Floor Panel for Forming a Floor Covering and Method for Manufacturing a Floor Panel

Abstract

A floor panel for forming a floor covering, wherein this floor panel comprises a substrate, which substrate is manufactured on the basis of synthetic material; wherein this floor panel, on at least one pair of opposite edges, comprises coupling parts, which coupling parts allow that two such floor panels can be coupled to each other by means of a downward movement of one floor panel in respect to the other floor panel.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing a floor panel for forming a floor covering, wherein this floor panel comprises a substrate, wherein the substrate is manufactured on the basis of synthetic material and comprises fillers; wherein this floor panel, on at least one pair of opposite edges, comprises coupling parts; and wherein these coupling parts allow a locking in a first direction perpendicular to the plane of the floor panel, as well as in a second direction perpendicular to the edges and in the plane of the floor panel; wherein at least a portion of said coupling parts is manufactured from the material of said substrate by means of planing or scraping treatments.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the planing or scraping treatments are broach or broaching treatment.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the fillers consist of plasticizers and/or chalk and/or limestone.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the remainder of the coupling parts is manufactured of the material of said substrate substantially by means of milling treatments.

5. A method for manufacturing a floor panel for forming a floor covering, wherein this floor panel comprises a substrate, wherein the substrate is manufactured on the basis of synthetic material; wherein this floor panel, on at least one pair of opposite edges, comprises coupling parts, which coupling parts allow that two such floor panels can be coupled to each other by means of a downward movement of one floor panel in respect to the other floor panel; wherein these coupling parts allow a locking in a first direction perpendicular to the plane of the floor panel, as well as in a second direction perpendicular to the edges and in the plane of the floor panel; wherein at least a portion of said coupling parts is manufactured from the material of said substrate by means of planing or scraping treatments.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the planing or scraping treatments are broach or broaching treatment.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein said coupling parts consist of a downward-directed upper hook-shaped part, which is situated on the one edge of said pair of opposite edges, as well as an upward-directed lower hook-shaped part, which is situated on the other, opposite edge of said pair of opposite edges, which hook-shaped parts can be engaged behind each other by means of said downward movement; wherein the upper hook-shaped part consists of a lip which is provided with a downward-directed locking element, whereas the lower hook-shaped part consists of a lip which is provided with an upward-directed locking element; wherein the locking elements are provided with locking surfaces which at least partially allow the locking in said first direction perpendicular to the plane of the floor panels; and wherein at least said locking surfaces are manufactured from the material of said substrate by means of planing or scraping treatments.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the planing or scraping treatments are broach or broaching treatments.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein said locking surfaces comprise a first locking surface and a second locking surface, wherein the first locking surface belongs to a proximal side of the downward-directed locking element and wherein the second locking surface belongs to a proximal side of the upward-directed locking element.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the first locking surface and the second locking surface define in the coupled condition of two such floor panels a tangent line forming an angle with the plane of the floor panel, wherein said angle is smaller than 90 degrees.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the second locking surface defines in proximal direction of the panel an angle smaller than 90 degrees with the plane of the floor panel.

12. The method of claim 7, wherein the remainder of the coupling parts is manufactured of the material of said substrate substantially by means of milling treatments.

13. The method of claim 7, wherein the fillers consist of plasticizers and/or chalk and/or limestone.

14. The method of claim 7, wherein the floor panel, on a distal side of the downward-directed locking element, is free from locking parts which, partially or entirely, allow a locking in the aforementioned first direction.

15. The method of claim 7, wherein the floor panel, on a distal side of the upward-directed locking element, is free from locking parts which, partially or entirely, allow a locking in an aforementioned first direction.

16. The method of claim 7, wherein a vertical closing surface is formed between two such floor panels in the coupled condition of two of the floor panels; wherein the lip of the lower hook-shaped part comprises a support surface for supporting the downward-directed locking element; and wherein in coupled condition of two of the floor panels an interspace is present between said vertical closing surface and the aforementioned support surface.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0049] With the intention of better showing the characteristics of the invention, herein below, as an example without any limitative character, some preferred embodiments are described, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0050] FIG. 1 represents a floor panel according to the invention;

[0051] FIGS. 2 and 3, at a larger scale, represent a cross-section according to the lines II-II and respectively, shown in FIG. 1;

[0052] FIGS. 4 to 7 represent how two floor panels can be coupled to each other at the edges from FIG. 2;

[0053] FIG. 8 for clearness' sake represents the coupling parts from FIG. 2 in completely coupled condition;

