the posterior segment was also followed throughout the study to ensure that there was no significant retinal toxicity present. Indirect ophthalmoscopy as well as slit lamp fundus evaluations were carried out at each evaluation time point with specific attention to any signs of retinal toxicity. The posterior segment was evaluated for any changes in vitreous density, vitreous liquefaction, vitreous attachment, and possible hemorrhage. The retina was evaluated for any signs of RPE toxicity, retinal vascular compromise retinal hemorrhage, exudates, retinal tears, breaks, or detachments. There were no RPE changes at baseline prior to treatment, at all study points and in all study groups there did not appear to be any signs of significant posterior segment changes induced by the test articles. It is important to note that ERG scans performed on the nine animals prior to the intravitreal injections, as well as ERG scans performed on all the animals 1 day and 7 days post injection did not appear to cause any signs of significant change or toxicity induced by the test articles.

(167) The second Intravitreal administration of 100 μl of 2.5% RGC solution to the group of six Rabbits numbers 902, 903, 905, 906, 907, 908, was not associated with any significant toxicity at all time points. There was no significant difference in reported adverse effects between the 2.5% RGC group and the isotonic saline solution group. This lack of toxicity was determined by clinical examination, indirect ophthalmoscopy and ultrasound β-scan and mechanical vitrectomy.

(168) Slit lamp biomicroscopy was performed at all study visits and focused on the lids, conjunctiva and sclera, cornea, endothelial changes, anterior chamber reaction, iris, lens and capsule, as well as the anterior vitreous for signs for inflammation demonstrate a near complete lack of inflammatory reaction to intravitreal injections of 100 μl of 2.5% RGC solution and the isotonic saline solution group. At all study points and in all study groups there did not appear to be any signs of significant toxicity induced by the test articles.

(169) Clinical evaluation of the posterior segment was also followed throughout the study to ensure that there was no significant retinal toxicity present. Indirect ophthalmoscopy as well as slit lamp fundus evaluations were carried out at each evaluation time point with specific attention to any signs of retinal toxicity. The posterior segment was evaluated for any changes in vitreous density, vitreous liquefaction, vitreous attachment, and possible hemorrhage. The retina was evaluated for any signs of RPE toxicity, retinal vascular compromise retinal hemorrhage, exudates, retinal tears, breaks, or detachments. There were no RPE changes at baseline 7 days prior to the second treatment, at all study points and in all study groups there did not appear to be any signs of significant posterior segment changes induced by the test articles. It is important to note that ERG scans performed on the six animals for a second time post the intravitreal injections, as well as ERG scans performed on all the animals 8 days and 14 days post injection did not appear to cause any signs of significant change or toxicity induced by the test articles.

(170) The third Intravitreal administration of 100 μl of 2.5% RGC solution to the group of six Rabbits numbers 905, 906, 908, was not associated with any significant toxicity at all time points. There was no significant difference in reported adverse effects between the 2.5% RGC group and the isotonic saline solution group. This lack of toxicity was determined by clinical examination, indirect ophthalmoscopy and ultrasound β-scan and mechanical vitrectomy.

(171) Slit lamp biomicroscopy was performed at all study visits and focused on the lids, conjunctiva and sclera, cornea, endothelial changes, anterior chamber reaction, iris, lens and capsule, as well as the anterior vitreous for signs for inflammation demonstrate a near complete lack of inflammatory reaction to intravitreal injections of 100 μl of 2.5% RGC solution and the isotonic saline solution group. At all study points and in all study groups there did not appear to be any signs of significant toxicity induced by the test articles.

(172) Clinical evaluation of the posterior segment was also followed throughout the study to ensure that there was no significant retinal toxicity present. Indirect ophthalmoscopy as well as slit lamp fundus evaluations were carried out at each evaluation time point with specific attention to any signs of retinal toxicity. The posterior segment was evaluated for any changes in vitreous density, vitreous liquefaction, vitreous attachment, and possible hemorrhage. The retina was evaluated for any signs of RPE toxicity, retinal vascular compromise retinal hemorrhage, exudates, retinal tears, breaks, or detachments. There were no RPE changes at baseline 14 days prior to the third treatment, at all study points and in all study groups there did not appear to be any signs of significant posterior segment changes induced by the test articles. It is important to note that ERG scans performed on the three animals for a third time post the intravitreal injections, as well as ERG scans performed on all the animal 15 days and 21 days post injection did not appear to cause any signs of significant change or toxicity induced by the test articles.

