Use of RET agonist molecules for haematopoietic stem cell expansion protocols and transplantation therapy and a RET agonist kit

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to the use of RET, a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor, agonist molecules for Haematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) expansion protocols and HSC transplantation therapy. RET signaling molecules are expressed by HSCs and Ret ablation leads to reduced HSC numbers. RET signals provide HSCs with critical Bcl2 and Bcl2l1 surviving cues, downstream of p38/MAP kinase and CREB activation. Accordingly, enforced expression of RET down-stream targets, Bcl2 or Bcl2l1, is sufficient to restore the activity of Ret null progenitors in vivo. Remarkably, activation of RET improves HSC survival or maintenance and in vivo transplantation efficiency, thus opening new horizons to the usage of RET agonist in HSC expansion and transplantation protocols. Additionally, the present disclosure describes a kit comprising RET agonist molecules, to be used in HSC expansion protocols and transplantation therapy.

Claims

1. A method for regulating hematopoietic stem cell survival, maintenance, expansion or transplantation in connection with a hematopoietic stem cell maintenance or expansion protocol or transplantation therapy, which comprises contacting a population of hematopoietic stem cells in-vitro with an agonist of the glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands under conditions such that the hematopoietic stem cells maintain their stemness so as to obtain survival, maintenance or expansion of the population of hematopoietic stem cells or for transplantation through the administration into a subject in need thereof the population of hematopoietic stem cells contacted with the agonist of the GDNF family of ligands.

2. A method for the treatment of any condition susceptible of being improved or prevented by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation therapy in a subject in need thereof, which comprises contacting a population of hematopoietic stem cells in-vitro with an agonist of the GDNF family of ligands under conditions such that the hematopoietic stem cells maintain their stemness so as to obtain survival, maintenance or expansion of the population of hematopoietic stem cells or for transplantation through the administration into the subject in need thereof the population of hematopoietic stem cells contacted with the agonist of the GNDF family of ligands.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1, 1′. Ret deficiency leads to reduced HSCs. a., b. FL E14.5 MP and LSK, HSCs and MPPs were analysed by quantitative RT-PCR. c. FL E14.5 TER119.sup.negCD45.sup.negCD31.sup.pos endothelial cells (EC), TER119.sup.negCD45.sup.negCD31.sup.negcKit.sup.posICAM-1.sup.neg hepatocyte progenitor cells (HP) and TER119.sup.negCD45.sup.negCD31.sup.negcKit.sup.negICAM-1.sup.pos mesenchymal cells (MC) were analysed by quantitative RT-PCR. d. Flow cytometry analysis of E14.5 Ret.sup.−/− and WT littermate control LSKs (top) and MPs (bottom). e. Number of LSKs and total FL cells. WT n=18; Ret.sup.−/− n=17. f. Day 8 CFU colony numbers. WT n=3; Ret.sup.−/− n=3. g. BrdU and Ki-67 in E14.5 LSK cells. h. Percentage of Ki-67.sup.neg LSKs (G0 cells). WT n=12; Ret.sup.−/− n=14. i. Number of E14.5 HSCs. WT n=20; Ret.sup.−/− n=18. j. Survival of VaviCre.Ret.sup.null/fl and littermate controls after 5-FU treatment. WT n=5; Ret.sup.−/− n=6. Two tailed t-test P values are indicated. Error bars show s.e.

(2) FIG. 2, 2′. Ret.sup.−/−LSKs have poor in vivo reconstitution potential. a. Day 12CFU-s. WT n=10; Ret.sup.−/− n=10. b. Percentage of Lin.sup.negcKit.sup.posCMTMR.sup.pos cells in BM and spleen 20 h post-injection. WT n=3; Ret.sup.−/− n=3. c. Survival upon transplantation. P value for log rank test is indicated. WT n=5; Ret.sup.−/− n=6. d. Scheme of Primary and Secondary (red) transplantation. e. Percentage of Mac1.sup.pos cells after transplantation. WT n=8; Ret.sup.−/− n=8. f. Blood cell lineages 16 weeks post-transplantation. g. BM Lin.sup.neg and LSK cells at 16 weeks and percentage of BM LSK cells. WT n=4; Ret.sup.−/− n=4. h. Percentage of Mac1.sup.pos cells post-secondary transplantation. WT n=4; Ret.sup.−/− n=4. i. Blood cell lineages 16 weeks post-secondary transplantation. j. BM Lin.sup.neg and LSK cells at 16 weeks and percentage of BM LSK cells. WT n=4; Ret.sup.−/− n=4. Two tailed t-test P values are indicated. Error bars show s.e.

(3) FIG. 3, 3′, 3″. RET induces Bcl2/Bcl2l1 downstream of p38/MAP and CREB activation. a., b. Quantitative RT-PCR for FL E14.5 Ret.sup.−/− WT LSKs and HSCs. n=3. c. AnnexinV.sup.pos cells in cultured E14.5 LSK cells. WT n=7; Ret.sup.−/− n=4. d. Number of recovered LSKs and HSCs treated with GFLs for 4 days. n=12. e. AnnexinV.sup.pos cells in cultured LSK cells. Alone n=9; GFLs n=9. f. Flow cytometry of E14.5 Ret.sup.−/− and WT littermate control LSKs. WT n>8; Ret.sup.−/−n>7. g. Flow cytometry analysis of LSK cells in the absence or presence of GFLs for 1 h. n>6. h. Bcl2 and Bcl2l1 expression upon GFL treatment. i. Flow cytometry analysis of LSKs cultured with GFLs (black line) or GFLs and the inhibitors SB 202190 (SB); PD98,059 (PD); or Akt1/2, Akt Inhibitor VIII (AktVIII) (solid grey). n>5. j. Bcl2 and Bcl2l1 expression upon GFL treatment and different inhibitors. k. Bcl2 and Bcl2l1 expression relative to untreated LSKs, upon GFL treatment or GFL+CBP−CREB interaction inhibitor (CREBinh). Two tailed t-test P values are indicated. Error bars show s.e. Light grey: isotype control.

