Abstract
A marine catamaran craft, comprising at least one forward hydrofoil fixed to each of the catamaran hulls and at least one rear hydrofoil in which: At least one forward hydrofoil is arranged for shallowly submerged operation At least one rear hydrofoil is arranged for shallowly submerged operation at low speeds and for planing operation at higher speeds A rear part of each of the catamaran hulls remains wetted at all speeds.
Claims
1. A marine catamaran craft, comprising catamaran hulls, at least one forward hydrofoil fixed to each of the catamaran hulls and at least one rear hydrofoil in which: the rear hydrofoil has a leading edge and a trailing edge, and an upper surface and a lower surface extending between the leading and trailing edges, the at least one forward hydrofoil is arranged for shallowly submerged operation at both low speeds below a design speed of the craft, and at higher speeds above the design speed; the at least one rear hydrofoil is arranged for shallowly submerged operation at low speeds below the design speed and for planing operation at higher speeds above the design speed, wherein at speeds above the design speed; the hull is configured to adopt a trim angle such that the aft ends of the hulls are submerged and the forward ends of the hulls are above the water surface, and the rear hydrofoil is configured to provide, in planing operation, a spray root edge on the lower surface aft of the leading edge, such that a wetted area of the lower surface aft of the spray root edge acts as a planing surface that is less than a physical area of the lower surface of the rear hydrofoil.
2. A craft as in claim 1 wherein the at least one forward hydrofoil comprises a horizontal lifting surface and generally vertical tip sections for attachment to the catamaran hulls.
3. A craft as in claim 1 wherein the at least one forward hydrofoil comprises dihedral lifting surfaces and generally vertical tip sections for attachment to the catamaran hulls.
4. A craft as in claim 2 in which the generally vertical tip sections for attachment to the catamaran hulls are arranged at an angle of attack such as to optimise the pressure distribution along the forward hydrofoil.
5. A craft as in claim 1 in which the generally vertical forward foil tip sections are attached to a surface of the catamaran hulls such as to provide an effective tip fence at speeds at which such hull attachment areas are wetted.
6. A craft as in claim 1 wherein the at least one rear hydrofoil has a section profile arranged such that the chord diminishes with increasing speed above the speed above which the hydrofoil becomes fully planing.
7. A craft as in claim 1 wherein the at least one rear hydrofoil has a lower surface which blends into the rear part of the catamaran hulls which remain wetted.
8. A craft as in claim 1 in which any of the rear parts of the catamaran hulls which remain wetted comprise an intake for a waterjet propulsion system.
9. A craft as in claim 1 in which any of the rear parts of the catamaran hulls which remain wetted comprise a transom interceptor.
10. A craft as in claim 1 in which any of the rear parts of the catamaran hulls which remain wetted comprise a transom flap.
11. A craft as in claim 1 in which any of the rear parts of the catamaran hulls which remain wetted comprise a transom wedge.
12. A craft as in claim 1 wherein the at least one forward hydrofoil comprises one or more adjustable flaps.
13. A craft as in claim 1 wherein the at least one forward hydrofoil comprises one or more controllable flaps and a control system.
14. A craft as in claim 1 wherein the at least one rear hydrofoil comprises one or more flaps which are adjustable.
15. A craft as in claim 1 wherein the at least one rear hydrofoil comprises one or more flaps which are controllable and which comprise a control system.
16. A craft as in claim 3 in which the generally vertical tip sections for attachment to the catamaran hulls are arranged at an angle of attack such as to optimise the pressure distribution along the forward hydrofoil.
17. A craft as in claim 1 in which the lower surface of the rear hydrofoil has a forward lower surface that is flat or lightly convex, and a rearward lower surface that is lightly convex at its forward end before becoming markedly concave.
