Treatment for plants in conjunction with harvesting

Abstract

The present invention is directed to methods of treating a plant having a plant part. One method involves providing a plant having a plant part; applying an aqueous treatment formulation to the plant, where the aqueous treatment formulation comprises a thickener, a water soluble divalent salt, a foam control agent, a complexing agent, a film forming agent, and water; and harvesting the plant part, where the aqueous treatment formulation, when applied to a surface of a plant, creates a water fast film on the surface that permits permeation of an aqueous material to the plant while minimizing loss of moisture or loss of a plant treatment chemical from the plant as compared to when the composition is not applied to the surface of the plant. The present invention also relates to a methods of treating a harvested plant part and to the treated harvested plant parts.

Claims

1. A method of treating a plant, said method comprising: providing a plant having a plant part; applying an aqueous treatment formulation to the plant, wherein the aqueous treatment formulation comprises: (i) a thickener selected from the group consisting of a hydrophobically-modified ethoxylated urethane rheology (HEUR) polymer, a hydrophobically-modified alkali swellable emulsion (HASE) polymer, a hydrophobically-modified polyether (HMPE) polymer, a hydrophobically modified ethoxylated aminoplast (HEAT) polymer, and mixtures thereof, (ii) a water soluble divalent salt, wherein the water soluble divalent salt comprises a divalent cation selected from the group consisting of barium, calcium, cobalt (II), copper (II), iron (II), magnesium, manganese (II), strontium, zinc (II), and mixtures thereof, (iii) a foam control agent, (iv) a metal ion complexing agent, (v) a film forming agent having a molecular weight of about 80,000 to about 150,000, wherein the film forming agent is a polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, or a mixture thereof, and (vi) water; and harvesting the plant part after said applying, wherein said aqueous treatment formulation, when applied to a surface of the plant, creates a water fast film on the surface that permits permeation of an aqueous material to the plant and/or the plant part while minimizing loss of moisture or loss of a plant treatment chemical from the plant and/or the plant part as compared to when said composition is not applied to the surface of the plant and/or the plant part.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant is a growing plant.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant is a mature plant.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant is a flowering plant.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the plant is selected from the group consisting of Arabidopsis thaliana, African violet, alstromeria, anemone, aster, azalea, begonia, bellflower, bougainvillea, buttercup, cactus, camellia, carnation, chrysanthemum, clematis, cockscomb, columbine, cosmos, cyclamen, daffodil, dahlia, daisy, false cypress, forsythia, freesia, gardenia, gladioli, hibiscus, hollyhock, hydrangea, iris, lilac, lily, mum, peony, pelargonium, petunia, poinsettia, poppy, rose, saintpaulia, snapdragon, statice, sunflower, tulip, orchid, waxflower, and zinnia.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant part is an edible plant part.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the edible plant part is selected from the group consisting of alfalfa, apple, apricot, asparagus, avocado, banana, blueberry, barley, basil, bean, beet, broccoli, brussel sprout, cabbage, canola, carrot, cauliflower, celery, chicory, chives, citrus, corn, coriander, cucumber, dill, eggplant, endive, garlic, grape, grapefruit, kiwi, lavender, leek, lettuce, mango, melon, mint, nectarine, oregano, orange, papaya, parsley, parsnip, pea, peach, peanut, pear, pepper, pineapple, potato, pumpkin, radish, raspberry, rice, rosemary, rye, sweet potato, sorghum, soybean, spinach, strawberry, squash, sunflower, thyme, turnip, tomato, wheat, yam, and zucchini.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant part is selected from the group consisting of a flower, a fruit, a vegetable, and an herb.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the plant part is a flower.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the flower is selected from the group consisting of Arabidopsis thaliana, African violet, alstromeria, anemone, aster, azalea, begonia, bellflower, bougainvillea, buttercup, cactus, camellia, carnation, chrysanthemum, clematis, cockscomb, columbine, cosmos, cyclamen, daffodil, dahlia, daisy, false cypress, forsythia, freesia, gardenia, gladioli, hibiscus, hollyhock, hydrangea, iris, lilac, lily, mum, peony, pelargonium, petunia, poinsettia, poppy, rose, saintpaulia, snapdragon, statice, sunflower, tulip, orchid, waxflower, and zinnia.

11. The method of claim 8, wherein the plant part is a fruit.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the fruit is selected from the group consisting of alfalfa, apple, apricot, avocado, banana, blueberry, barley, bean, corn, cucumber, eggplant, grape, grapefruit, kiwi, mango, melon, nectarine, orange, papaya, pea, peach, peanut, pear, pepper, pineapple, pumpkin, raspberry, rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, strawberry, squash, sunflower, turnip, tomato, wheat, and zucchini.

13. The method of claim 8, wherein the plant part is a vegetable.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the vegetable is selected from the group consisting of asparagus, beet, broccoli, brussel sprout, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, celery, endive, garlic, leek, lettuce, parsnip, spinach, turnip, and yam.

15. The method of claim 8, wherein the plant part is a herb.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the herb is selected from the group consisting of basil, chicory, chives, coriander, dill, lavender, mint, parsley, rosemary, and thyme.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant part is harvested within about 12 hours, about 24 hours, or about 48 hours of applying the aqueous treatment formulation.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein the water soluble divalent salt is selected from the group consisting of zinc (II) acetate, zinc (II) bromide, zinc (II) chlorate, zinc (II) chloride, zinc (II) fluoride, zinc (II) formate, zinc (II) iodide, zinc (II) nitrate, zinc (II) sulfate monohydrate, zinc (II) sulfate heptahydrate, zinc (II) sulfate hexahydrate, zinc (II) sulfate anhydrous, and mixtures thereof.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein the foam control agent is selected from the group consisting of alkyl polyacrylates, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, a silicone-based foam control agent, and mixtures thereof.

20. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal ion complexing agent is selected from the group consisting of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, and mixtures thereof.

21. The method of claim 1, wherein the film forming agent is polyvinyl alcohol.

22. The harvested plant part made by the method of claim 1.

23. The method of claim 1, wherein said method further comprises: applying a plant treatment chemical to the plant.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the plant treatment chemical is selected from the group consisting of a pesticide and a growth regulating agent.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the plant treatment chemical is a pesticide selected from the group consisting of an insecticide, a fungicide, a miticide, and a nematicide.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the plant treatment chemical is an insecticide selected from the group consisting of carbamates, organochlorines, nicotinoids, phosphoramidothioates, organophosphates, pyrethroids and combinations thereof.

27. The method of claim 25, wherein the plant treatment chemical is a fungicide selected from the group consisting of aliphatic nitrogens, benzimidazoles, dicarboximides, dithiocarbamates, imidazoles, strobins, anilides, aromatics, sulfur derivatives, copper derivatives, and combinations thereof.

28. The method of claim 25, wherein the plant treatment chemical is a miticide selected from the group consisting of carbamates, carbazates, diphenyl oxazolines, glycides, macrocylic compounds, METI-acaracides, napthoquinone derivatives, organochlorines, organophosphates, organotins, oils, pyrethroids, pyridazinone, pyrroles, soaps, sulfur, tetrazines, tetronic acids, and combinations thereof.

29. The method of claim 25, wherein the plant treatment chemical is a nematicide selected from the group consisting of carbamates, organophosphates, halogenated hydrocarbons, methyl isothiocyanate liberators, and combinations thereof.

30. The harvested plant part made by the method of claim 23.

31. The method of claim 1, wherein said method is carried out to prevent post-harvest disease in the harvested plant part.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein the post-harvest disease is a fungal disease.

33. The method of claim 31, wherein the disease is caused by a pathogen selected from the group consisting of Alternia alternata, Alternaria citri, Botryotinia fucehana, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gleosporioides, Diaporthe citri, Diplodia natalensis, Geotrichum candidum, Galactomyces geotrichum, Glomerella cingulata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Oidium tingitaninum, Penicilhum digitatum, Penicilhum italicum, Peronospora belbahrii, Peronospora manshurica, Phomopsis citri, Phytophthora citricola, Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora hibemalis, Phytophthora nicotianae, Phytophthora palmivora, Phytophthora syringae, Plasmopara halstedii, Plasmopara obducens, Plasmopara viticola, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, and Pseudoperonospora humuh.

34. The method of claim 1, wherein said method is carried out to minimize water loss in the harvested plant.

35. The method of claim 1, wherein said method is carried out to extend the post-harvest shelf life of the harvested plant.