(4) FIG. 4, 4′. Triggering of RET signalling improves transplantation activity. a. Quantitative RT-PCR. Fold increase ratio between Ret.sup.−/− pMig.GFP-IRES-Ret9 and empty vector. n=3. b. Flow cytometry analysis of Ret.sup.−/− blood cells at 4 weeks upon transduced cell transplantation. c. Percentage of CD45.2.sup.posGFP.sup.pos in the blood at 4 weeks post transplantation with Ret.sup.−/− progenitors transduced with pMig.GFP-IRES-Empty (Empty), pMig.GFP-IRES-Ret9 (Ret9), pMig.GFP-IRES-Bcl2l1 (Bcl2l1) orpMig.GFP-IRES-Bcl2 (Bcl2). Empty n=13; Ret9 n=5; Bcl2l1 n=8; Bcl2 n=7. d. Number of BM LSK cells transduced as indicated in FIG. 4b. Ret.sup.−/− Empty n=13; Ret9 n=4; Bcl2l1 n=6; Bcl2 n=5. e. Flow cytometry analysis of blood cells at 8 weeks upon transplantation. f. Percentage of CD45.2.sup.pos donor cells in Mac1.sup.pos cells from blood. Alone n=5; GFLs n=5. g. Percentage of BM CD45.2.sup.pos donor LSK and HSC cells, 12 weeks upon transplantation. Alone n=5; GFLs n=5. Two tailed t-test P values are indicated.

(5) FIG. 5. Ret expression in haematopoietic progenitors. a. Purification strategy of Lin.sup.negSca1.sup.negcKit.sup.posmyeloid progenitors (MP) and Lin.sup.negSca1.sup.poscKit.sup.pos (LSK) cells from E14.5 FL by flow cytometry. Top: pre sortgated on Lin.sup.neg cells. Bottom: purity of Lin.sup.negSca1.sup.negcKit.sup.pos myeloid progenitors (left) and Lin.sup.negSca1.sup.poscKit.sup.poscells (right) after sorting. b. FL E14.5 MP and LSK were analysed by quantitative RT-PCR. c. LSK cells from E14.5 FL and adult BM were analysed by quantitative RT-PCR. d. Flow cytometry analysis of E14.5 FL and adult BM LSK cells. e. Flow cytometry analysis of CD34.sup.posCD38.sup.neg cells from human cord blood (hCB). Lightgrey: isotype control.

(6) FIG. 6. Ret ligands are expressed in foetal and adult haematopoietic stem cell environment. a., b. E14.5 FL TER119.sup.negCD45.sup.negCD31.sup.pos endothelial cells (EC), TER119.sup.negCD45.sup.negCD31.sup.negcKit.sup.posICAM-1.sup.neghepatocyte progenitor cells (HP) and TER119.sup.negCD45.sup.negCD31.sup.negcKit.sup.negICAM-1.sup.posmesenchymal cells (MC) were analysed by quantitative RT-PCR. c., d. BM TER119.sup.negCD45.sup.negCD31.sup.posSCa1.sup.pos endothelial cells (Endo) TER119.sup.negCD45.sup.negCD31.sup.negSCa1.sup.negCD51.sup.pos osteoblasts (Osteo), TER119.sup.negCD45.sup.negCD31.sup.negSca1.sup.posCD51.sup.posmesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and the remaining TER119.sup.negCD45.sup.negCD31.sup.negSca1.sup.negCD51.sup.neg (CD51) cells were analysed by quantitative RT-PCR. Results are representative of three independent experiments.

(7) FIG. 7. Long-term reconstituting LSK cell numbers are affected by Ret deficiency. a. Number of E14.5ST-LSK (LSKCD38.sup.neg) and LT-LSK (LSKCD38.sup.pos) cells. WT n=12; Ret.sup.−/− n=11. b. Percentage of LSK cells inG0+G1, S or G2+M cell cycle phases according to DNA content (7AAD). WT n=7; Ret.sup.−/− n=6. Two tailed t-test Pvalue is indicated. Error bars show s.e.