18. A craft as in claim 17 in which the lower surface has a chord direction extending between the leading and tailing edges, wherein the lower surface has a wetted chord length at low speeds below the design speed which is equal to the distance between the leading and trailing edges, and a reduced wetted chord length in the planing operation that is defined by a distance between the spray root edge and the trailing edge.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(1) Preferred examples of a marine craft will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
(2) FIG. 1 shows an isometric view of a craft according to the present invention;
(3) FIG. 2 shows a frontal view of a craft according to the present invention;
(4) FIG. 3 shows a side view of a craft according to the present invention;
(5) FIG. 4 shows an underside view of a craft according to the present invention in which the wetted areas at design speed are shown in bold;
(6) FIG. 5 shows a detailed view of a front hydrofoil;
(7) FIG. 6 shows a partial detailed frontal view of a craft according to the present invention with the displacement and design waterline positions;
(8) FIG. 7 shows a further underside view of a craft according to the present invention with a front foil fitted with flaps;
(9) FIG. 8 shows a section through a rear hydrofoil of the present invention with an indication of its position relative to the water level at low speed;
(10) FIG. 9 shows a section through a rear hydrofoil of the present invention at design speed;
(11) FIG. 10 shows a section through a rear hydrofoil fitted with a flap;
(12) FIG. 11 shows the variation of the lift coefficient of typical sub-cavitating hydrofoil sections designed for operation at a depth below the water level operating at a constant angle of attack at varying depth of submergence;
(13) FIG. 12 shows the variation of the lift coefficient of cavitating hydrofoil section operating at a constant angle of attack at varying depth of submergence;
(14) FIG. 13 shows the variation of the lift/drag ratios with the lift coefficient based on the span of the hydrofoil of planing hydrofoils of aspect ratios varying between 2.5 and 12 operating at a constant angle of attack and with varying camber;
(15) FIG. 14 shows the variation of the lift/drag ratios with the lift coefficient of planing hydrofoils of aspect ratios of 5 and 10 having constant section operating at varying angles of attack;
(16) FIG. 15 shows the variation of the lift/drag ratios with the lift coefficient of planing hydrofoils of aspect ratios of 5 and 10 having constant section operating at varying angles of attack;
(17) FIG. 16 shows the variation of the lift coefficient and the lift/drag ratio for a flapped front foil of the present invention with varying displacement Froude no (F.sub.nV);
(18) FIG. 17 shows the variation of the hydrodynamic resistance to displacement ratio for a typical semi-displacement catamaran and for the same hull fitted with the flapped front and non-flapped planing rear hydrofoils of the present invention with varying displacement Froude no (F.sub.nV);
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
(19) Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 the catamaran craft 1 has two laterally separated hulls 21, 2b joined by a superstructure 3. A forward hydrofoil 4 is attached to a lower surface of each of the hulls 2a, 2b and a rear hydrofoil 5 is attached to the inner walls of the tunnel 6 such that its underside surface is aligned with, or preferably some distance 56 above the underside of the hulls 2a, 2b. A tunnel 6 is defined by the inner walls of the hulls 2a, 2b and the underside of the superstructure 3. Transom interceptors, flaps or wedges 57 may preferentially be fitted to increase the pressure on the underside of the hull which has the effect of increasing the aspect ratio of the rear foil 5.
(20) Referring to FIG. 3 showing a side view of craft 1, a line SWL indicates the level of the waterline when the craft is at rest or travelling slowly, a straight line WL∞ indicates the undisturbed water level when the craft is travelling at its design speed and a curved line DWL indicates the position of the water surface at the centreline of the craft at its design speed. At the design speed the adopts a trim angle α such that the aft end of the hulls 2 are lightly submerged whilst the forward end of the hulls 2 are above the water surface DWL. In this condition the lift generated by the front hydrofoil 4 governs the trim angle α. The wetted area of hulls 2 is kept to a minimum commensurate with the requirements of the propulsion system by the arrangement of the height of the rear hydrofoil (56 of FIG. 2) and the hull trim angle α wherein α should preferentially be arranged within the range between 2 degrees and 3 degrees. Whilst the angle of attack β.sub.F of the front foil 4 at the design condition is not unduly critical it should preferentially be arranged to minimise drag in the design condition and will normally be arranged to be within the range of +/−2 deg.
(21) Referring to FIG. 4 showing the underside of craft 1, the wetted surfaces in the design condition are shown in bold. A front hydrofoil 4 is arranged with a Centre of Pressure (CP) 44 forward of the most forward extend of the ranges of positions 92 of the Longitudinal Centre of Gravity 91 of the craft 1. Wetted surfaces 21 of the hulls 2a, 2b have spray root contact lines 211 with the water surface. In the case of hydrojet propulsion systems the intakes 22 are situated at a sufficient distance behind the spray root contact lines 211 as to prevent ventilation. The wetted surface of a rear hydrofoil 5 has a spray root edge 58 aft of the physical leading edge 51 of the hydrofoil such that wetted area is less than the physical area of the hydrofoil and the aspect ratio thereof is increased proportionally. The wetted areas 21 of hulls 2a, 2b and the wetted area of hydrofoil 5 form a continuous surface which has the effect of augmenting the performance of both the hull surface and the hydrofoil surface treated in isolation. At lower speeds when the rear foil 5 is immersed the side walls of tunnel 3 act as fences which also has the effect of increasing the effective aspect ratio of the foil lifting surface and by consequence its performance. Transom interceptors, flaps or wedges 57 may preferentially be fitted to increase the pressure acting on surfaces 21 which additionally has the effect of increasing the effective aspect ratio of hydrofoil 5.