36. A method of treating a harvested plant part, said method comprising: providing a harvested plant part and applying an aqueous treatment formulation to the harvested plant part, wherein the aqueous treatment formulation comprises: (i) a thickener selected from the group consisting of a hydrophobically-modified ethoxylated urethane rheology (HEUR) polymer, a hydrophobically-modified alkali swellable emulsion (HASE) polymer, a hydrophobically-modified polyether (HMPE) polymer, a hydrophobically modified ethoxylated aminoplast (HEAT) polymer, and mixtures thereof, (ii) a water soluble divalent salt, wherein the water soluble divalent salt comprises a divalent cation selected from the group consisting of barium, calcium, cobalt (II), copper (II), iron (II), magnesium, manganese (II), strontium, zinc (II), and mixtures thereof, (iii) a foam control agent, (iv) a metal ion complexing agent, (v) a film forming agent having a molecular weight of about 80,000 to about 150,000, wherein the film forming agent is a polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, or a mixture thereof, and (vi) water; and wherein said aqueous treatment formulation, when applied to a surface of the harvested plant part, creates a water fast film on the surface that permits permeation of an aqueous material to the harvested plant part while minimizing loss of moisture or loss of a plant treatment chemical from the harvested plant part as compared to when said aqueous treatment formulation is not applied to the surface of the harvested plant part.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein the harvested plant part is selected from the group consisting of a flower, a fruit, a vegetable, and a herb.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein the harvested plant part is a flower.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein the flower is selected from the group consisting of Arabidopsis thaliana, African violet, alstromeria, anemone, aster, azalea, begonia, bellflower, bougainvillea, buttercup, cactus, camellia, carnation, chrysanthemum, clematis, cockscomb, columbine, cosmos, cyclamen, daffodil, dahlia, daisy, false cypress, forsythia, freesia, gardenia, gladioli, hibiscus, hollyhock, hydrangea, iris, lilac, lily, mum, peony, pelargonium, petunia, poinsettia, poppy, rose, saintpaulia, snapdragon, statice, sunflower, tulip, orchid, waxflower, and zinnia.

40. The method of claim 37, wherein the harvested plant part is a fruit.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the fruit is selected from the group consisting of alfalfa, apple, apricot, avocado, banana, blueberry, barley, bean, corn, cucumber, eggplant, grape, grapefruit, kiwi, mango, melon, nectarine, orange, papaya, pea, peach, peanut, pear, pepper, pineapple, pumpkin, raspberry, rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, strawberry, squash, sunflower, turnip, tomato, wheat, and zucchini.

42. The method of claim 37, wherein the harvested plant part is a vegetable.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein the vegetable is selected from the group consisting of asparagus, beet, broccoli, brussel sprout, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, celery, endive, garlic, leek, lettuce, parsnip, spinach, turnip, and yam.

44. The method of claim 43, wherein the harvested plant part is a herb.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein the herb is selected from the group consisting of basil, chicory, chives, coriander, dill, lavender, mint, parsley, rosemary, and thyme.

46. The method of claim 36, wherein said applying is carried out about 12 hours, about 24 hours, or about 48 hours after harvesting.

47. The method of claim 36, wherein the water soluble divalent salt is selected from the group consisting of zinc (II) acetate, zinc (II) bromide, zinc (II) chlorate, zinc (II) chloride, zinc (II) fluoride, zinc (II) formate, zinc (II) iodide, zinc (II) nitrate, zinc (II) sulfate monohydrate, zinc (II) sulfate heptahydrate, zinc (II) sulfate hexahydrate, zinc (II) sulfate anhydrous, and mixtures thereof.

48. The method of claim 36, wherein the foam control agent is selected from the group consisting of alkyl polyacrylates, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, a silicone-based foam control agent, and mixtures thereof.

49. The method of claim 36, wherein the metal ion complexing agent is selected from the group consisting of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, and mixtures thereof.

50. The method of claim 36, wherein the film forming agent is polyvinyl alcohol.

51. The harvested plant part made by the method of claim 36.

52. The method of claim 36, wherein said method further comprises: applying a plant treatment chemical to the harvested plant part.

53. The method of claim 52, wherein the plant treatment chemical is a pesticide.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein the pesticide is selected from the group consisting of an insecticide, a fungicide, a miticide, and a nematicide.

55. The method of claim 54, wherein the plant treatment chemical is an insecticide selected from the group consisting of carbamates, organochlorines, nicotinoids, phosphoramidothioates, organophosphates, pyrethroids and combinations thereof.

56. The method of claim 54, wherein the plant treatment chemical is a fungicide selected from the group consisting of aliphatic nitrogens, benzimidazoles, dicarboximides, dithiocarbamates, imidazoles, strobins, anilides, aromatics, sulfur derivatives, copper derivatives, and combinations thereof.

57. The method of claim 54, wherein the plant treatment chemical is a miticide selected from the group consisting of carbamates, carbazates, diphenyl oxazolines, glycides, macrocylic compounds, METI-acaracides, napthoquinone derivatives, organochlorines, organophosphates, organotins, oils, pyrethroids, pyridazinone, pyrroles, soaps, sulfur, tetrazines, tetronic acids, and combinations thereof.

58. The method of claim 54, wherein the plant treatment chemical is a nematicide selected from the group consisting of carbamates, organophosphates, halogenated hydrocarbons, methyl isothiocyanate liberators, and combinations thereof.

59. The harvested plant part made by the method of claim 52.

60. The method of claim 36, wherein said method is carried out to minimize water loss in the harvested plant part.

61. The method of claim 36, wherein said method is carried out to extend post-harvest shelf life of the harvested plant part.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIGS. 1A-1B show images of harvested Hydrangea stems on Day 0 (FIG. 1A) and Day 5 (FIG. 1B). Harvested stems were spray treated using the standard rate of application of the aqueous treatment formulation of the present application (FIGS. 1A-1B, left flask) or twice the standard rate of the aqueous treatment formulation of the present application (FIGS. 1A-1B, center flask). For treatment at the standard rate, plants were spray treated with an aqueous treatment formulation of the present application comprising 95.70 wt % water, 2.00 wt % ACUSOL® 823, 0.10 wt % PVA (100,000 MW), 0.10 wt % ZnSO.sub.4 monohydrate, 0.10 wt % Antifoam® 8810, and 2.00 wt % TEA. Untreated Hydrangea stems were used as a control (FIGS. 1A-1B, right flask).

(2) FIG. 2 shows images of harvested yellow squash on Day 0, Day 3, and Day 7. Harvested yellow squash were spray treated on Day 0 with an aqueous treatment formulation of the present application comprising 95.70 wt % water, 2.00 wt % ACUSOL® 823, 0.10 wt % PVA (100,000 MW), 0.10 wt % ZnSO.sub.4 monohydrate, 0.10 wt % Antifoam® 8810, and 2.00 wt % TEA. Untreated harvested squash were used as a control.

(3) FIGS. 3A-3C show grapefruit fruit treated prior to harvest (FIG. 3A) or after harvest (FIGS. 3B-3C). FIG. 3B shows untreated harvested fruit. FIG. 3C shows harvested fruit treated in the grove with an aqueous treatment formulation comprising 95.70 wt % water, 2.00 wt % ACUSOL® 823, 0.10 wt % PVA (100,000 MW), 0.10 wt % ZnSO.sub.4 monohydrate, 0.10 wt % Antifoam® 8810, and 2.00 wt % TEA on Day 0 (FIG. 3B). Fruit was packed and stored for 106 days.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(4) One aspect of the present invention is directed to a method of treating a plant. This method involves providing a plant having a plant part and applying an aqueous treatment formulation to the plant, where the aqueous treatment formulation comprises a thickener, a water soluble divalent salt, a foam control agent, a complexing agent, a film forming agent, and water. The method further involves harvesting the plant part after said applying, where the aqueous treatment formulation, when applied to a surface of a plant, creates a water fast film on the surface that permits permeation of an aqueous material to the plant while minimizing loss of moisture or loss of a plant treatment chemical from the plant as compared to when the composition is not applied to the surface of the plant.

(5) As used herein, the term “plant” refers to any living organism belonging to the kingdom Plantae, including, but not limited to, trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, and vines. The term refers to both monocots and dicots. Exemplary plants include, but are not limited to, corn, potatoes, roses, apple trees, sunflowers, wheat, rice, bananas, tomatoes, pumpkins, squash, lettuce, cabbage, oak trees, guzmania, geraniums, hibiscus, clematis, poinsettias, sugarcane, taro, duck weed, pine trees, Kentucky blue grass, zoysia, coconut trees, brassica leafy vegetables (e.g., broccoli, broccoli raab, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, Chinese cabbage (e.g., Bok Choy and Napa), cauliflower, cavalo, collards, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens, rape greens, and other brassica leafy vegetable crops), bulb vegetables (e.g., garlic, leek, onion (dry bulb, green, and Welch), shallot, and other bulb vegetable crops), citrus fruits (e.g., grapefruit, lemon, lime, orange, tangerine, citrus hybrids, pummelo, and other citrus fruit crops), cucurbit vegetables (e.g., cucumber, citron melon, edible gourds, gherkin, muskmelons (including hybrids and/or cultivars of cucumis melons), water-melon, cantaloupe, and other cucurbit vegetable crops), fruiting vegetables (including eggplant, ground cherry, pepino, pepper, tomato, tomatillo, and other fruiting vegetable crops), grape, leafy vegetables (e.g., romaine), root/tuber and corm vegetables (e.g., potato), and tree nuts (e.g., almond, pecan, pistachio, and walnut), berries (e.g., tomatoes, barberries, currants, elderberryies, gooseberries, honeysuckles, mayapples, nannyberries, Oregon-grapes, see-buckthorns, hackberries, bearberries, lingonberries, strawberries, sea grapes, lackberries, cloudberries, loganberries, raspberries, salmonberries, thimbleberries, and wineberries), cereal crops (e.g., corn, rice, wheat, barley, sorghum, millets, oats, ryes, triticales, buckwheats, fonio, and quinoa), pome fruit (e.g., apples, pears), stone fruits (e.g., coffees, jujubes, mangos, olives, coconuts, oil palms, pistachios, almonds, apricots, cherries, damsons, nectarines, peaches and plums), vines (e.g., table grapes and wine grapes), fibber crops (e.g. hemp and cotton), ornamentals, and the like.