(8) FIG. 8. Generation of Ret conditional knockout mice and analysis of BM haematopoietic stem cells. a. (A) The floxed Neomycin cassette was inserted ˜4.5 kb upstream of exon 1 of mouse Ret locus, a third loxP(LoxP3) was introduced downstream of exon 1 and ˜5 kb downstream the PGK-TK-pA cassette was inserted to aid negative selection. Targeted events were identified by Southern analysis of either Hind III digests of genomic DNA using the 5′ external probe. (B) The floxed allele was identified by PCR and the primers P1/P2 were used to identify the loxP that remained after excision of the Neomycin cassette (PGK-Neo-PA), while the loxP3 was identified using primers P3/P4. The primer sequences are in the methods section. (C) To screen for the null allele, primers P1 and P4 were used. b. Southern-blot using HindIII digest and the 5′ external probe. c. Genotyping results from a litter of mice obtained from a cRet131.sup.WT/null×cRet131.sup.fl/fl breeding. In the loxP sites PCRs, upper band corresponds to the sequence with the loxP site and the lower band to the WT sequence. d. Numbers of BM HSCs. Vav1iCre Ret.sup.WT/fl(Ret.sup.WT/fl) n=5; Vav1iCre Ret.sup.null/fl (Ret.sup.null/fl) n=4. e. Ki-67 in HSCs.Vav1iCre Ret.sup.WT/fl=68.85±1.43; Vav1iCre Ret.sup.null/fl=60.09±1.59 (mean±s.e.); t-test P=0.003. Vav1iCre Ret.sup.WT/fln=10; Vav1iCre Ret.sup.null/fln=7. Two tailed t-test P value is indicated. Error bars show s.e.

(9) FIG. 9. Ret deficient LSKs have reduced fitness at different transplantation ratios and Ret expression increases after LSK transplantation. a. Competitive transplantation assay was performed with Lin.sup.negcKit.sup.pos from E14.5 Ret.sup.−/− CD45.2 and WT CD45.1/CD45.2 in different proportions. Percentage of Mac1.sup.pos cells post-secondary transplantation. Left: co-injected 1.5×105WT CD45.1/CD45.2 and 0.5×10.sup.5Ret.sup.−/− CD45.2 (3:1). Middle: co-injected 1×10.sup.5 WT CD45.1/CD45.2 and 1×105 Ret.sup.−/− CD45.2 (1:1). Right: co-injected 0.5×10.sup.5 WTCD45.1/CD45.2 and 1.5×10.sup.5Ret.sup.−/− CD45.2 (1:3). 3:1 n=4; 1:1 n=3; 1:3 n=4. b. Flow cytometry analysis of blood cells from 1:3 recipients at 8 weeks. c. E14.5 FL LSK cells were transplanted to lethally irradiated recipients. Transplanted LSK cells were purified at 7 and 15 days after transplant and analysed by quantitative RT-PCR. Two tailed t-test P values are indicated.

(10) FIG. 10. RET signalling results in increased survival and CREB phosphorylation. a. Quantitative RT-PCR for FL E14.5 Ret.sup.−/− and WT HSCs. n=3. b. Percentage of AnnexinV.sup.pos LSK cells after culture. WT n=7, Ret.sup.−/− n=4. c. Percentage of AnnexinV.sup.pos LSK cells after culture. Alone n=7, GFLs n=4. d. Flow cytometry analysis E14.5 Ret.sup.−/− or WT littermate control LSK cells. WT n=6; Ret.sup.−/− n=6. e. Flow cytometry analysis of LSK cells in absence or presence of GDNF, NRTN or ARTN for 1 h. n=6. Two tailed t-test P value is indicated. Light grey: isotype control.

(11) FIG. 11, 11′. Analysis of Ret.sup.MEN2B LSK differentiation and transplantation potential. a. Scheme of competitive transplantation rescue of Ret deficient progenitors. Relative to FIG. 4b-d. b. Number of LSK and total FL cells. WT n=10; Ret.sup.MEN2B n=15. c. Day 8 CFU colony numbers. WT n=3; Ret.sup.MEN2B n=3. d. Day 8 CFU-s. WT n=5; Ret.sup.MEN2B n=4. e. Competitive transplantation assay with Ret.sup.MEN2B CD45.2 and WT CD45.1/2. Percentage of Mac1.sup.pos cells post-secondary transplantation. n=4. f. Blood cell lineages from Ret.sup.MEN2B CD45.2 and WTCD45.1/2 origin 8 weeks post-transplantation. g. Scheme of competitive transplantation with GFLs treatment. Relative to FIG. 4e-g. Two tailed t-test P value is indicated. Error bars show s.e.

(12) FIG. 12. Gfra deficient embryos have normal LSK cell numbers. a. Flow cytometry analysis of E14.5Gfra1.sup.−/− and WT littermate control LSKs (top) and MPs (bottom). b. Number of LSKs and total FL cells. WT n=9; Gfra1.sup.−/− n=10. c. Flow cytometry analysis of E14.5 Gfra2.sup.−/− and WT littermate control LSKs (top) and MPs (bottom). d. Number of LSKs and total FL cells. WT n=12; Gfra2.sup.−/− n=11. e. Flow cytometry analysis of E14.5Gfra3.sup.−/− and WT littermate control LSKs (top) and MPs (bottom). f. Number of LSKs and total FL cells. WT n=11; Gfra3.sup.−/− n=20. Two tailed t-test P value is indicated. Error bars show s.e.

(13) FIG. 13. Neuronal growth factors regulate HSC response to physiological demand. The neurotrophic factors GDNF, NRTN and ARTN are produced by cells in the HSC microenvironment and act directly on HSCs by binding to RET/GFRα heterodimers. Highlighted area: RET stimulation results p38/MAP kinase and CREB activation leading to Bcl2 and Bcl2l1 expression. Thus, RET signal provide HSCs with critical survival signals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(14) Haematopoiesis starts during embryonic life, mainly in the Foetal Liver (FL), and is maintained throughout adulthood in the Bone Marrow (BM). Although HSCs are mostly quiescent in adults, they become proliferative upon physiological demand. Interestingly, autonomic nerves have been recently shown to actively participate in HSC niches raising the hypothesis that neurotrophic factors may regulate HSC function. The neuronal growth factor family includes the glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) ligands (GFLs), which signal through the RET tyrosine kinase receptor and act mainly in the autonomous nervous system, kidney and mature lymphoid cells.