[0054] FIG. 9, at a larger scale, represents a view of the part indicated by F10 in FIG. 8;

[0055] FIGS. 10 to 14 represent variants of the invention;

[0056] FIGS. 15 and 16 represent in perspective how the long and short edges of the floor panel from FIG. 1 can be coupled to similar floor panels, wherein FIG. 16 at a larger scale provides a view on the area indicated by F11 in FIG. 15;

[0057] FIG. 17 represents a variant of the embodiment in FIG. 3; and

[0058] FIGS. 18 and 19 represent how two floor panels can be coupled to each other at the edges from FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0059] FIG. 1 represents a floor panel 1 according to the invention, which can be applied for forming a floor covering. The floor panel 1 is oblong and comprises a pair of opposite edges 5-6 on the short sides of the floor panel 1 and a pair of opposite edges 30-31 on the long sides of the floor panel 1. The pair of opposite edges 5-6 comprises coupling parts 7-8, whereas the pair of opposite edges 30-31 comprises coupling parts 32-33.

[0060] FIG. 2 represents a cross-section according to line II-II in FIG. 1. The floor panel 1 comprises a substrate 2, which preferably is manufactured on the basis of synthetic or thermoplastic material, such as polyvinyl chloride. The floor panel 1 comprises a top layer 28, which comprises at least a decor and a transparent or translucent wear layer situated on the decor.

[0061] The coupling parts 7-8 are entirely formed from the material of the substrate 2 and are made in one piece therewith. Moreover, substantially they are made massive.

[0062] The coupling parts 7-8 consist of a downward-directed upper hook-shaped part 9, which is situated on the one edge 5 of said pair of opposite edges 5-6, as well as an upward-directed lower hook-shaped part 10, which is situated on the other, opposite edge 6 of the aforementioned pair of opposite edges 5-6.

[0063] The upper hook-shaped part 9 consists of a lip 11 which is provided with a downward-directed locking element 12, whereas the lower hook-shaped part 10 consists of a lip 13 which is provided with an upward-directed locking element 14.

[0064] The locking elements 12 and 14 are provided with locking surfaces 15-16, which at least partially, and here entirely, allow the locking in said first direction V perpendicular to the plane of the floor panels 1. The locking surfaces 15-16 comprise a first locking surface 15 and a second locking surface 16. The first locking surface 15 belongs to a proximal side 17 of the downward-directed locking element 12, and the second locking surface 16 belongs to a proximal side 18 of the upward-directed locking element 14. That the locking surfaces 15-16 belong to the mentioned proximal sides 17-18, offers the advantage that the floor panels 1 can be coupled in a smooth manner.

[0065] On a distal side 19 of the downward-directed locking element 12, the floor panel 1 is free from locking parts, which partially or entirely allow a locking in an aforementioned first direction V. Also, the floor panel 1, on a distal side 19 of the upward-directed locking element, is free from locking parts which, partially or entirely, allow a locking in an aforementioned first direction V. The absence of such locking parts on the mentioned distal sides 19-20 contributes to the possibility of smoothly coupling the floor panels 1.

[0066] FIG. 3 represents a cross-sectional view according to line in FIG. 1. The coupling parts 32-33 are realized in the form of a tongue and a groove, respectively.

[0067] FIGS. 4 to 7 represent how two floor panels 1 can be coupled to each other at the edges 5-6. The coupling parts 7-8 allow that two such floor panels 1 can be coupled to each other by means of a downward movement M of one floor panel 1 in respect to the other floor panel 1.

[0068] FIG. 5 represents that the coupling parts 7-8 do not just like that drop into each other during the downward movement M. As a result of the presence of the locking surfaces 15-19, a resistance has to be overcome, such that the hook-shaped parts 9-10 will engage in each other. The elasticity of the synthetic material of the substrate 2 helps to overcome this resistance in view of the fact that it allows deformations of the coupling parts 7-8. Thus, it provides, together with the specific configuration of the coupling parts 7-8, for a smooth coupling of the coupling parts 1 at the edges 5-6.

[0069] Hereby, it is also noted that a resistance as mentioned herein above, which is the consequence of the presence of the locking surfaces 15-16 on the proximal sides 17-18, can be overcome more simply than a possible resistance which is created by locking parts present on the distal sides 19-20. Such last-mentioned resistance, to wit, less easily allows an elastic deformation of the coupling parts, such as, for example, a downward bending of the lip of the lower hook-shaped part.