(6) As used herein, the term “growing plant” refers to a plant that is increasing in mass or cell number. Plants may be grown by any means known in the art, including in soil, in water culture (e.g., hydroponically), in media, in sand culture, in gravel culture, and in adsorbed-nutrient culture (see, e.g., McCall W W, Nakagawa Y. 1970. Growing plants without soil. Honolulu (HI): University of Hawaii. 22 p. (Circular; 440), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). In one embodiment, the plant is a growing plant.

(7) As used herein, the term “mature plant” refers to a plant in which normal development of all vegetative and reproductive organs has occurred. In one embodiment, the plant is a mature plant.

(8) As used herein, the term “flowering plant” refers to a plant which produces flowers. In one embodiment, the plant is a flowering plant. The flowering plant may be an ornamental horticultural plant or an ornamental flowering plant. The flowering plant may be an angiosperm or a gymnosperm.

(9) In one embodiment, the flowering plant is selected from the group consisting of Arabidopsis thaliana, African violet, alstromeria, anemone, aster, azalea, begonia, bellflower, bougainvillea, buttercup, cactus, camellia, carnation, chrysanthemum, clematis, cockscomb, columbine, cosmos, cyclamen, daffodil, dahlia, daisy, false cypress, forsythia, freesia, gardenia, gladioli, hibiscus, hollyhock, hydrangea, iris, lilac, lily, mum, peony, pelargonium, petunia, poinsettia, poppy, rose, saintpaulia, snapdragon, statice, sunflower, tulip, orchid, waxflower, and zinnia.

(10) The plant part may be an edible plant part. In accordance with this embodiment, the edible plant part is selected from the group consisting of alfalfa, apple, apricot, asparagus, avocado, banana, blueberry, barley, basil, bean, beet, broccoli, brussel sprout, cabbage, canola, carrot, cauliflower, celery, chicory, chives, citrus, corn, coriander, cucumber, dill, eggplant, endive, garlic, grape, grapefruit, kiwi, lavender, leek, lettuce, mango, melon, mint, nectarine, oregano, orange, onion, papaya, parsley, parsnip, pea, peach, peanut, pear, pepper, pineapple, potato, pumpkin, radish, raspberry, rice, rosemary, rye, sweet potato, sorghum, soybean, spinach, strawberry, squash, sunflower, thyme, turnip, tomato, wheat, yam, and zucchini.

(11) The plant part may be selected from the group consisting of a flower, a fruit, a vegetable, and a herb.

(12) In one embodiment, the plant part is a flower. The flower may be selected from the group consisting of Arabidopsis thaliana, African violet, alstromeria, anemone, aster, azalea, begonia, bellflower, bougainvillea, buttercup, cactus, camellia, carnation, chrysanthemum, clematis, cockscomb, columbine, cosmos, cyclamen, daffodil, dahlia, daisy, false cypress, forsythia, freesia, gardenia, gladioli, hibiscus, hollyhock, hydrangea, iris, lilac, lily, mum, peony, pelargonium, petunia, poinsettia, poppy, rose, saintpaulia, snapdragon, statice, sunflower, tulip, orchid, waxflower, and zinnia.

(13) Alternatively, the plant part is a fruit. The fruit may be selected from the group consisting of alfalfa, apple, apricot, avocado, banana, blueberry, barley, bean, corn, cucumber, eggplant, grape, grapefruit, kiwi, mango, melon, nectarine, orange, papaya, pea, peach, peanut, pear, pepper, pineapple, pumpkin, raspberry, rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, strawberry, squash, sunflower, turnip, tomato, wheat, and zucchini.

(14) The plant part may be a vegetable. The vegetable may be selected from the group consisting of asparagus, beet, broccoli, brussel sprout, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, celery, endive, garlic, leek, lettuce, parsnip, spinach, turnip, and yam.

(15) The plant part may be a herb. The herb may be selected from the group consisting of basil, chicory, chives, coriander, dill, lavender, mint, parsley, rosemary, and thyme.

(16) The plant part may be harvested within 48 hours, 24 hours, or 12 hours of applying the aqueous treatment formulation.

(17) Methods of applying aqueous treatment formulations are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, spraying, wetting, dipping, misting, drenching, showering, fogging, soaking, dampening, drizzling, dousing, and splashing (see, e.g., Matthews, G. A. (2000) Pesticide Application Methods, Third Edition, Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, UK, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

(18) In one embodiment, the aqueous treatment formulation is applied in a non-invasive manner so as to reduce and/or eliminate plant tissue damage. The method may further involve removing dead and dying tissue from the plant and the soil surface prior to harvest.

(19) In some embodiments, the plant is harvested using cutting tools. Cutting tools are well known in the art and include, for example, a knife, a sheath, a pruner, a blade, a sheath, and shears. The cutting tools may be sanitized prior to harvesting.

(20) Various thickeners are well known in the art and include, for example, associative and non-associative thickeners (see Gregory D. Shay, Chapter 25, “Alkali-Swellable and Alkali-Soluble Thickener Technology A Review”, Polymers in Aqueous Media—Performance Through Association, Advances in Chemistry Series 223, J. Edward Glass (ed.), ACS, pp. 457-494, Division Polymeric Materials, Washington, D.C. (1989); Chassenieux et al., “Rheology of Associative Polymer Solutions,” Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 16(1):18-26 (2011); Winnik et al., “Associative Polymers in Aqueous Solution,” Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 2(4):424-36 (1997); and Antunes et al., “Gelation of Charged Bio-Nanocompartments Induced by Associative and Non-Associative Polysaccharides,” Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 66(1):134-40 (2008), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety).

(21) As used herein, the term “associative thickener” refers to a water soluble polymer containing hydrophobic groups that interact with each other and the other elements of the composition to create a three-dimensional network. Exemplary associative thickeners include hydrophobically-modified ethoxylated urethane rheology (HEUR) polymers, hydrophobically-modified alkali swellable emulsion (HASE) polymers, hydrophobically-modified polyether (HMPE), hydrophobically-modified hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HMHEC), and hydrophobically modified ethoxylated aminoplast (HEAT) polymers.

(22) As used herein, the term “non-associative thickener” refers to a high molecular weight water soluble polymer containing hydrophobic groups that interact with each other to create a three-dimensional network. Suitable non-associative thickeners include alkali soluble emulsion (ASE) polymers and cellulose ethers.

(23) In one embodiment, the thickener is an associative anionic thickener. Exemplary associative anionic thickeners are described in European Patent Publication EP2542598 A1 to Nguyen et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In one example, the associative anionic thickener is selected from the group consisting of a hydrophobically-modified alkali swellable emulsion (HASE) polymer, an alkali soluble emulsion (ASE) polymer, and mixtures thereof.

(24) Alternatively, the thickener is an associative nonionic thickener selected from the group consisting of hydrophobically-modified ethoxylated urethane rheology (HEUR) polymers, hydrophobically modified ethoxylated aminoplast (HEAT) polymers, and mixtures thereof.

(25) In one embodiment, the thickener is selected from the group consisting of a hydrophobically-modified alkali soluble polymer, an alkali soluble emulsion polymer, a hydrophobically-modified ethoxylated urethane polymer, and mixtures thereof. Exemplary associative thickeners include, but are not limited to, ACUSOL® 801S, ACUSOL® 805S, ACUSOL® 810A, ACUSOL® 820, ACUSOL® 823, ACUSOL® 830, ACUSOL® 835, ACUSOL® 842, ACUSOL® 880, and ACUSOL® 882. ACUSOL is a trademark of Rohm and Hass Company, Philadelphia, Pa.

(26) The water soluble divalent salt may be formed from a divalent cation selected from the group consisting of barium, calcium, chromium (II), cobalt (II), copper (II), iron (II), lead (II), magnesium, manganese (II), strontium, zinc (II), tin (II), and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the water soluble divalent salt is selected from the group consisting of zinc (II) acetate, zinc (II) bromide, zinc (II) chlorate, zinc (II) chloride, zinc (II) fluoride, zinc (II) formate, zinc (II) iodide, zinc (II) nitrate, zinc (II) sulfate monohydrate, zinc (II) sulfate heptahydrate, zinc (II) sulfate hexahydrate, zinc (II) sulfate anhydrous, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the water soluble divalent salt is a zinc sulfate.

(27) The foam control agent may be selected from the group consisting of alkyl poly acrylates, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, a silicone-based foam control agent, and mixtures thereof.

(28) Fatty acids or fatty alcohols are species which have from 10 to 20 carbon in their alkyl chain. Suitable fatty acids are saturated or unsaturated and can be obtained from natural sources (e.g., palm oil, coconut oil, babassu oil, safflower oil, tall oil, castor oil, tallow and fish oils, grease, and mixtures thereof) or can be synthetically prepared. Examples of suitable fatty acids for use in the present invention include capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, and behenic acid.

(29) Fatty alcohols derived from the above-mentioned fatty acids are suitable for the foam control agents of the present invention. Exemplary fatty alcohols include, but are not limited to, capryl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, palmitoleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, arachidyl alcohol, and behenyl alcohol.

(30) As used herein, the term “glyceride” refers to esters where one, two, or three of the —OH groups of the glycerol have been esterified. Monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides may comprise esters of any of the fatty acids described above.

(31) As used herein, the term “silicone-based foam control agent” refers to a polymer with a silicon backbone. In one embodiment, the foam control agent is a silicone-based foam control agent. Suitable silicone-based foam control agents include, but are not limited to, polydimethylsiloxane fluid and polydimethylsiloxane-treated silica.