(15) To determine the role of GFLs in HSC biology, the expression of their canonical receptor RET in embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) FL Lin.sup.negSca1.sup.poscKit.sup.pos (LSK) cells was initially determined, a population highly enriched in HSCs. When compared to myeloid progenitors (Lin.sup.negSca1.sup.negcKit.sup.pos) (MP), LSKs expressed high levels of Ret and its co-receptors Gfra1, Gfra2, and Gfra3; this result was also confirmed in BM LSKs and human CD34.sup.posCD38.sup.neg cord blood progenitors (FIG. 1a; FIG. 5). Strikingly, Ret expression was restricted to Lin.sup.negSca1.sup.poscKit.sup.posCD150.sup.posCD48.sup.neg haematopoietic stem cells (HSC), while multipotent progenitors (Lin.sup.negSca1.sup.poscKit.sup.posCD150.sup.negCD48.sup.pos (MPPs)) expressed this gene poorly (FIG. 1b). Interestingly, FL mesenchymal cells and BM osteoblasts, which produce key factors to HSCs, such as Kit ligand and thrombopoietin, co-expressed the neurotrophic RET ligands GDNF, neurturin (NRTN) and artemin (ARTN), further suggesting an unexpected involvement of RET signalling in HSCs (FIG. 1c; FIG. 6).

(16) To dissect this hypothesis, mice with a null mutation of Ret.sup.9 were analysed. E14.5 Ret deficient progenitors were generated in similar proportions to their WT littermate controls (FIG. 1d). However, LSK numbers and total foetal liver cellularity were strongly reduced in Ret.sup.−/− embryos (FIG. 1e). Despite their reduced cell number, the differentiation potential of Ret.sup.−/−LSKs was intact as revealed by normal numbers of methylcellulose colony-forming units (CFU) (FIG. 1f). Further dissection of LSK cells into short-term (ST-LSK) and long-term LSKs (LT-LSK) by CD38 expression, revealed a preferential reduction of Ret deficient LT-LSKs (FIG. 7a). This abnormal LSK population structure correlated with an altered cell cycle status of Ret.sup.−/−LSK. Thus, despite similar G1/S/G2+M fractions (FIG. 7b), and turnover rate determined by BrdU incorporation (FIG. 1g), quiescent Ki-67.sup.neg G.sub.0 phase LSKs were consistently reduced in Ret.sup.−/− animals (FIG. 1g-h). Accordingly, Ret deficiency resulted in decreased HSC numbers (FIG. 1i).

(17) To test whether RET also affects adult HSCs we generated Ret.sup.fl/flmice that were bred to Vav1-iCre mice (FIG. 8). Strikingly, despite low levels of Ret expression in adult HSCs, Ret conditional ablation led to reduced quiescent HSCs numbers (FIG. 5, 8). These data suggested that RET may regulate HSC responses to physiological demands. In agreement, serial treatments with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) revealed that VavCre.sup.pos/Ret.sup.null/fl mice promptly died upon 5-FU treatment when compared to their VavCre.sup.pos/Ret.sup.wt/fl littermate controls (FIG. 1j). Taken together, these results indicate that RET is required to the maintenance of a normal pool of quiescent HSCs and for haematopoietic stress responses.

(18) In the past, reduction of quiescent HSCs was correlated to impaired haematopoietic activity on a per cell basis. Accordingly, Ret.sup.−/− progenitors exhibited reduced CFU-s potential upon transplantation into lethally irradiated hosts (FIG. 2a). In order to assess whether Ret is required for long-term HSC transplantation we performed in vivo repopulation assays. Strikingly, despite similar BM and Spleen colonising capacity (FIG. 2b), Ret deficient progenitors failed to rescue lethally irradiated mice, resulting in 100% host lethality (FIG. 2c). Since loss of reconstitution potential makes it impossible to evaluate the fate of Ret null progenitors, we performed competitive transplantation assays. Thus, foetal Ret.sup.−/− progenitors were co-transplanted with equal numbers of WT littermate progenitors that also provide supportive haematopoiesis and ensure host survival (FIG. 2d). Analysis of recipient mice revealed that Ret deficient progenitors lost their transplantation fitness across all blood cell lineages (FIG. 2e-f), a finding also confirmed when different donor cell ratios were transplanted (FIG. 9). These data suggested a role of RET in HSCs. Accordingly, BM analysis 4 months after transplantation showed minute frequencies of Ret deficient LSKs (FIG. 2g). Sequentially we performed highly sensitive secondary competitive transplantation assays with the same number of WT and Ret.sup.−/− BM cells isolated from primary recipients (FIG. 2d). We found minute frequencies of Ret.sup.−/− cells in blood (FIG. 2h-i), a defect already established in BM LSKs (FIG. 2j). Altogether, these findings demonstrate that RET is critically required for foetal and adult LSK function and transplantation activity, a finding also supported by Ret up-regulation upon LSK transplantation (FIG. 9c).