[0070] FIG. 6 represents an example of a deformation of the coupling parts 7-8, wherein the lip 13 of the lower hook-shaped part 10 is bent downward when performing the downward movement M, such as represented by the dotted line. Such elastic bending of the lip 13 increases the available space for the locking element 12, such that this locking element 12 simply can be pressed down.

[0071] In an analogous way, it is possible that the lip 11 of the upper hook-shaped part 9 is bent upward when performing the downward movement M. Such upward bending of the lip 11, however, is not represented here.

[0072] Another example of a possible deformation, which is not represented here, relates to an elastic compression of the locking element 12 and/or the locking element 14, more particularly an elastic compression of the portion of the locking element 12 to which the locking surface 15 belongs and/or the portion of the locking element 14 to which the locking surface 16 belongs.

[0073] It is also noted that two or more of the herein above-described deformations may occur together when performing the coupling movement between the floor panels 1.

[0074] FIG. 7 represents the floor panels 1 in coupled condition. In this coupled condition, the coupling parts 7-8 allow a locking in a first direction V perpendicular to the plane of the floor panels 1, as well as in a second direction H perpendicular to the edges 5-6 and in the plane of the floor panels 1.

[0075] FIG. 8, at a larger scale, represents the coupled condition from FIG. 7.

[0076] The floor panel 1 shows a thickness T which is smaller than 6 mm and preferably is smaller than 5 mm, and still more preferably is smaller than 4 mm.

[0077] In the coupled condition of two such floor panels 1, the locking surfaces 15-16 define a tangent line R forming an angle A with the plane of the floor panel 1. The angle A is smaller than 30 degrees and larger than 0 degrees. More particularly, the angle A is equal to 25 degrees. Such rather minor angle offers the advantage that a very strong vertical locking is allowed, by which the risk of height differences or gap formation between the coupled floor panels can be minimized.

[0078] The inventor has found that for realizing such locking surfaces 15-16, planing and/or scraping treatments, or breach and/or breaching treatments, can be applied in an advantageous matter. Such treatments allow to manufacture the locking surfaces 15-16 precisely as well as efficient. The remaining portions of the coupling part 7-8 can be realized by means of milling treatments.

[0079] The tangent line R is directed upward in the direction of the vertical V3 through the vertical closing surface V1 formed between the coupled floor panels 1. More particularly, the tangent line R intersects the vertical V3 in such a manner that the intersection point is situated underneath the upper side 3 of the floor panels 1. That the mentioned intersection point is situated underneath the upper side 3 of the floor panels, is also caused by the relatively small angle A, as well as by the relatively low position of the locking surfaces 15-16 in the floor panel. It offers as an advantage that a particularly strong vertical locking can be effected between the floor panels, whereas the floor panels still can be installed in a smooth manner.

[0080] The locking surfaces 15-16 extend continuously over the major part of the length of the edges 5-6. Hereby, a strong vertical locking can be effected over the major part of the edges.

[0081] In the coupled condition of the floor panels 1, the locking surfaces 15-16, seen in cross-section, are situated entirely in the lower half of the floor panel 1. So, the locking surfaces 15-16 can be realized relatively compact, such that a smooth installation of the floor panels 1 remains possible. The resistance, as described herein above, then is sufficiently small. Such relatively low position of the locking surfaces 15-16 also offers as an advantage that the lip 13 can be made relatively thin at the position of the locking surfaces 15-16, and that the lip 13 as such can undergo elastic deformations relatively easy.

[0082] The downward-directed locking element 12 comprises a protrusion 21, of which, in the coupled condition of the floor panels 1, at least a portion 22 is situated past beyond the vertical tangent line V2. The vertical tangent line V2 touches the upward-directed locking element 14 in a most proximally situated point of this upward-directed locking element 14. The maximum height H1 of the part 22 is at least ⅕ of the maximum thickness H2 of the downward-directed locking element 12 and maximum ¼ of this maximum thickness H2. That the part 22 shows such height H1, offers the advantage that the portion can be realized relatively compact, which is beneficial for the smoothness of installation, however, can also be provided with sufficient strength in order to provide a strong vertical locking. In that the part 22 has the height H1, this part 22 also is extremely suitable for being applied in relatively thin floor panels 1.

[0083] The horizontal distance W1 between said most proximally situated point of the upward-directed locking element 14 and the edge 6 of the floor panel 1 is larger than the vertical distance H3 between the upper side 3 of the floor panel 1 and the most downward-situated point of the lip 13 of the lower hook-shaped part 10. That the opening for the locking element 12 is realized this wide, offers the advantage that the locking element 12 can be made very stable, such that the risk of breaking, for example, during coupling of the floor panels 1, can be minimized.