(32) As used herein, the term “complexing agent” refers to a substance that is capable of complexing metal ions. The complexing agent may be selected from the group consisting of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (“DTPA”), ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid (“EDTA”), nitrilotriacetic acid (“NTA”), diethanolamine (“DEA”), triethanolamine (“TEA”), and mixtures thereof.

(33) In one embodiment, the complexing agent is triethanolamine (“TEA”). In another embodiment, the complexing agent is a mixture of triethanolamine (“TEA”) and diethanolamine (“DEA”).

(34) As used herein, the term “film forming agent” refers to an agent which functions to enhance film formation. Film forming agents may be selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the film forming agent is polyvinyl alcohol having a molecular weight of 25,000 to 175,000. Alternatively, the film forming agent is polyvinyl alcohol having a molecular weight of 80,000 to 150,000. For example, the film forming agent may be polyvinyl alcohol having a molecular weight of 100,000.

(35) The aqueous treatment formulation may comprise 1.00 to 3.00 wt %, 1.00 to 2.50 wt %, 1.00 to 2.00 wt %, 1.50 to 2.00 wt %, or 1.50 to 2.50 wt % thickener; 0.05 to 0.10 wt %, 0.05 to 0.15 wt %, 0.05 to 0.50 wt %, 0.05 to 0.15 wt %, 0.10 to 0.40 wt %, 0.20 to 0.30 wt % water soluble divalent salt; 0.05 to 0.10 wt %, 0.05 to 0.15 wt %, 0.05 to 0.50 wt %, 0.05 to 0.15 wt %, 0.10 to 0.40 wt %, 0.15 to 0.35 wt %, 0.20 to 0.30 wt % foam control agent; 1.00 to 3.00 wt %, 1.00 to 2.50 wt %, 1.00 to 2.00 wt %, 1.50 to 2.00 wt %, or 1.50 to 2.50 wt % complexing agent; 0.05 to 0.10 wt %, 0.05 to 0.15 wt %, 0.05 to 0.50 wt %, 0.05 to 0.15 wt %, 0.10 to 0.40 wt %, or 0.20 to 0.30 wt % film forming agent; and 90 to 99 wt %, 92 to 99 wt %, 94 to 99 wt %, 96 to 99 wt %, 97 to 99 wt %, or 98 to 99 wt % water.

(36) In one embodiment, the aqueous treatment formulation comprises 1.00 to 3.00 wt % of the thickener; 0.05 to 0.15 wt % of the water soluble divalent salt; 0.05 to 0.15 wt % of the foam control agent; 1.00 to 3.00 wt % of the complexing agent; 0.05 to 0.15 wt % of a film forming agent; and 90 to 99 wt % water.

(37) In another embodiment, the aqueous treatment formulation comprises 1.60 to 2.40 wt % of the thickener; 0.08 to 0.12 wt % of the water soluble divalent salt; 0.08 to 0.12 wt % of the foam control agent; 1.60 to 2.40 wt % of the complexing agent; 0.08 to 0.12 wt % of a film forming agent; and 97.60 to 98.40 wt % water.

(38) Alternatively, the aqueous treatment formulation comprises 1.80 to 2.20 wt % of the thickener; 0.09 to 0.11 wt % of the water soluble divalent salt; 0.09 to 0.11 wt % of the foam control agent; 1.80 to 2.20 wt % of the complexing agent; 0.09 to 0.11 wt % of a film forming agent; and 97.80 to 98.20 wt % water.

(39) In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the harvested plant part of the plant treated with the aqueous treatment formulation of the present application.

(40) In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention may further involve applying a plant treatment chemical to the plant or plant part. In accordance with these embodiments, the aqueous treatment formulation is an adjuvant. As used herein, the term “adjuvant” refers to a composition which, when used with a plant treatment chemical, increases the efficacy of the plant treatment chemical or improves the application characteristics of a plant treatment chemical formulation. In some embodiments, the aqueous treatment formulation reduces the amount of a plant treatment chemicals required to achieve a desired effect by at least 15 to 40 wt %, 20 to 35 wt %, or 20 to 30 wt %.

(41) The plant treatment chemical may be selected from the group consisting of a pesticide and a growth regulating agent.

(42) As used herein, the term “pesticide” refers to an agent that can be used to control and/or kill a pest or organism. Pesticides are well known in the art and include, for example, insecticides, intended for the control of insects; fungicides, intended for the control of fungi; miticides, intended for the control of mites; nematicides, intended for the control of nematodes; acaricides, intended for the control of arachnids or spiders; and virucides intended for the control of viruses. The plant treatment chemical may be a pesticide selected from the group consisting of an herbicide, an insecticide, a fungicide, a miticide, and a nematicide.

(43) In one embodiment, the plant treatment chemical is a herbicide selected from the group consisting of acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors (ACCase), actolactate synthase inhibitors (ALS), microtubule assembly inhibitors (MT), growth regulators (GR), photosynthesis II, binding site A inhibitors (PSII(A)), photosynthesis II, binding site B inhibitors (PSII(B)), photosynthesis II, binding site C inhibitors (PSII(C)), shoot inhibitors (SHT), enolpyruvyl-shikimate-phosphate synthase inhibitors (EPSP), glutamine synthase inhibitors (GS), phytoene desaturase synthase inhibitors (PDS), diterpene inhibitors (DITERP), protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors (PPO), shoot and root inhibitors (SHT/RT), photosystem 1 electron diverters (ED), hydroxyphenlypyruvate dioxygenase synthesis inhibitors (HPPD), and combinations thereof.

(44) Suitable herbicides include, but are not limited to, those listed in Table 1.

(45) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Exemplary Herbicides Site of Action Common Name of Active Class of Active of Active Commercial Ingredient Ingredient Ingredient Product ACCase Cyclohexene Oxime Sethoxydim Poast ® ACCase Phenoxy Quizalofop-P Assure ® II ALS Sulfonylurea Primisulfuron Beacon ® ALS Imidazolinone Imazamox Raptor ® MT Dinitroaniline Trifluralin Passport ® MT Dinitroanaline Pendimethalin Prowl ® GR Phenoxy 2,4-D Amsol ® GR Benzoic Acid Dicamba Banvel ® PSII(A) Triazine Atrazine Atrazine ® PSII(A) Triazine Cynazine Blandex ® PSII(B) Nitrite Bromoxylin Butracil ® PSII(C) Phenylurea Diuron Karmex ® SHT Thiocarbamate EPTC Eptam ® EPSP Organophosphorous Glyphosate Roundup ® GS Organophosphorous Gluphosinate Liberty ® PDS Pyridazinone Norflurazon Zorial ® DITERP unclassified Clomazone Command ® PPO Diphenyl ether Fomesafen Reflex ® SHT/RT Chloroacetanilide Alachor Lasso ® SHT/RT Chloroacetanilide Acetochlor Surpass ® ED Quaternary ammonium Diquat Reglone ® HPPD Cyclopropylisoxazole Isoxaflutole Balance ®

(46) In one embodiment, the plant treatment chemical is an insecticide selected from the group consisting of carbamates, organochlorines, nicotinoids, phosphoramidothioates, organophosphates, pyrethroids, and combinations thereof.

(47) Suitable insecticides include, but are not limited to, those listed in Table 2.

(48) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Exemplary Insecticides Common Name Class of Active of Active Commercial Ingredient Ingredient Product Carbamate Aldricarb Temik ® Organochlorine Endosulfan Thidan ® Nicotinoid Imidacloprid Merit ® Phosphoramidothioate Acephate Orthene ® Organophosphate Dimethoate Roxion ® Pyrethroid Permethrin Ambush ®

(49) The plant treatment chemical may be a fungicide selected from the group consisting of aliphatic nitrogens, benzimidazoles, dicarboximides, dithiocarbamates, imidazoles, strobins, anilides, aromatics, sulfur derivatives, copper derivatives, and combinations thereof.

(50) Suitable fungicides include, but are not limited to, those listed in Table 3.

(51) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Exemplary Fungicides Common Name Class of Active of Active Commercial Ingredient Ingredient Product Aromatic Chlorothalonil Bravo ® Copper Copper hydroxide Kocide ® Sulfur Flowers of Sulfur Kumulus ® Aliphatic nitrogen Cymoxanil Curzate ® Benzimidazole Thiabendazole Thiabendazole ® Dicarboximide Capatan Captan ® Dicarboximide Vinclozolin Ronilan ® Dicarboximide Mancozeb Dithane ® Dicarboximide Maneb Manex ® Dicarboximide Meritram Polyram ® Dicarboximide Thiram Thiram ® Dicarboximide Ziram Ziram ® Imidazole, dicarboximide Iprodione Rovral ® Organophosphate Fosetyl-aluminum Alientte ® Dithiocarbamate Mancozeb Dithane ® Strobin Azoxystrobin Abound ® Anilide Metalaxyl Ridomil ®

(52) The plant treatment chemical may be a miticide selected from the group consisting of carbamates, carbazates, diphenyl oxazolines, glycides, macrocylic compounds, METI-acaracides, napthoquinone derivatives, organochlorines, organophosphates, organotins, oils, pyrethroids, pyridazinone, pyrroles, soaps, sulfur, tetrazines, tetronic acids, and combinations thereof.

(53) Suitable miticides include, but are not limited to, those listed in Table 4.