(19) The marked deficiencies of RET null HSCs led us to investigated putative changes at the molecular level. Previous reports have identified a gene signature, associated with long term HSC activity. Strikingly, while most of those genes were not significantly modified, Bcl2 and Bcl2l1 were heavily reduced in Ret deficient LSKs and HSCs (FIG. 3a-b; FIG. 10a). The marked reduction of Bcl2 and Bcl2l1 anti-apoptotic genes suggested that RET could provide HSCs with critical survival signals. Accordingly, Ret null LSKs were highly susceptible to apoptosis, and GFLs efficiently increased LSK and HSC survival in culture conditions (FIG. 3c-e; FIG. 10b-c).

(20) RET activation in neurons was shown to lead to ERK1/2, PI3K/Akt and p38/MAP kinase activation.sup.6, while phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB can induce Bcl2 gene family expression.sup.18,19. Analysis of p38/MAP kinase and CREB in Ret.sup.−/− LSKs revealed that these molecules were consistently hypo-phosphorylated, while ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt activation was seemingly unperturbed when compared to their WT counterparts (FIG. 3f; FIG. 10d). Accordingly, GFL induced RET activation led to rapid p38/MAP kinase and CREB phosphorylation and increased Bcl2/Bcl2l1 expression by LSKs, while ERK1/2, PI3K/Akt phosphorylation was stable (FIG. 3g-h; FIG. 10e). Importantly, inhibition of p38/MAP kinase upon GFL activation led to impaired CREB phosphorylation and Bcl2/Bcl2l1 expression while inhibition of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt had no significant impact on these molecules (FIG. 3i-j). Finally, inhibition of CREB upon GFL activation resulted in decreased Bcl2/Bcl2l1 levels (FIG. 3k). Altogether, these data demonstrate that RET deficient progenitors express reduced Bcl2 and Bcl2l1, downstream of impaired p38/MAP kinase and CREB activation.

(21) The aberrant molecular signature of Ret deficient HSCs, suggested that the minute levels of Bcl2 and Bcl2l1 were responsible for the observed LSK unfitness. Using retroviral transductions we found that Bcl2 and Bcl2l1 expression levels were quickly restored in Ret.sup.−/− LSKs transduced with WT Ret, while other signature genes were unperturbed by this immediate rescue of RET function (FIG. 4a). Thus, in order to test whether Ret.sup.−/− progenitor fitness could be restored by enforced expression of Ret it was performed a competitive transplantation assays with Ret deficient progenitors transduced with pMig.Ret9.IRES.GFP or pMig.Empty.IRES.GFP retro-virus together with a competitive/radio-protective dose of CD45.1 BM (FIG. 11a). Restoration of RET expression fully rescued Ret.sup.−/− progenitors transplantation (FIG. 4b-d). Strikingly, enforced expression of RET down-stream targets, Bcl2 or Bcl2l1, was sufficient to recover the engraftment of Ret null LSKs (FIG. 4b-d).

(22) Altogether, these data suggest that RET signals might be used to improve blood cell transplantation. To directly test this hypothesis, initially we used Ret.sup.MEN2B mice, which have improved ligand-dependent RET activation.sup.20. Early haematopoietic progenitors in these animals exhibited a remarkable increased CFU-s activity and reconstitution potential. However, no difference was observed when comparing embryonic LSK numbers and downstream haematopoietic progenitors between Ret.sup.MEN2B and wild type mice (FIG. 11b-f). Hence, positive modulation of RET-signalling was clearly beneficial in transplantation without compromising steady state haematopoiesis. Further evidence that RET signalling axes promote HSC in vivo fitness was provided by transplantation of GFL pre-treated progenitors. E14.5 LSKs were treated with GFLs or medium alone and were transplanted with competitor CD45.1 BM (FIG. 11g). While untreated progenitors engrafted poorly in these conditions; GFL treated progenitors had strikingly increased transplantation fitness and HSC engraftment (FIG. 4e-g).

(23) Our results reveal that RET signalling is a crucial novel pathway regulating foetal and adult HSC activity by providing critical surviving signals through BCL2 family members. Although no appreciable HSC survival deficiencies were reported in Bcl2 deficient mice, it is possible that haematopoietic stress conditions could reveal such deficits.sup.21. Alternatively, Bcl2 and Bcl2l1 may have redundant roles in HSCs, an idea supported by our data demonstrating that Bcl2l1 or Bcl2 are independently sufficient to fully rescue Ret deficient HSC function (FIG. 4b-d).

(24) Haematopoietic progenitors express multiple RET co-receptors and actively respond to their respective ligands (FIG. 1a; FIG. 3g-h; FIG. 10). Contrary to nervous cells, HSCs might use GFLs in a versatile and redundant manner since analysis of RET co-receptors single knockouts revealed normal LSK numbers (FIG. 12). In agreement with this concept, it was recently shown that Lymphoid Tissue initiator cells can respond redundantly to all RET ligands. The data, here presented, indicates that absence of neurotrophic factor cues leads to impaired HSC survival and possible recruitment of quiescent LT-HSCs resulting in a pronounced deficiency of HSC transplantation in vivo. Accordingly, activation of RET results in increased Bcl2/Bcl2l1 expression, improved HSC survival and in vivo transplantation efficiency. Thus, RET controls HSC responses to physiological proliferative demands (FIG. 13). These results and the expression of RET in human CD34.sup.posCD38.sup.neg cord blood progenitors open new horizons for testing the usage of GFLs in human haematopoietic stem cell expansion and transplantation therapy.