[0084] In the coupled condition of the floor panels 1, an interspace 25 is provided in the entire intermediary space between the distal side 20 of the upward-directed locking element 14 of the one floor panel 1 and the edge 5 of the other floor panel 1. The interspace 25 extends up to below the lip 11 of the upper hook-shaped part 9. Such interspace 25 contributes to the installation ease of the floor panels 1, in view of the fact that the interspace 25, for example, creates space for a possible bending of the lip 13 during the coupling movement.

[0085] The lip 13 of the lower hook-shaped part 10 shows a minimum thickness T1, which is larger than ¼ of the overall thickness T of the floor panel 1. This offers the advantage that the lip 13 can be realized sufficiently strong and stable, such that the lip 13 does not break off, for example, during the herein above-described bending. For this same purpose, the minimum thickness T1 of the lip 13 is larger than ⅓ and preferably larger than 5/12 of the maximum thickness T2 of the locking element 14.

[0086] Moreover, the lip 13 has a varying thickness. In this manner, the lip 13 can be provided with sufficient strength and stability, on the one hand, and obtain sufficient flexible features, on the other hand. More particularly, the lip 13 becomes thicker in a direction away from the upward-directed locking element 14. In this manner, a strong connection with the core of the floor panel 1 can be guaranteed.

[0087] With the purpose of providing the lip 11 with sufficient strength and stability, this lip 11 shows a minimum thickness T3 which is larger than ⅓ of the overall thickness T of the floor panel. More particularly, the minimum thickness T3 is larger than ½ of the maximum thickness H2 of the downward-directed locking element.

[0088] The lip 11 of the upper hook-shaped part 9 has a varying thickness. In this manner, the lip 11 can be provided with sufficient strength and stability, on the one hand, and obtain sufficient flexible features, on the other hand. More particularly, the lip 11 becomes thicker in a direction away from the downward-directed locking element 12. In this manner, a strong connection with the core of the floor panel 1 can be guaranteed.

[0089] FIG. 9, at a larger scale, represents the part indicated by F10 in FIG. 8. The contours of the coupling parts 7-8, which are represented here, correspond to the contours of the coupling parts in the uncoupled condition of the floor panels 1. As represented, the coupling parts 7-8 are configured such that their contours overlap. Due to the overlapping contours, in the coupled condition one or more tensioning forces are created, which have a positive influence on the locking between the floor panels 1. Such tensioning forces allow minimizing the risk of gap formation and height differences in the installed condition of the floor panels 1.

[0090] FIG. 9 represents a first tensioning force F1, which is present at the location of the locking surfaces 15-16. This tensioning force F1 provides for that the locking surfaces 15-16 are pressed towards each other and thus can effect a particularly strong locking. Moreover, a second tensioning force F2 is present at the location of the vertical closing surface V1. Hereby, the edges 5-6 present at the closing surface V1 are pressed towards each other, such that gap formation can be counteracted in the installed condition of the floor panels.

[0091] FIG. 9 also shows that as a result of the overlapping contours, the locking element 12 is clamped between the closing surface V1 and the proximal side 18 of the locking element 18. Herein, also the protrusion 21 is sitting clamped between the locking surface 16 and the support surface S1.

[0092] FIG. 9 represents that the lip 13 comprises a support surface S1 for supporting the locking element 12. Between this support surface S1 and the vertical closing surface V1, an interspace 26 is present. This interspace 26 helps with the smooth coupling of the floor panels 1.

[0093] The lip 13 also comprises a floating support surface S2, wherein an interspace 27 is present between this support surface S2 and the locking element 12. The interspace 27 has a thickness of maximum 2 mm and preferably of maximum 1 mm. Such interspace 2 provides for the necessary space for pressing down the downward-directed locking element 12. Also, the floating support surface S2 provides for the at least partial taking up of tolerances which occur during the manufacture of the coupling parts 7-8.

[0094] The support surface S1 is situated closer to the locking element 14 than the floating support surface S2 and is situated lower than the support surface S2.

[0095] The herein above-mentioned interspace 26 extends continuously from said vertical closing surface (V2) up to said support surface (S1).