(54) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Exemplary Miticides Common Name Class of Active of Active Commercial Ingredient Ingredient Product Carbamate Carbaryl Sevin ® Carbamate Formetanate Carzol ® Carbamate Hexythiazox Savey ® Carbazate Bifenazate Acrimite ® Diphenyl oxazoline Etoxazol Tetrasan ® Glycoside Abamecitin Avid ® Macrocylic compound Abamectin Affirm ® Macrocylic compound Milbemectin Milbeknock ® METI-acaracide Fenpyroximate Akari ® METI-acaracide Pyridaben Sanmite ® Napthoquinone derivative Acequinocyl Shuttle ®O Organochlorine Dicofol Kethane ® Organophosphate Diazinon Spectracide ® Organophosphate Dimethoate Cygon ® Organophosphate Disulfoton Di-Syston ® Organotin Fenbutatin oxide Vendex ® Oil Clove oil Pest Out ® Oil Cottonseed oil Sea-cide ® OG Oil Garlic oil Captiva ® Oil Mineral oil Ultra-Pure ® Oil Oil Neem oil Triact ® 70 Oil Peppermint oil Ecotec ® Oil Petroleum oil Biocover ® Oil Rosemary oil Captiva ® Oil Soybean oil Captiva ® Pyrethroids Bifenthrin Talstar ® Pyrethroids Fenpropathrin Danitol ® Pyrethroids Fluvalinate Yardex ® Pyrethroids Lambda-Cyhalothrin Scimitar ® GC Pyridazinone Pyridaben Pyramite ® Pyrroles Chlorfenapyr Pylon ® Soaps Potassium salts Des-X ® of fatty acids Sulfur Sulfur Micro Sulf ® Tetrazine Clofentezine Apollo ® Tetronic acid Spiromesifen Judo ® Tetronic acid Spirotetramat Kontos ®

(55) The plant treatment chemical may be a nematicide selected from the group consisting of carbamates, organophosphates, halogenated hydrocarbons, methyl isothiocyanate liberators, and combinations thereof.

(56) Suitable nematicides include, but are not limited to, those listed in Table 5.

(57) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Exemplary Nematicides Common Name Class of Active of Active Commercial Ingredient Ingredient Product Carbamate Aldicarb Temik ® Carbamate Aldoxycarb Standak ® Carbamate Carbofuran Furadan ® Carbamate Oxamyl Vydate ® Halogenated hydrocarbon Chloropicrin Telone ® II Halogenated hydrocarbon Methyl bromide Meth-O-Gas ® Methyl isothiocyanate Dazomet Basamid ® G liberator Methyl isothiocyanate Metam sodium Vapam ® HL liberator Organophosphate Cadusaphos Rugby ® Organophosphate Ethoprop Mocap ® Organophosphate Fenamiphos Nemacur ® Organophosphate Fensulfothion Dasanit ® Organophosphate Terbufos Plydox ®

(58) In an additional embodiment, the plant treatment chemical is a growth regulating agent selected from the group consisting of auxins, cytokinins, defoliants, ethylene releasers, gibberellins, growth inhibitors, growth retardants, growth stimulators, and combinations thereof.

(59) Suitable growth regulators include, but are not limited to, those listed in Table 6.

(60) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Exemplary Growth Regulators Common Name Class of Active of Active Commercial Ingredient Ingredient Product Cytokinin Zeatin Defoliant Thidiazuron (ISO) Dropp ® Growth stimulator Forchlorfenuron Growth inhibitor Mepiquat (ISO) chloride Pix ® Growth inhibitor Maleic hydrazide (ISO-E) Sprout Stop ® Growth retardant Palclobutrazol (ISO) Bonzi ® Difoliant, ethylene releaser Ethephon (ANSI) Prep ® Gibberellin Gibberellic acid RyzUp ® Gibberellin BAP + Gibberellic acid Accel ® Auxin α-napththaleneacetic acid Tre-Hold ® (ISO) Auxin IBA Seradix ®

(61) The aqueous treatment formulation may comprise 1.00 to 3.00 wt %, 1.00 to 2.50 wt %, 1.00 to 2.00 wt %, 1.50 to 2.00 wt %, or 1.50 to 2.50 wt % thickener; 0.05 to 0.10 wt %, 0.05 to 0.15 wt %, 0.05 to 0.50 wt %, 0.05 to 0.15 wt %, 0.10 to 0.40 wt %, 0.20 to 0.30 wt % water soluble divalent salt; 0.05 to 0.10 wt %, 0.05 to 0.15 wt %, 0.05 to 0.50 wt %, 0.05 to 0.15 wt %, 0.10 to 0.40 wt %, 0.15 to 0.35 wt %, 0.20 to 0.30 wt % foam control agent; 1.00 to 3.00 wt %, 1.00 to 2.50 wt %, 1.00 to 2.00 wt %, 1.50 to 2.00 wt %, or 1.50 to 2.50 wt % complexing agent; 0.05 to 0.10 wt %, 0.05 to 0.15 wt %, 0.05 to 0.50 wt %, 0.05 to 0.15 wt %, 0.10 to 0.40 wt %, or 0.20 to 0.30 wt % film forming agent; and 90 to 99 wt %, 92 to 99 wt %, 94 to 99 wt %, 96 to 99 wt %, 97 to 99 wt %, or 98 to 99 wt % water. In accordance with federal and state regulations, the plant treatment formulation may comprise 0.1 to 1.00 wt %, 0.1 to 0.50 wt %, or 0.10 to 0.25 wt % of a plant treatment chemical.

(62) In one embodiment, the aqueous treatment formulation comprises 1.00 to 3.0 wt % of the thickener; 0.05 to 0.15 wt % of the water soluble divalent salt; 0.05 to 0.15 wt % of the foam control agent; 1.00 to 3.00 wt % of the complexing agent; 0.05 to 0.15 wt % of a film forming agent; 90 to 99 wt % water; and 0.1 to 1.00 wt % plant treatment chemical.

(63) In another embodiment, the aqueous treatment formulation comprises 1.60 to 2.40 wt % of the thickener; 0.08 to 0.12 wt % of the water soluble divalent salt; 0.08 to 0.12 wt % of the foam control agent; 1.60 to 2.40 wt % of the complexing agent; 0.08 to 0.12 wt % of a film forming agent; 97.60 to 98.40 wt % water; and 0.10 to 1.00 wt % of a plant treatment chemical.

(64) Alternatively, the aqueous treatment formulation comprises 1.8 to 2.2 wt % of the thickener; 0.09 to 0.11 wt % of the water soluble divalent salt; 0.09 to 0.11 wt % of the foam control agent; 1.8 to 2.2 wt % of the complexing agent; 0.09 to 0.11 wt % of a film forming agent; 97.8 to 98.2 wt % water; and 0.10 to 1.00 wt % of a plant treatment chemical.

(65) In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the harvested plant part of a plant treated with the aqueous treatment formulation having a plant treatment chemical of the present application.

(66) In one embodiment, the method is carried out to prevent post-harvest disease in the harvested plant part. The post-harvest disease may be a fungal disease. Exemplary post-harvest fungal diseases include, but are not limited, to those shown in Table 7. In one embodiment, the post-harvest fungal disease is selected from the group

(67) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Exemplary Fungal Diseases Disease Etiological Agent(s) Alternaria brown spot Alternaria alternata; Alternaria brassicae; Alternaria brassicicola Alternaria stem-end rot (black rot) Alternaria citri Anthracnose Glomerella cingulata; Colletotrichum gleosporioides Black mold rot Aspergillus niger Black root rot Thielaviopsis basicola; Chalara elegans Black spot Guignardia citricarpa; Phyllosticta citricarpa Blue mold Penicillium italicum Branch knot Sphaeropsis tumefaciens Brown rot Phytophthora citricola; Phytophthora citrophthora; Phytophthora hibernalis; Phytophthora nicotianae; Phytophthora palmivora; Phytophthora syringae Charcoal root rot Macrophomina phaseolina Citrus black spot Guignardia citricarpa Damping-off Pythium aphanidermatum; Pythium debaryanum; Pythium rostratum; Pythium ultimum; Pythium vexans; Rhizoctonia solani Dothiorella gummosis and rot Botryosphaeria ribis; Dothiorella gregaria Dry root rot complex Nectria haematococca; Fusarium solani Dry rot Ashbya gossypii; Nematospora coryli Fusarium rot, wilt Fusarium spp. Flyspeck Leptothyrium pomi Gray mold Botrytis cinerea (Botrytis); Botryotinia fuckeliana Green mold Penicillium digitatum Mancha foliar de los citricos Alternaria limicola Melanose Diaporthe citri Stem-end rot (stem-end rind Phomopsis citri; Diaporthe citri; breakdown) Lasiodiplodia theobromae; Diplodia natalensis Phytophthora rot Phytophthora citrophthora; Phytophthora hibernalis; Phytophthora nicotianae var. Parasitica; Phytophthora palmivora; Phytophthora syringae Pink mold Gliocladium roseum Pleopora rot Pleospora herbarum; Stemphylium herbarum Powdery mildew Oidium tingitaninum Sour rot Geotrichum citri-aurantii; Geotrichum candidum; Galactomyces citri-aurantii; Galactomyces candidum; Galactomyces geotrichum Sooty mold Capnodium spp. Sweet orange scab Elsinoë{umlaut over ( )}australis Whisker mold Penicillium ulaiense White root rot Rosellinia sp.; Rosellinia necatrix; Dematophora necatrix; Rosellinia subiculata
consisting of green mold, grey mold, blue mold, brown rot, sour rot, black rot, stem-end rind breakdown, anthracnose, powdery mildew, and Phytophthora rot.