(22) Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6 a preferred planform of the front foil 4 is shown with a root chord C.sub.R and a tip chord C.sub.T. More generally the hydrofoil may be arranged with constant chord or with other chord distribution such as with curved leading or trailing edges without effecting the generality of the present invention. The hydrofoil has a lifting surface 411 with a leading edge 411 and a trailing edge 412. Surface 411 may be horizontal but is preferentially arranged with a dihedral angle γ. Generally vertical struts 42 connect either end of the lifting surface 411 to the under surfaces of hulls 2a, 2b. Struts 42 act as winglets and serve to increase the effective aspect ratio of hydrofoil 4. The winglets may preferentially be arranged with a small angle of attack β.sub.S to provide an improved pressure distribution along the hydrofoil. It can be seen that under design conditions the struts cut the design water surface DWL which acts as a mirror plane and serves to substantially increase the effective aspect ratio of hydrofoil 4. At slower speeds the under surfaces of hull 2a, 2b act as an endplates which also serve to increase the effective aspect ratio of hydrofoil 4.
(23) From FIG. 6 it can be seen that the immersion depth of the root section of hydrofoil 4 is d.sub.DR in the design condition and d.sub.sR in the static condition whilst the immersion depth of the tip section of hydrofoil 4 is d.sub.DT and d.sub.ST for the above conditions. Thus the immersion depths in chord terms are d.sub.DR/C.sub.R, d.sub.SR/C.sub.R for the root section and d.sub.DT/C.sub.T, d.sub.ST/C.sub.T for the tip section. These values are key factors in determining the lift and drag forces generated by the front hydrofoil 4. From FIG. 6 is can also be seen that the rear hydrofoil 5 is not immersed in the design condition, but is operating as a planing surface in this condition. Under static conditions the rear foil immersion is d.sub.SA.
(24) Referring to FIG. 7 a preferred arrangement in which the front foil 4 is equipped with port and starboard flaps 43 which may preferentially be operated independently such that differential flap displacement may provide a roll moment about the longitudinal axis of craft 1 and common displacement of flaps 43 serves to increase or decrease the lift generated. FIG. 7 also shows that under design conditions the rear foil chord is reduced from its static value of C.sub.SA to a value of C.sub.DA. This reduction in effective chord has the effect of proportionally increasing the effective aspect ration of the rear hydrofoil 5 resulting in significantly improved lift and drag reduction.
(25) Referring to FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 the rear hydrofoil 5 has a leading edge 51 and a trailing edge 52, an upper surface 53, a forward lower surface 54 which is flat or which may preferentially be lightly convex and a rearward lower surface 55 which is lightly convex at its forward end before becoming markedly concave. As shown in previous figures the section chord is C.sub.SA and the leading edge is submerged at a depth d.sub.SR below the static water level SWL. FIG. 9 shows the same section in the design condition in which it provides a very efficient planing surface. A spray root is generated at 58 and the surface at this point is arranged to have a small angle of attack β.sub.R relative to the dynamic water line DWL. The chord is reduced to C.sub.DA whereby the ratio of C.sub.DA/C.sub.SA is arranged such that lift required at the intended speed for foilborne operation dictates the chord C.sub.SA whereas the design speed determines the value of C.sub.SA. The requirements for mechanical strength, lift coefficient and lift/drag ratio for foilborne operation may also influence the values of C.sub.SA and C.sub.DA. The rear hydrofoil may generally be arranged to be quite thick as the thickness is generally only limited by the cavity profile at speeds immediately below that required for planing operation. FIG. 10 shows a flapped variant in which a trailing edge flap is provided. The provision of such a flap will preferentially improve performance at low planing speeds by increasing the effective camber of the foil. The application of negative flap angles may preferentially be applied for very high speed operation. By reducing the effective camber the lift coefficient is reduced maintaining the chord C.sub.DA for efficient operation.