Example 4

Anti-Adhesive Properties Of RGC Peptides: Kinetic Study of Wound Healing with Compound 1 (GRG Cysteic Acid TP), Cyclic-RGD and RGE

(173) In this example, in a model of wound healing, it has been demonstrated that RGC peptides have anti-adhesive properties and therefore can prevent development of many pathological vitreoretinal diseases and can inhibit metastases in human melanoma and colon cancer cells.

(174) To test the anti-adhesive properties of RGC peptides in vitro, a wound-healing assay was performed with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). HUVEC were seeded and allowed to grow to a confluent monolayer on a fibronectin coated surface. A wound (a scratch rift) was created by dragging a small pipette tip across the HUVEC monolayer. The cells were then incubated in fresh growth medium containing the RGC peptide (Compound 1; 10 mM), and the wound area was imaged in five different fields at various time points (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 hours) to determine the kinetics of wound closure. The level of wound closure was quantified by determining the fraction of the original wound area that was re-occupied by HUVEC through cellular adhesion, migration and proliferation.

(175) In control studies, the following peptides were used in place of RGC (Compound 1): cyclic-RGD peptide (1 mM), positive control) and RGE peptide (1 mM, negative control).

(176) The effect of the peptides on the kinetics of wound healing is presented in FIG. 1.

(177) The results are shown as a percentage of the original area. The error bars correspond to the standard deviation in wound size across 2-6 independent trials.

(178) The results of the kinetics of HUVEC wound closure show that the RGC peptide inhibits HUVEC wound healing by 70% after 24 hours, while Cyclic RGD (RGD-based peptide; N-methylated cyclic-RGDf-N(Me)V; (Cilengitide) inhibits HUVEC wound healing by 45% after 24 hours. These were both compared to a negative control RGE peptide that inhibited HUVEC wound healing by 0% after 24 hours. The effect of Compound 1 is quantitatively comparable to the activity of the RGD-based peptide, a well established inhibitor of integrin binding activity. Further, Compound 1 exhibits similar properties to the activities of the RGD-based peptide without apoptosis of the HUVEC cells.

(179) As described elsewhere herein, the strong adhesion between the vitreous and the retina could account for eventual development of many pathological vitreoretinal diseases such as vitreomacular traction, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, macular hole, age related macular degeneration and floaters. Thus, an atraumatic non-invasive approach to achieve a Posterior Vitreous Detachment, other than the mechanical separation of the vitreous from the inner retinal surface, is highly desirable (see Tezel, T. H. et al, Retina (1998) 18: 7-15; and Verstraeten, T. C, et al., .Arch. Ophthalmol. (1993)111: 849-854).

(180) As described elsewhere herein, it is believed that the ECM components, particularly collagen fibrils of the cortical vitreous, are anchored to the inner surface of the retina through integrin binding sites (see Foos, R. Y., Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (1972) 11:801-808) in the inner limiting lamella (ILL). It is also known that major adhesive glycoproteins of the ILL in the eye such as fibronectin and laminin, are heavily linked to integrins (see Curtis, T. M. et al., Am. J. Physiol., (1995) 269: L248-L260; Elner, S. G., et al., IOVS (1996) 37:696-701; and Horman, S. M, et al., Am. J. Physiol. (1995) 269: L248-L260) through the RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) sequences and several integrins bind through RGD motif present in ECM proteins. Further, it is known that fibronectin binds to several other integrins besides α.sub.vβ.sub.3, whereas vitronectin is α.sub.vβ.sub.3-specific.

(181) The primary connection of the integrins to the ECM involves the Arg-Gly-Asp(RGD) sequence and the RGD sequence binds to a shallow crevice located between the α- and β-subunits of the integrin head (see Xiong, et al., Science (2002) 296: 151-155). Such binding helps modulate various cellular signaling pathways, including cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, angiogenesis and wound healing (see Ruoslahti, E., et al., Science (1987) 238: 491-497; and J. Clin. Invest. (1991) 87: 1-5).