(68) In another embodiment, the post-harvest disease is selected from the group consisting of powdery mildew, downey mildew, and Botrytis. Powdery mildew is a problem in warm, dry weather, spread by spores. Downey mildew is a problem in cooler, wetter weather, spread by spores. Downey mildew may be caused, for example, by Peronospora belbahrii, Peronospora manshurica, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Plasmopara viticola, Pseudoperonospora humuli, Plasmopara halstedii, and Plasmopara obducens.

(69) Botrytis, unlike powdery mildew and downey mildew, must have nutrients or some food source before it can invade the plant. Nutrients leaking from wounded plants or from dying plant tissue such as old flower petals provide the required nutrients. Botrytis is aggressive in high humidity. Sites of infection include wounded plant tissue, fading flowers, broken stems or injured leaves, and seedlings grown under cool, moist conditions. Botrytis is mediated by Peronospora farinosa (synonyms include: Botrytis effusa, Botrytis farinosa, Peronospora chenopodii; Peronospora effusa; and Peronospora variabilis).

(70) In one embodiment, the disease is caused by a pathogen selected from the group consisting of of Alternia alternata, Alternaria citri, Botryotinia fuckeliana, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gleosporioides, Diaporthe citri, Diplodia natalensis, Geotrichum candidum, Galactomyces geotrichum, Glomerella cingulata, Lasiodiplodia theobromas, Oidium tingitaninum, Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Peronospora belbahrii, Peronospora manshurica, Phomopsis citri, Phytophthora citricola, Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora hibernalis, Phytophthora nicotianae, Phytophthora palmivora, Phytophthora syringae, Plasmopara halstedii, Plasmopara obducens, Plasmopara viticola, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, and Pseudoperonospora humuli.

(71) The post-harvest disease may be bacterial disease. Exemplary bacterial diseases include, for example, those shown in Table 8.

(72) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Exemplary Bacterial Diseases Disease Etiological Agent(s) Bacterial spot Xanthomonas campestris pv. citrumelo Black pit (fruit) Pseudomonas syringae Blast Pseudomonas syringae Citrus canker Xanthomonas axonopodis Citrus variegated chlorosis Xylella fastidiosa Huanglongbing (citrus greening) Candidatus Liberibacter; Candidatus L. africanus

(73) In one embodiment, the post-harvest disease is a parasitic disease. Exemplary parasitic diseases include, for example, those shown in Table 9.

(74) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Exemplary Parasitic Diseases Disease Etiological Agent(s) Citrus slump nematode Pratylenchus coffeae Dagger nematode Xiphinema spp. Lesion nematode Pratylenchus spp.; Pratylenchus brachyurus; Pratylenchus coffeae; Pratylenchus vulnus Needle nematode Longidorus spp. Sheath nematode Hemicycliophora spp.; Hemicycliophora arenaria Slow decline (citrus nematode) Tylenchulus semipenetrans

(75) In another embodiment, the method is carried out to minimize water loss in the harvested plant part. Water loss or transpiration, refers to water vapor movement from the harvested plant part to the environment.

(76) Alternatively, the method is carried out to extend the post-harvest shelf life of the harvested plant part.

(77) A further aspect of the present invention relates to a method of treating a harvested plant part. This method involves providing a harvested plant part and applying an aqueous treatment formulation to the harvested plant part, where the aqueous treatment formulation comprises a thickener, a water soluble divalent salt, a foam control agent, a complexing agent, a film forming agent, and water, and where the aqueous treatment formulation, when applied to a surface of a harvested plant part, creates a water fast film on the surface that permits permeation of an aqueous material to the harvested plant part while minimizing loss of moisture or loss of a plant treatment chemical from the harvested plant part as compared to when the aqueous treatment formulation is not applied to the surface of the harvested plant part.

(78) The harvested plant part may be selected from the group consisting of a flower, a fruit, a vegetable, and a herb.

(79) In one embodiment, the harvested plant part is a flower. The flower may be selected from the group consisting of Arabidopsis thaliana, African violet, alstromeria, anemone, aster, azalea, begonia, bellflower, bougainvillea, buttercup, cactus, camellia, carnation, chrysanthemum, clematis, cockscomb, columbine, cosmos, cyclamen, daffodil, dahlia, daisy, false cypress, forsythia, freesia, gardenia, gladioli, hibiscus, hollyhock, hydrangea, iris, lilac, lily, mum, peony, pelargonium, petunia, poinsettia, poppy, rose, saintpaulia, snapdragon, statice, sunflower, tulip, orchid, waxflower, and zinnia.

(80) As described above, the harvested plant part may be a fruit. The fruit may be selected from the group consisting of alfalfa, apple, apricot, avocado, banana, blueberry, barley, bean, corn, cucumber, eggplant, grape, grapefruit, kiwi, mango, melon, nectarine, orange, papaya, pea, peach, peanut, pear, pepper, pineapple, pumpkin, raspberry, rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, strawberry, squash, sunflower, turnip, tomato, wheat, and zucchini.

(81) The harvested plant part may be a vegetable. The vegetable may be selected from the group consisting of asparagus, beet, broccoli, brussel sprout, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, celery, endive, garlic, leek, lettuce, parsnip, spinach, turnip, and yam.

(82) Alternatively, the harvested plant part is a herb. The herb may be selected from the group consisting of basil, chicory, chives, coriander, dill, lavender, mint, parsley, rosemary, and thyme.

(83) The applying may be carried out 48 hours after harvesting, 24 hours after harvesting, or 12 hours after harvesting.

(84) In accordance with this aspect of the invention, the thickener, the water soluble divalent salt, the foam control agent, the complexing agent, and the film forming agent of the aqueous treatment formulation of the present invention are selected as described above.

(85) As described above, the aqueous treatment formulation may comprise 1.00 to 3.00 wt % of the thickener; 0.05 to 0.15 wt % of the water soluble divalent salt; 0.05 to 0.15 wt % of the foam control agent; 1.00 to 3.00 wt % of the complexing agent; 0.05 to 0.15 wt % of a film forming agent; and 90 to 99 wt % water.

(86) In another embodiment, the aqueous treatment formulation comprises 1.60 to 2.40 wt % of the thickener; 0.08 to 0.12 wt % of the water soluble divalent salt; 0.08 to 0.12 wt % of the foam control agent; 1.60 to 2.40 wt % of the complexing agent; 0.80 to 0.12 wt % of a film forming agent; and 97.60 to 98.40 wt % water.

(87) Alternatively, the aqueous treatment formulation comprises 1.80 to 2.20 wt % of the thickener; 0.09 to 0.11 wt % of the water soluble divalent salt; 0.09 to 0.11 wt % of the foam control agent; 1.80 to 2.20 wt % of the complexing agent; 0.09 to 0.11 wt % of a film forming agent; and 97.80 to 98.20 wt % water.

(88) In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the harvested plant part treated with the aqueous treatment formulation of the present application.

(89) In another embodiment, the method further comprises applying a plant treatment chemical to the harvested plant part. The plant treatment chemical may be a pesticide. As described above, the pesticide may be selected from the group consisting of an insecticide, a fungicide, a miticide, and a nematicide.

(90) In accordance with this embodiment, the aqueous treatment formulation may comprise 1.00 to 3.00 wt % of the thickener; 0.05 to 0.15 wt % of the water soluble divalent salt; 0.05 to 0.15 wt % of the foam control agent; 1.00 to 3.00 wt % of the complexing agent; 0.05 to 0.15 wt % of a film forming agent; 90 to 99 wt % water; and 0.10 to 1.00 wt % of a plant treatment chemical.

(91) In another embodiment, the aqueous treatment formulation comprises 1.60 to 2.40 wt % of the thickener; 0.08 to 0.12 wt % of the water soluble divalent salt; 0.08 to 0.12 wt % of the foam control agent; 1.60 to 2.40 wt % of the complexing agent; 0.80 to 0.12 wt % of a film forming agent; 97.60 to 98.40 wt % water; and 0.10 to 1.00 wt % of a plant treatment chemical.

(92) Alternatively, the plant treatment chemical formulation comprises 1.80 to 2.20 wt % of the thickener; 0.09 to 0.11 wt % of the water soluble divalent salt; 0.09 to 0.11 wt % of the foam control agent; 1.80 to 2.20 wt % of the complexing agent; 0.09 to 0.11 wt % of a film forming agent; 97.80 to 98.20 wt % water, and 0.10 to 1.00 wt % of a plant treatment chemical.

(93) In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the harvested plant part treated with the aqueous plant treatment formulation having a plant treatment chemical of the present application.

(94) The method may be carried out to prevent a post-harvest disease in the harvested plant part. The post-harvest disease may be a fungal disease. As described above, exemplary fungal diseases include, but are not limited to, green mold, grey mold, blue mold, brown rot, sour rot, black rot, stem-end rind breakdown, anthracnose, powdery mildew, and Phytophthora rot.

(95) As described above, the post-harvest disease is selected from the group consisting of powdery mildew, downey mildew, and Botrytis. Alternatively, the post-harvest disease may be a bacterial disease or a parasitic disease.