(25) Finally, the present embodiment supports a neural regulation of haematopoiesis. Previous work has revealed that nervous cells can modulate HSC function indirectly. However, herewith it is revealed that HSCs are direct targets of neurotrophic factors, suggesting that haematopoietic and neuronal stem cells require similar survival signals. Whether HSCs can also control autonomic nervous functions through neurotrophic factor consumption remains an elusive aspect. However, the presence of neurotrophic factors in the HSC environment paves the way to further studies connecting haematopoiesis and neural function regulation.

(26) Methods

(27) Mice: C57BL/6J (CD45.2 and CD45.1), Rag1.sup.−/− (CD45.2 and CD45.1).sup.29, Vav1-iCre.sup.11, Gfra1.sup.−/−22, Gfra2.sup.−/−24, Gfra3.sup.−/−23, Ret.sup.MEN2B20 and Ret.sup.−/−9 were on a C57BL/6J genetic background. All mice strains were bred and maintained at IMM animal facility. Animal procedures were performed in accordance to national and institutional guidelines.
Generation of Ret Conditional Knockout Mice: To generate mice harbouring a conditional Ret knock-out allele we engineered a targeting construct that firstly, included the introduction of a floxed 2.1 kb, Neomycin resistance (Neo.sup.r) cassette under the control of the phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK) promoter and a polyA tail (pA). This cassette (PGK-NEO.sup.r-pA) was inserted approximately 4.5 kb upstream at the Xho I site of the pBluescript KS (pBS KS) vector that carried approximately 13 kb of the 5′ end of mouse Ret genomic locus flanking exon 1. The second modification included an insertion of a loxP ˜2.5 kb downstream of exon 1, at the Hind III site in the intron between exons 1 and 2 of the mouse Ret locus. Finally, a viral thymidine kinase cassette (˜3 kb) under the control of the PGK promoter (PGK-TK-pA) was inserted at the Hind III site ˜5 kb downstream of the inserted LoxP site. To obtain homologous recombination, this targeting construct was linearised by Xho I, purified by gel elution and extraction using the Qiaquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen), prior to electroporation into 129SvJ-derived R1 ES cells grown on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder layers. Following double selection with 300 μg/ml Geneticin (G418, Invitrogen) and 2 μM Gancyclovir (Sigma), positive clones were identified by Southern blotting. Genomic DNA was digested with Hind III restriction enzymes and a 5′ external probe of 500 bp was used to screen for positive clones. With the Hind III digest the WT and mutant alleles showed a band size of 16.5 kb and 6 kb respectively. Positive animals were subsequently crossed with transgenic mice expressing Vav1-iCre in order to delete the PGK-NEO.sup.r-pA cassette. This recombination resulted in generating the floxed Ret mice wherein the two remaining LoxP sites were found flanking the first exon of the Ret locus, or the complete deletion of the first exon. These mice are further designated as Ret floxed (Ret.sup.fl) and Ret null (Ret.sup.null). Mice were further screened by PCR. Primer sequences were: P1: AAG CTC CCT CCT ACC GTG CT; P2: TGG GAT GAA CTC TGC CCA TT; P3: TGC TGC TCC ATA CAG ACA CA; P4: TAC ATG CTG TCT GCT CTC AG.
Colony-Forming Units Assays: 5×10.sup.3 E14.5 Lin.sup.negcKit.sup.pos cells MACS purified (MiltenyiBiotec) from WT, Ret.sup.−/− or Ret.sup.MEN2B were cultured in M3434 (Stem Cell Technologies) and scored at day 8 to 10 by flow cytometry and microscope analysis. 3×10.sup.4 E14.5 Lin.sup.negcKit.sup.pos cells were MACS (MiltenyiBiotec) purified from WT, Ret.sup.−/− or Ret.sup.MEN2B and were injected into lethally irradiated mice (9Gy) and CFUs scored after 8 to 10 days by flow cytometry and microscope analysis. Homing assays were done using E14.5 Lin.sup.negcKit.sup.poscells labelled with CMTMR, injected into lethally irradiated mice. Flow cytometry analysis was performed 20 h post-injection.
Transplantation experiments: For reconstitution experiments with foetal liver, 1×10.sup.5E14.5 Lin.sup.negcKit.sup.pos cells MACS purified from WT, Ret.sup.−/− or Ret.sup.MEN2B were injected alone or in direct competition (1:1 ratio) into lethally irradiated Rag1.sup.−/− CD45.1 mice. For the 3:1 ratio 1.5×10.sup.5 WT CD45.1/CD45.2 cells were co-injected with 0.5×10.sup.5 Ret.sup.−/− CD45.2 cells; for the 1:3 ratio 0.5×10.sup.5 WT CD45.1/CD45.2 cells were co-injected with 1.5×10.sup.5 Ret.sup.−/− CD45.2 cells. For secondary reconstitution experiments bone marrow 2.5×10.sup.5cells of each genotype were FACS sorted from primary recipients and injected in direct competition into lethally irradiated Rag1.sup.−/− CD45.1 mice.
Rescue of in vivo transplantation: E14.5 Lin.sup.negcKit.sup.pos WT or Ret.sup.−/− cells were transduced overnight with pMig.IRES-GFP retroviral vector containing Ret9, Bcl2 or Bcl2l1 and GFP.sup.pos cells were FACS sorted and injected into lethally irradiated mice. 6 to 8 weeks later transduced BM Lin.sup.negCD45.2.sup.posGFP.sup.pos were purified by flow cytometry and 10.sup.5 cells were co-injected with a radio-protective dose 10.sup.5 CD45.1 BM cells into lethally irradiated recipients.
Flow cytometry: Embryonic foetal livers were micro-dissected and homogenized in 70 μm cell strainers. Bone marrow cells were either collected by flushing or crushing bones. Cell suspensions were stained with: anti-CD117 (cKit) (2B8), anti-Ly-6A/E (Sca-1) (D7), anti-CD16/32 (FcRγII/III) (93), anti-CD3 (eBio500A2), anti-CD150 (mShad150), anti-CD48 (HM48-1), anti-CD19 (eBio1D3), anti-CD11b (M1/70), anti-Ly-6G (Gr-1) (RB6-8C5), anti-Ly79 (TER119), anti-NK1.1 (PK136), anti-CD11c (N418), anti-CD45.1 (A20), anti-CD45.2 (104), anti-CD54 (ICAM-1) (YN1/1.7.4), anti-CD34 (RAM34), anti-CD51 (RMV-7) and anti-CD41 (eBioMWReg30) from eBioscience; anti-CD38 (90), anti-CD3 (145-2C11), anti-CD34 (HM34) and anti-CD31 (390) from BioLegend; anti-Ly6C (HK1.4) from Abcam, Annexin V from BD Pharmingen. Lineage cocktail include anti-CD3, anti-CD19, anti-Ly-6G, anti-Ly6C, anti-Ly79, anti-NK1.1, anti-CD11c for embryonic foetal livers plus anti-CD11b for adult bone marrow cells. Human cord blood was enriched in CD34.sup.pos cells using CD34 MicroBead Kit (Miltenyi Biotec) after Histopaque separation (Sigma) and stained with anti-human CD34 (AC136) (Miltenyi Biotec) and anti-human CD38 (HIT2) (eBioscience). Samples were sorted on a FACSAria I or FACSAria III and analysed on a FACSCanto or LSRFortessa (BD). Flow cytometry data was analysed with FlowJo 8.8.7 software (Tree Star).
Cell cycle analysis and intracellular staining:

(28) Intracellular stainings were done using BrdU Flow Kit and anti-BrdU (3D4), 7AAD, anti-Ki-67 (B56), anti-S6 (pS235/pS236) (N7-548) and anti-Akt (pT308) (JI-223.371) from BD Pharmingen, anti-human RET (132507) from R&D Systems, anti-PIP.sub.3 (Z-P345) from Echelon Biosciences, anti-CREB (pS133) (87G3), anti-p38 (pT180/Y182) (28B10), anti-Akt (pS473) (D9E) and anti-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204) (D13.14.4E) from Cell Signaling Technology.

(29) in vitro culture of haematopoietic progenitors.

(30) 10.sup.6 E14.5 WT Lin.sup.negcKit.sup.pos cells were cultured in DMEM and starved for 2 hours. To test CREB phosphorilation upon GFL stimulation Lin.sup.negcKit.sup.poscells were stimulated 1 hour with 500 ng/ml of each GFL and co-receptor. LSK cells were purified by flow cytometry and stimulated overnight with GFL/GFRα combinations in order to determine Bcl2 and Bcl2l1 expression levels. For inhibition experiments cells were incubated 2 hours prior GFLs stimulation, to test CREB phosphorilation, or during overnight stimulation with GFLs, to determine Bcl2 and Bcl2l1 expression levels, with SB 202190 and PD98,059 from Sigma-Aldrich or Akt1/2, Akt Inhibitor VIII and CBP-CREB Interaction Inhibitor from Calbiochem. Lin.sup.negcKit.sup.pos cells were stimulated with GFL/GFRα for 120 hours and 2.5×10.sup.5 CD45.2.sup.posLin.sup.negcKit.sup.pos cells were sequentially analysed by flow cytometry and transplanted into lethally irradiated hosts with a radio-protective dose 2.5×10.sup.5 CD45.1 BM cells. To detect Annexin V, 4×10.sup.4 E14.5 WT or Ret.sup.−/−Lin.sup.negckit.sup.pos cells per well were cultured overnight in DMEM alone or with GFL/GFRα. When analysed by flow cytometry haematopoietic progenitors were further stained with an LSK antibody cocktail.