(182) Since the vitreous extracellular matrix; e.g., collagen fibrils are connected to the cellular retina by the integrin binding sites, intravitreal injection of RGC peptides (oligopeptides) could release the RGD motif of the vitreous extracellular matrix from the cellular retina by a competitive binding to the same integrin receptor sites.

(183) Several investigators (see Ruoslahti, E. et al., Science (1987) 238: 491-497; Hynes, R. A., et al., Cell (1992) 68: 303-322; and Humphries, M. J., J. Cell Sci., (1990) 97: 585-592) demonstrated that many integrins (α.sub.vβ.sub.3, α.sub.5β.sub.1, α.sub.11β.sub.3, etc.) can be inhibited by small peptides that possess the RGD sequence motif. It is also well documented that that α.sub.vβ.sub.3 and α.sub.5β.sub.1 integrins, as well as vitronectin and fibronectin, were upregulated in tumors such as human melanoma cells (see Nip, J., J. Clin. Invest., (1992) 90: 1406-1413), human breast cancer cells (see Rong, L. et al., Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (2009) 50: 5988-5996), and human retinal pigment epithelial cells (Peter C. Brooks, et al., J. Clin. Invest., (1995) 96: 1815-1822). Thus it has been demonstrated that there is good correlation between metastatic potentials of human melanoma cells and adhesion of melanoma cells to lymph node vitronectin via the α.sub.vβ.sub.3 integrin receptor and that the adhesion was inhibited by an RGD containing peptide (Nip, J., J. Clin. Invest., (1992) 90: 1406-1413). This demonstrates that RGDpeptides can be an important anti-angiogenic agents.

(184) Further, it has been demonstrated in a human colon cancer cell line that when there is significant increase in cell adhesion, then there is increased metastatic activity (Lehmann, M., Cancer Res., (1994), 54: 2102-2107). Therefore agents that inhibit cell adhesion effectively inhibit colon cancer and melanoma from metastasizing.

(185) Based on the results of the wound healing study where RGC has been shown to inhibit cell adhesion, and upon extrapolation of the metastatic potential of RGD in the Melanoma and Colon cancer models, RGC peptides and their derivatives can effectively inhibit tumor metastases, for example, in melanoma and colon cancer.

Example 5

Use of RGC Peptides For Directing or Delivering Agents to Tumors

(186) In this example, a dimeric RGC Peptide-Paclitaxel conjugate (Compound 3), shown below, is provided. This composition is useful as an antitumor agent. The dimeric RGC Peptide selectively binds to integrin receptors that are highly expressed in certain cancer cells and is useful to treat certain metastatic cancers such as, for example, metastatic breast cancer, by inhibiting cell adhesion.

(187) Compound 3:

(188) ##STR00014##

(189) The synthesis and mechanisms of action, biodistribution and tumor selectivity of the corresponding RGD analogue of Compound 3 are as described in Chen, X., et al.; Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Dimeric RGD Peptide-Paclitaxel Conjugate as a Model for Integrin-Targeted Drug Delivery; J. Med. Chem., (2005) 48 (4):1098-1106).