(96) In one embodiment, the disease is caused by a pathogen selected from the group consisting of of Alternia alternata, Alternaria citri, Botryotinia fuckeliana, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gleosporioides, Diaporthe citri, Diplodia natalensis, Geotrichum candidum, Galactomyces geotrichum, Glomerella cingulata, Lasiodiplodia theobromas, Oidium tingitaninum, Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Peronospora belbahrii, Peronospora manshurica, Phomopsis citri, Phytophthora citricola, Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora hibernalis, Phytophthora nicotianae, Phytophthora palmivora, Phytophthora syringae, Plasmopara halstedii, Plasmopara obducens, Plasmopara viticola, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, and Pseudoperonospora humuli.

(97) The method may be carried out to minimize water loss in the harvested plant part. Alternatively, the method is carried out to extend post-harvest shelf life of the harvested plant part.

(98) Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of treating a plant. This method involves providing a plant having a plant part and applying an aqueous treatment formulation to the plant, where the aqueous treatment formulation creates a coating on the plant upon drying of the aqueous treatment formulation. The method further involves harvesting the plant part after said applying, where the aqueous treatment formulation, when applied to a surface of a plant, creates a water fast film on the surface that permits permeation of an aqueous material to the plant while minimizing loss of moisture or loss of a plant treatment chemical from the plant as compared to when the composition is not applied to the surface of the plant.

(99) The plant and plant part may be selected as described above.

(100) In one embodiment, the plant part is harvested within 48 hours of applying the aqueous treatment formulation, as described above.

(101) In another embodiment, the invention relates to the harvested plant part.

(102) The method may further involve applying a plant treatment chemical to the plant. Suitable plant treatment chemicals are described in detail above. In accordance with this embodiment, the present invention relates to the harvested plant part of the plant which has been treated with the aqueous plant treatment formulation of the present invention.

(103) As described in detail above, the methods of the present invention may be carried out to prevent post-harvested disease in the harvested plant part, to minimize water loss in the harvested plant part, or to extend post-harvest shelf life in the harvested plant part.

(104) Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of treating a harvested plant part. This method involves providing a harvested plant part and applying an aqueous treatment formulation to the harvested plant part, where the aqueous treatment formulation creates a coating on the harvested plant part upon drying of the aqueous treatment formulation, and where the aqueous treatment formulation, when applied to a surface of a harvested plant part, creates a water fast film on the surface that permits permeation of an aqueous material to the harvested plant part while minimizing loss of moisture or loss of a plant treatment chemical from the harvested plant part as compared to when the aqueous treatment formulation is not applied to the surface of the harvested plant part.

(105) The harvested plant parts may be selected as described above.

(106) In one embodiment, the applying is carryout out about 48 hours after harvesting, as described above.

(107) In another embodiment, the invention relates to the harvested plant part treated with the aqueous plant treatment formulation of the present invention.

(108) The method may further involve applying a plant treatment chemical to the harvested plant part. Suitable plant treatment chemicals are described in detail above. In accordance with this embodiment, the present invention relates to the harvested plant part treated with the aqueous plant treatment formulation of the present invention having a plant treatment chemical according to the present invention.

(109) As described in detail above, the methods of the present invention may be carried out to prevent post-harvested disease in the harvested plant part, to minimize water loss in the harvested plant part, or to extend post-harvest shelf life in the harvested plant part.

(110) The methods of the present invention are directed to the pre-harvest application of an aqueous treatment formulation to a plant having a plant part or to the post-harvest application of an aqueous treatment formulation to a plant part. As used herein, the term “post-harvest” refers to the point in time in which an agricultural commodity is harvested for sale, trade, consumption, or other human use. With respect to edible commodities, e.g., fruit and vegetables, or non-edible commodities that are picked, e.g., flowers, the commodity begins its existence as “post-harvest” after picking. For non-edible commodities, e.g., trees, shrubs, flowering plants, and/or seedling stocks, post-harvest is the point at which the commodity is packed, harvested, or otherwise prepared for marketing.

(111) The methods of the present invention are distinct from a pre-harvest treatment of growing plants (which is not the subject of the present invention). The term “pre-harvest” refers to an agricultural commodity such as a plant, plant part (e.g., flower or seed) that is still attached to a tree, shrub, flowering plant, etc. or still in the ground (e.g., a carrot or tuber) at any point in time before being harvested (e.g., detached from a tree, shrub, or flowering plant, or extirpated from the ground or cleaved, cut, or otherwise removed from a stalk, stem, vine, etc.) for sale, trade, consumption, or other human use. The plants of the present invention have a plant part ready for harvest.

EXAMPLES

Example 1—Transpiration in Harvested Hydrangea Flowers

(112) Hydrangea plants were obtained from a grocer. Four stems were harvested from plants and transferred to a vat of water in a room held at a constant temperature of 73° F. (FIG. 1A). Harvested stems were spray treated at the standard rate (a 1:500 dilution of a concentrated treatment formulation in water) or at double the standard rate (a 1:250 dilution of a concentrated treatment formulation in water) with an aqueous treatment formulation. Plants treated at the standard rate were sprayed with an aqueous treatment formulation comprising 95.70 wt % water, 2.00 wt % ACUSOL® 823, 0.10 wt % PVA (100,000 MW), 0.10 wt % ZnSO.sub.4 monohydrate, 0.10 wt % Antifoam® 8810, and 2.00 wt % TEA. Unsprayed harvested stems were used as a control. Harvested hydrangea stems were incubated at 73° F. for five days. FIGS. 1A-1B show that harvested stems treated with the aqueous treatment formulation at the standard rate appeared similar to the hydrangea stems on the day of harvest (FIGS. 1A-1B, left flasks), whereas plants treated with the aqueous treatment formulation at double the standard rate exhibited substantial decomposition (FIGS. 1A-1B, center flasks). The control harvested Hydrangea stem exhibited almost complete decomposition on Day 5 (FIGS. 1A-1B, right flasks).

Example 2—Water Retention and Disease Protection in Harvested Yellow Squash

(113) Harvested yellow squash were spray treated at the standard rate (a 1:500 dilution of a concentrated treatment formulation in water) or twice the standard rate (a 1:250 dilution of a concentrated treatment formulation in water) with an aqueous treatment formulation. Squash treated at the standard rate was sprayed with an aqueous treatment formulation 95.70 wt % water, 2.00 wt % ACUSOL® 823, 0.10 wt % PVA (100,000 MW), 0.10 wt % ZnSO.sub.4 monohydrate, 0.10 wt % Antifoam® 8810, and 2.00 wt % TEA. Unsprayed harvested yellow squash were used as control. Treated and untreated control squash were incubated at 73° F. for seven days. FIG. 2 shows squash on Days 0, 3, and 7 after treatment. On Day 3, the squash showed evidence of decay. Control fruit exhibited dehydration and slight decay around the stem end of the fruit (FIG. 2). Similar evidence of desiccation was present on fruit treated at twice the standard rate, although this was not nearly as advanced as the control (FIG. 2). The fruit treated at the standard rate appeared to be in the same condition on Day 3, as it had been on Day 0. By Day 7, the decay was more evident on all samples, with the exception of the fruit treated at the standard rate. Control fruit exhibited advanced decay and dehydration around the stem end, fruit treated at twice the standard rate started to exhibit advanced decay around the stem end and slight dehydration, and fruit treated at the standard rate was just as firm and decay free as it was on Day 0. These data clearly show that fruit treated at the standard rate had provided the best level of decay control and water retention.

Example 3—Water Retention and Disease Protection in Harvested Grapefruit

(114) Grapefruit trees were separated into three groups. Fruit in Groups 2 and 3 were treated prior to harvesting. Group 3 was treated with an aqueous treatment formulation comprising 95.70 wt % water, 2.00 wt % ACUSOL® 823, 0.10 wt % PVA (100,000 MW), 0.10 wt % ZnSO.sub.4 monohydrate, 0.10 wt % Antifoam® 8810, and 2.00 wt % TEA. Group 2 was treated with mono potassium phosphate (“MKP”), a commercial fertilizer. Group 1 was untreated and served as a control. Groups 2 and 3 fruit were spray treated on Day −14 in the grove. Fruit was not de-greened. Fruit was weighed on Day 0, prior to packaging. Size 27-36 fruit were packed in honeycomb cartons, whereas size 40 fruit was packed in regular 4/5 cartons. Packed fruit was inspected on Day 68. As shown in Table 10 below, Group 3 fruit exhibited the least amount of water loss. The difference

(115) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Water Retention and Disease Protection in Harvested Grapefruit Δ Weight Fruit Weight (lbs) Weight Difference Group Treatment Size Day 0 Day 54 (lbs) (%) Disease Fruit Condition 1 Control 40 39 35 4 9.75 1 rot, 2 pitting Control 40 39.4 35 4.4 11 3 rot very soft Control 36 40.4 35 5.4 13 none no shine Control 36 40.6 34.2 6.4 16 2 rot, 1 puncture Control 32 41.2 35.8 5.4 13 2 rot Control 32 41.2 35.8 5.4 13 2 rot Control 27 39.6 34.2 5.4 14 2 rot Control 27 39.6 34.2 5.4 14 1 rot 2 MKP 40 39 34.4 4.6 12 1 rot MKP 40 39.6 35.4 4.2 11 1 rot no shine MKP 36 40.4 34.8 5.6 14 4 rot Like control MKP 36 40.6 34.8 5.8 14 3 rot very soft MKP 32 41 35.4 5.6 14 1 rot, 1 puncture MKP 32 40.6 35.4 5.2 13 none MKP 27 40.4 36 4.4 11 1 rot MKP 27 40.4 35.8 4.6 11 none 3 AF* 40 39.4 35 4.4 11 none AF* 40 39.2 34.6 4.6 12 1 rot Peel in better condition AF* 36 40.6 35 5.6 14 none significantly better shine AF* 36 40.6 36.2 4.4 11 none very firm** AF* 32 41.4 36.8 4.6 11 none AF* 32 41.2 37 4.2 10 none AF* 27 41.6 36.8 4.8 12 none AF* 27 40.2 35.2 5 12 1 rot *Group 3 fruit was treated with an aqueous treatment formulation (“AF”) comprising 95.70 wt % water, 2.00 wt % ACUSOL ® 823, 0.10 wt % PVA (100,000 MW), 0.10 wt % ZnSO.sub.4 monohydrate, 0.10 wt % Antifoam ® 8810, and 2.00 wt % TEA. **⅔ fruit per carton were very firm
between Group 1 and Group 2 fruit in terms of firmness and shine was negligible. Moreover, Group 3 had significantly better shine and firmness than the control and MKP group (Table 11).