(26) Referring to FIG. 11 curves 7 show a rapid reduction in lift coefficient for sub-cavitating sections as the hydrofoil nears the water surface. Although not shown on this figure the lift/drag ration also falls away due to the an increasing effect of the friction drag. Initially this reduction is quite slow, but as the value of d/c approaches 0.25 the reduction in the lift/drag ratio becomes increasingly marked. Curve 71 shows the variance of the lift coefficient with the depth/chord ratio for an efficient hydrodynamic section with a slightly concave under surface. Curve 72 shows the variance for a more classic aerofoil section which a slightly convex under surface. The difference is due to the increasing reliance on the pressure distribution on the lower surface as a cavitation bubble increasingly grows on the upper surface which becomes fully ventilated at some point. Both sections have a 2D lift coefficient of 0.63 when deeply immersed.
(27) Referring to FIG. 12 the opposite effect is evident for cavitating sections. For the flat plate shown by curve 73 the lift coefficient doubles between deep immersion and zero immersion with most of this occurring when the hydrofoil is very close to the surface. The curve for more efficient cavitating sections follows the same trend although the overall increase in lift coefficient is reduced from 100% to generally 25% to 50%. The lift/drag ratio for a cavitating section tends to improve as the surface is approached. The frictionless value tends to be little changed but the friction coefficient has a reducing effect as the lift coefficient increases close to the surface.
(28) It will be evident from FIGS. 11 and 12 that the design of a suitable section is highly dependent on the range of immersion depth intended, particularly if operation within the range of immersion depths between 0.5 and zero is expected.
(29) Referring to FIGS. 13 and 14 the benefit of using the constant span planing rear hydrofoil together with the aspect ratio enhancing attributes of the present invention is demonstrated. FIG. 13 shows the rapid improvement in the lift/drag ratio as the aspect ratio is improved. It also shows that the camber and associated value of the lift coefficient based on span must be carefully selected to lie within a desired range of lift/drag values. FIG. 14 shows values of CL and the lift/drag ratio for hydrofoils having aspect ratios or 5 and 10 with the same section with the lift coefficient varied by changing the angle of attack. These curves show the importance of maintaining an optimum angle of attack with the performance dropping away rapidly as the angle of attack is increased. The aspect ratio is equally of key importance. The features resulting in a high aspect ratio for a defined beam have been described above.
(30) Whilst the slope of the lift coefficient curve and the depth of immersion of the from hydrofoil gives a measure of passive regulation of the craft ride height and trim angle, this regulation is not sufficient to ensure the maintenance of an optimum angle of attack for the rear hydrofoil 5, especially if a wide range of load and LCG conditions prevail. The preferred use of a front foil 4 with flaps 43 enables such precision control.
(31) The performance effects of the present invention can be seen by reference to FIGS. 15, 16 and 17. FIG. 15 shows the performance values for the rear foil 5 under a particular load condition. The lift coefficient initially drops away as the hydrofoil immersion reduces reaching a minimum value at a displacement Froude displacement number of about 2.4. As the speed increases the lift coefficient rises rapidly as the foil reaches the surface. The foil becomes fully planing at a displacement Froude number of 2.6. Thereafter the lift coefficient decreases due to a decreasing angle of attack, although the value may be beneficially adjusted to reduce the wetted area faster. The lift/drag ratio initially remains relatively constant but increases abruptly as the foil becomes very close to the surface, continuing to rise as the aspect ratio increases and the angle of attack decreases. The aspect ratio increases progressively after the hydrofoil becomes fully planing.
(32) FIG. 16 shows the values of CL and the lift/drag ratio for the front foil 4 under the same load conditions. In this case the flap angle is stabilised at a displacement Froude number of about 13. Thereafter the C1 values falls away as the immersion depth reduces. At about a displacement Froude No of 2.2 the hydrofoil is supporting its design load and the flap angle reduces progressively as the required CL reduces. The lift/drag ratio remains relatively constant whilst the flap angle remains high and progressively increases as the flap angle reduces
(33) Curves 8 of FIG. 17 shows the resistance/displacement ratio against displacement Froude number of a basic catamaran craft with and without the addition of hydrofoils according to the present invention. Curve 81 shows the resistance of the standard craft in which an initial resistance plateau is reached at a displacement Froude number of about 1.0. The resistance then rises sharply above a displacement Froude number of 1.8. Curve 82 shows the performance of the same craft fitted with an active flapped front foil and fixed planing rear foil according to the present invention. Compared to the standard craft the resistance starts to reduce from a displacement Froude number as low as about 0.8 before peaking at a lower value than that achieved with a standard craft. After the peak the resistance reaches a plateau at about ⅔ of the value of the standard craft before falling away steadily from above a displacement Froude number of 2.4 due to the combined performance improvements of the front and rear hydrofoils.