(31) Real-time PCR analysis: RNA was extracted from cell suspension using RNeasy Mini Kit or RNeasy Micro Kit (Qiagen). Real-time PCR for Ret, Gfra1, Gfra2 and Gfra3 were done as previously described .sup.5,30. Hprt1 was used as housekeeping gene. For TaqMan assays (Applied Biosystems) RNA was retro-transcribed using High Capacity RNA-to-cDNA Kit (Applied Biosystems), followed by a pre-amplification PCR using TaqMan PreAmp Master Mix (Applied Biosystems). TaqMan Gene Expression Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) was used in real-time PCR. TaqMan Gene Expression Assays bought from Applied Biosystems were the following: Gapdh Mm99999915_g1; Hprt1 Mm00446968_m1; Gusb Mm00446953_m1; Mp1 Mm00440310_m1; Mcl1 Mm00725832_s1; Meis1 Mm00487664_m1; Angpt1 Mm00456503_m1; Eya1 Mm00438796_m1; Eya2 Mm00802562_m1; Egr1 Mm00656724_m1; Tek Mm00443243_m1; Slamf1 Mm00443316_m1; Lef1 Mm00550265_m1; Thy1 Mm00493681_m1; Mllt3 Mm00466169_m1; Hoxa5 Mm00439362_m1; Hoxa9 Mm00439364_m1; Hoxc4 Mm00442838_m1; Pbx3 Mm00479413_m1; Ndn Mm02524479_s1; Evil Mm00514814_m1; Mll1 Mm01179213_g1; Hlf Mm00723157_m1; Cxcr4 Mm01292123_m1; Smo Mm01162710_m1; Igf2r Mm00439576_m1; Cdkn1a Mm00432448_m1; Notch1 Mm00435249_m1; Kit1 Mm00442972_m1; Thpo Mm00437040_m1; Bcl211 Mm00437783_m1; Bcl2 Mm00477631_m1; persephin (PSPN) Mm00436009_g1; ARTNMm00507845_m1; NRTN Mm03024002_m1; GDNF Mm00599849_m1; Ret Mm00436304_m1. For HSC signature gene arrays, gene expression levels were normalized to Gapdh, Hprt1 and Gusb. For Bcl2/Bcl211 expression after HSC stimulation and Ret expression levels after in vivo transfer gene expression levels were normalized to Gapdh and Hprt1.
Statistics. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel. Variance was analyzed using F-test. Student's t-test was performed on homocedastic populations and student's t-test with Welch correction was applied on samples with different variances. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were analyzed using a log rank test.
Results

(32) RET agonist are naturally occurring proteins (ligands) that bind to the RET receptor with the help of an accessory protein (co-receptor). In humans and mice there are four ligands of RET, which are GDNF, NRTN, ARTN and PSPN, each of them having a specific co-receptor (respectively, GFRα1, GFRα2, GFRα3 and GFRα4). When RET agonist bind to RET receptor, the receptor becomes active and provides signals to the cells.

(33) The following results demonstrate RET signalling function on HSC expansion and transplantation. That is the role of RET receptor in the development of the blood system in mice, particularly its impact on the function of the blood-forming stem cell, the haematopoietic stem cell (HSCs), using cultured assays and in vivo models. Contrary to other molecular pathways used in current expansion protocols, such as KIT and FLT3, RET do not impact differentiation in vivo (FIG. 1d) or in vitro (FIG. 1f), but is regulates HSC numbers (FIG. 1e; FIG. 1i). RET is critical for HSC survival as RET deficient cells express almost four times less pro-survival genes, Bcl2 and Bcl2l1 (FIG. 3b) and die in culture two times more than normal cells (FIG. 3c; FIG. 10b). Importantly, normal cells cultured with RET ligands survive almost three times better than with conventional medium (FIG. 3d-e; FIG. 10c). RET signals determines HSC transplantation efficiency since foetal RET deficient cells have virtually no transplantation capacity (FIG. 2c). Remarkably, when transplanted in competition with normal cells, we could quantify transplantation efficiency. We found that RET deficient HSCs generate 10 times less cells in the blood and HSCs in the bone marrow (FIG. 2e-g). Strikingly adult bone marrow cells from RET deficient origin have almost 50 times less transplantation capacity than the normal cells in a secondary transplantation (FIG. 2h-j). RET signals control HSC expansion in culture. In the presence of RET ligands HSC expansion is three times higher than with conventional medium only (FIG. 3d). Importantly, the RET treated expanded HSCs also have circa 300 fold increase in transplantation efficiency when compared to HSCs expanded in conventional medium (FIG. 4e-g). Together expansion and transplantation protocols that include RET agonists increase transplantation efficiency by almost 1000 fold in comparison to conventional medium.

(34) The present embodiment can be applied in expansion and transplantation protocols of haematopoietic stem cells, to be used both in biomedical research and in clinical practice.

(35) Supplementation of conventional culture conditions with RET agonists can be used to increase the number of cells recovered in expansion protocols. The use of HSCs in transplantation is severely constrained by the limited expansion of these cells: Current cell culturing techniques result in insufficient stem cell quantities; particularly if cord blood is used as a source. Compared with current conventional medium, which mildly expand haematopoietic progenitors but also cause differentiation, our formulation using RET agonist duplicate the number or cells recovered. In addition, RET agonist treatment do not alter the differentiation of cells, thus allowing three times more true HSCs to be recovered from expansion cultures (FIG. 3d). Most importantly, expanded HSCs with RET ligands have circa 300 fold increase in transplantation efficiency when compared to HSCs expanded in conventional conditions. Thus, the combined expansion and transplantation protocols including RET agonists increase transplantation efficiency by circa 1000 fold in comparison to conventional protocols.

(36) Thus, activation of RET results in improved HSC survival/expansion and in vivo transplantation efficiency in mice. When compared to current state-of-the-art expansion methods, these experiments revealed that HSC expansion with neurotrophic factors result in a 20-fold increase of bona fide HSCs that maintain their stemness.

(37) Altogether, our technology can significantly improve the expansion and thus the availability of HSCs for clinical and R&D use.

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