(116) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Water Retention in Harvested Grapefruit Average Δ Average Weight Group Treatment Weight (lbs) Difference (%) 1 Control 5.2 12.97 2 MKP 5 12.5 3 AF* 4.7 11.63 *Group 3 fruit was treated with an aqueous treatment formulation (“AF”) comprising 95.70 wt % water, 2.00 wt % ACUSOL ® 823, 0.10 wt % PVA (100,000 MW), 0.10 wt % ZnSO.sub.4 monohydrate, 0.10 wt % Antifoam ® 8810, and 2.00 wt % TEA.

Example 4—Water Retention and Disease Protection in Harvested Grapefruit

(117) Grapefruit was harvested on Day 0 and packed on Day 6. Packed fruit was refrigerated at 48° F. on Day 8. On Day 54, fruit was held at the ambient temperature of the packing house, which ranged from 68-72° F. at night and 78-82° F. during the day. Harvested grapefruit were separated into two groups. Group 1 was used as an untreated control. Group 2 was treated prior to harvest with an aqueous treatment formulation comprising 95.70 wt % water, 2.00 wt % ACUSOL® 823, 0.10 wt % PVA (100,000 MW), 0.10 wt % ZnSO.sub.4 monohydrate, 0.10 wt % Antifoam® 8810, and 2.00 wt % TEA. As shown in Table 12,

(118) TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Post-Harvest Water Retention and Disease Protection in Grapefruit Weight (lbs) Δ Weight Disease Fruit Group Size Day 8 Day 54 Day 100 (lbs) Rot Anthracnose Condition 1 48 36.2 — — — — — — 48 36.8 36.0 33.5 3.3 1 0 fruit ok 40 35.8 35.5 33.5 2.3 4 1 40 34.8 34.5 31.0 3.8 3 1 36 34.2 33.5 31.0 3.2 4 1 36 34.8 34.0 31.0 3.8 1 0 32 34.2 — — — — — — 32 33.2 32.5 29.5 3.7 5 0 fruit soft 2 48 36.4 35.5 34.3 2.1 1 1 fruit soft 48 35.8 35.0 33.9 1.9 2 0 fruit soft 40 33.8 33.0 31.6 2.2 0 2 fruit good 40 33.2 33.0 31.5 1.7 0 2 fruit good 36 34.2 34.0 32.0 2.2 0 1 fruit good 36 34.4 33.5 33.0 1.4 0 0 fruit good 32 34.4 33.5 32.4 2.0 1 0 1 soft 32 35.6 34.5 33.8 1.8 2 1 fruit good *Group 2 fruit was treated with an aqueous treatment formulation comprising 95.70 wt % water, 2.00 wt % ACUSOL ® 823, 0.10 wt % PVA (100,000 MW), 0.10 wt % ZnSO.sub.4 monohydrate, 0.10 wt % Antifoam ® 8810, and 2.00 wt % TEA.
most of the fruit treated with the aqueous treatment formulation of the present invention was in good condition at the end of the trial. In particular, 90% of the fruit in Group 2 was in firm, good condition at the end of this trial. The incidence of anthracnose was expected as the peel of the fruit was very immature at the start of the season. Moreover, fruit was harvested two weeks after heavy rains. Heavy rains minimize weight loss and maximize the possibility for decay in both control and treated fruit. The results of this trial verify that the difference in “weight loss” between Group 1 and Group 2 fruit was minimal. However, the difference in decay was rather large, with 9.5% decay in Group 1 (control) compared to less than 1% decay in Group 2 (fruit sprayed with the aqueous treatment formulation of the present invention), i.e., an 8% difference in decay over the 92 day period of the trial.

Example 5—Protection Against Water-Loss and Stem-End Rind Breakdown in Harvested Fruit

(119) Grapefruit trees were separated into three groups. On Day −5, fruit was untreated (Group 1, Control), treated with di-potassium phosphate fertilizer (“DKP”) (Group 2), or treated with an aqueous formulation comprising 95.70 wt % water, 2.00 wt % ACUSOL® 823, 0.10 wt % PVA (100,000 MW), 0.10 wt % ZnSO.sub.4 monohydrate, 0.10 wt % Antifoam® 8810, and 2.00 wt % TEA (Group 3). Spray treatment formulations were applied using a commercial air-blast sprayer (250 gallons/acre). Size 40 fruit were harvested in quadruplicate, washed, and waxed on Day 0. The washed and waxed fruit as then stored at ambient conditions (approximately 70-75° F.) for 40 days. Size 40 fruit harvested on Day 1 were left unwashed and unwaxed prior to storage (unwashed and unwaxed samples).

(120) To test the ability of the aqueous formulation of the present invention to protect harvested fruit from water loss, stored fruit were observed 8 and 20 days after harvest. As shown in Table 13 below, fruit treated with the aqueous formulation lost

(121) TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Post-Harvest Water-Loss Protection in Fruit Washed and Wt. Loss (%) Treatment Waxed Weight (g) Day 8 Day 20 Control No 358.71 c 1.26 b 3.9 a  DKP No  366.95 bc 1.43 a 4.08 a Aqueous No  399.56 ab 1.46 a 4.22 a Formulation* Control Yes 364.25 c 1.03 c 3.27 b DKP Yes  389.14 abc 1.11 c 3.89 a Aqueous Yes 406.01 a 1.03 c 3.21 b Formulation* P-values   0.0112  <.0001  <.0001 *The aqueous treatment formulation comprised 95.70 wt % water, 2.00 wt % ACUSOL ® 823, 0.10 wt % PVA (100,000 MW), 0.10 wt % ZnSO.sub.4 monohydrate, 0.10 wt % Antifoam ® 8810, and 2.00 wt % TEA.
significantly more weight than untreated fruit after harvest if the fruit was left unwashed and unwaxed. However, after washing and waxing, the pre-harvest aqueous formulation application had no effect on fruit loss. For unwaxed/unwashed fruit, weight loss was the same for all treated fruit (approximately 1.45%), whereas weight loss was significantly less for unwashed/unwaxed control fruit (1.26%). For fruit that was washed and waxed prior to storage, there were no significant differences in weight at 8 days post-harvest.

(122) After 40 days in storage, no significant differences were observed between treated and untreated fruit in terms of the percentage of healthy fruit and the percentage of total decay in the two groups. As shown in Table 14 below, fruit in Group 3 had a

(123) TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Post-Harvest Disease Protection in Fruit Disease Total Healthy Diplodia Anthracnose Green Mold Decay SERB* Group Treatment (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1 Control 76.68 8.8 1.88 0.63 10.62 13.13 ab 2 DKP 77.15 6.5 5.9 3.96 16.31  7.15 ab  3** Aqueous 89.38 6.3 0.6 1.88 9.38 1.25 c Formulation P-values 0.125 0.8 0.1 0.43 0.66  0.0001 *Stem -end rind breakdown (“SERB”) **Group 3 fruit was treated with an aqueous treatment formulation comprising 95.70 wt % water, 2.00 wt % ACUSOL ® 823, 0.10 wt % PVA (100,000 MW), 0.10 wt % ZnSO.sub.4 monohydrate, 0.10 wt % Antifoam ® 8810, and 2.00 wt % TEA.
greater percentage of healthy fruit as compared to either Group 1 (Control) or Group 2 (DKP treated fruit). Table 14 also shows that the percentage of stem-end rind breakdown was significantly decreased in the experimental group (1.25%), as compared to fruit treated with DKP (7.15%) and untreated control fruit (13.13%).

Example 6—Protection Against Water-Loss and Disease in Harvested Fruit

(124) Harvested fruit was treated in the grove with an aqueous formulation comprising 95.70 wt % water, 2.00 wt % ACUSOL® 823, 0.10 wt % PVA (100,000 MW), 0.10 wt % ZnSO.sub.4 monohydrate, 0.10 wt % Antifoam® 8810, and 2.00 wt % TEA. Treated fruit was packaged and stored for 106 days without refrigeration. FIG. 3A shows fruit prior to harvest. 106 days after treatment, untreated fruit showed evidence of decay (FIG. 3B), whereas treated fruit appeared to have been processed only a few days prior (FIG. 3C).

(125) Although preferred embodiments have been depicted and described in detail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that various modifications, additions, substitutions, and the like can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and these are therefore considered to be within the scope of the invention as defined in the claims which follow.