(190) Although Compound 3 comprises a particular anti-tumor agent, Paclitaxel, bound to dimeric RGC peptide, it is to be appreciated that this aspect of the invention includes all monomeric or multimeric forms of RGC peptides bound to any feasible diagnostic or therapeutic agents that may be useful in diagnosing, imaging or treating a tumor or other integrin-containing tissue or structure. Examples of antitumor substances that may be bound to monomeric or multimeric RGC peptides in accordance with this invention may include antitumor agents (e.g., cancer chemotherapeutic agents, biological response modifiers, vascularization inhibitors, hormone receptor blockers, cryotherapeutic agents or other agents that destroy or inhibit neoplasia or tumorigenesis) such as; alkylating agents or other agents which directly kill cancer cells by attacking their DNA (e.g., cyclophosphamide, isophosphamide), nitrosoureas or other agents which kill cancer cells by inhibiting changes necessary for cellular DNA repair (e.g., carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)), antimetabolites and other agents that block cancer cell growth by interfering with certain cell functions, usually DNA synthesis (e.g., 6 mercaptopurine and 5-fluorouracil (5FU), antitumor antibiotics and other compounds that act by binding or intercalating DNA and preventing RNA synthesis (e.g., doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mitomycin-C and bleomycin) plant (vinca) alkaloids and other anti-tumor agents derived from plants (e.g., vincristine and vinblastine), steroid hormones, hormone inhibitors, hormone receptor antagonists and other agents which affect the growth of hormone-responsive cancers (e.g., tamoxifen, herceptin, aromatase inhibitors such as aminoglutethamide and formestane, triazole inhibitors such as letrozole and anastrazole, steroidal inhibitors such as exemestane), anti-angiogenic proteins, small molecules, gene therapies and/or other agents that inhibit angiogenesis or vascularization of tumors (e.g., meth-1, meth-2, thalidomide), bevacizumab (Avastin), squalamine, endostatin, angiostatin, Angiozyme, AE-941 (Neovastat), CC-5013 (Revimid), medi-522 (Vitaxin), 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2, Panzem), carboxyamidotriazole (CAI), combretastatin A4 prodrug (CA4P), SU6668, SU11248, BMS-275291, COL-3, EMD 121974, IMC-1C11, IM862, TNP-470, celecoxib (Celebrex), rofecoxib (Vioxx), interferon alpha, interleukin-12 (IL-12) or any of the compounds identified in Science Vol. 289, Pages 1197-1201 (Aug. 17, 2000) which is expressly incorporated herein by reference, biological response modifiers (e.g., interferon, bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG), monoclonal antibodies, interluken 2, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), etc.), PGDF receptor antagonists, herceptin, asparaginase, busulphan, carboplatin, cisplatin, carmustine, cchlorambucil, cytarabine, dacarbazine, etoposide, flucarbazine, flurouracil, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, ifosphamide, irinotecan, lomustine, melphalan, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, thioguanine, thiotepa, tomudex, topotecan, treosulfan, vinblastine, vincristine, mitoazitrone, oxaliplatin, procarbazine, streptocin, taxol, taxotere, analogs/congeners and derivatives of such compounds as well as other antitumor agents not listed here.

Example 6

.SUP.64.CU-Labeled Multimeric RGC Peptides for Imaging of Integrin-Expressive Tumors

(191) In this example, .sup.64CU-Labeled tetrameric and octameric RGC peptides of the present invention (Compounds 4 and 5 respectively), shown below, are useful as radiotherapeutic agents for imaging and diagnostic purposes (e.g., radiolabeling of tumors for PET scanning) as well as for directing or delivering therapeutic agents to tumors or other cells which express integrins, such as tumors which express α.sub.vβ.sub.3 integrins.

(192) Compound 4:

(193) ##STR00015##
Compound 5:

(194) ##STR00016##

(195) The synthesis and mechanisms of action, biodistribution, tumor selectivity and PET related use of the corresponding RGD analogues of Compounds 4 and 5 are as described in Li, Z. et al., .sup.64CU-Labeled Tetrameric and Octameric RGD Peptides for Small-Animal PET of Tumor α.sub.vβ.sub.3 Integrin Expression; J. Nucl. Med. 48 (7) pp. 1162-1171 (2007).

(196) As used herein, any reference to treating or treatment of a disease or disorder shall be construed to include preventing or prevention of the disease or disorder before it has occurred or been detected as well as treating the disease or disorder after it has occurred or has been detected.

(197) It is to be appreciated that the invention has been described here above with reference to certain examples or embodiments of the invention but that various additions, deletions, alterations and modifications may be made to those examples and embodiments without departing from the intended spirit and scope of the invention. For example, any element or attribute of one embodiment or example may be incorporated into or used with another embodiment or example, unless otherwise specified of if to do so would render the embodiment or example unsuitable for its intended use. Also, where the steps of a method or process have been described or listed in a particular order, the order of such steps may be changed unless otherwise specified or unless doing so would render the method or process unworkable for its intended purpose. All reasonable additions, deletions, modifications and alterations are to be considered equivalents of the described examples and embodiments and are to be included within the scope of the following claims. All publications and patent documents cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each were so individually denoted.