[0096] FIG. 10 represents another variant of the invention, wherein the lip 13 comprises an incision 23 on the lower side 24 of the lip 13. The incision 23 extends in horizontal direction from the distal side 20 of the upward-directed locking element 14 and at least up to said locking surfaces 15-16. Such incision facilitates the possible downward bending of the lip 13 during the coupling movement. Here, the incision 23 extends to beyond the locking surfaces 15-16.

[0097] FIGS. 11 to 14 represent more variants of the invention, wherein the floor panel 1 is provided with one or more reinforcement layers 29.

[0098] FIG. 15 represents how the floor panels 1 can be coupled to each other by means of the so-called fold-down technique. Herein, the floor panel 1C to be coupled is coupled at one of its long sides to the floor panels 1A of a preceding row, whereas the floor panel 1A simultaneously, i.e. with the same turning movement W, is coupled on one of its short sides to a floor panel 1B from the same row. To this aim, the long sides of the floor panels 1 are provided with coupling parts 32-33, which allow the coupling by means of the turning movement W, and the short sides are provided with coupling parts 7-8, which allow a coupling by means of a downward movement as a result of the turning movement W. The herein above-described coupling parts 7-8 can be applied particularly advantageous in such so-called fold-down floor panels 1. In fact, they provide for a smooth installation, as well as for a strong locking in the coupled condition.

[0099] FIG. 16 represents in an enlarged manner what is indicated by F11 in FIG. 15.

[0100] FIG. 17 represents coupling parts 32-33, which allow that the floor panels can be coupled by means of a turning movement W and which can be applied in the herein above-mentioned fold-down movement. The coupling parts 32-33 allow a locking in a first direction V perpendicular to the plane of the floor panel 1, as well as in a second direction H perpendicular to the aforementioned edges 30-31 and in the plane of the floor panel 1.

[0101] FIG. 18 represents an alternative of the coupling parts 32-33 of FIG. 17, which allow that the floor panels can be coupled by means of a turning movement, and can be applied with the herein above-described fold-down technique.

[0102] Moreover, the coupling parts 32-33 of FIG. 18 are configured such that they also allow a horizontal snap movement S of one floor panel 1 in respect to the other floor panel 1 in order to couple the floor panels 1. Such horizontal snap movement S is represented in FIG. 19.

[0103] It is clear that in FIG. 9 the shape of the coupling parts is represented such as it is in the free condition of these coupling parts. The coupling parts show an overlapping shape, such that the floor panels in coupled condition are seated in each other with a so-called “pretension”.

[0104] It is clear that this primarily relates to decorative floor panels, thus, with a decorative upper side, for forming a floor covering on an existing supporting floor, and more particularly for forming a floating floor covering.

[0105] In particular, the invention is intended for floor panels which substantially consist of synthetic material, and still more for floor panels of the supple type. More particularly, the invention shows its advantages best with vinyl floor panels, in particular so-called vinyl tiles, and in particular with floor panels of the so-called LVT type (“Luxury Vinyl Tile”) or VCT type (“Vinyl Composite Tile”, also called “Vinyl Composition Tile”).

[0106] Such synthetic material floor panel, and in particular supple synthetic material floor panel, and more particularly such vinyl tile, preferably shows any of the following characteristics: [0107] the floor panel is substantially composed of a substrate of one or more basic layers and at least a top layer, wherein the top layer as such may or may not be composed of a plurality of layers; [0108] herein, the top layer comprises at least a decorative layer, preferably in the form of a print, preferably provided on a foil or film; [0109] the top layer comprises at least a translucent or transparent wear layer; [0110] the floor panel substantially is composed of a thermoplastic material, preferably a soft thermoplastic material; [0111] the floor panel, or at least the substrate, substantially is composed of polyvinyl chloride, more particularly of soft polyvinyl chloride, more particularly provided with plasticizers or the like; a composition “substantially” on the basis of PVC must be interpreted broadly in view of the fact that a large number of additives, for example, fillers, can be used in PVC floors; [0112] the floor panel comprises at least one reinforcement layer, preferably formed of fibers, more particularly reinforcement fibers, such as glass fibers; preferably, the reinforcement layer is situated halfway the thickness of the floor panel; preferably, the reinforcement layer is not interrupted across the floor panel, which results in an increased stability of the floor panel in comparison with an interrupted reinforcement layer; preferably, the reinforcement layer is situated at the height of the protrusion (21) and/or at the height of the locking surfaces (15-16), with the advantage that the strength of this protrusion and/or these locking surfaces, and consequently the strength of the vertical locking between the floor panels, is increased;

[0113] It is noted that “soft PVC” is a term expressing that this relates to supple PVC, in other words, PVC which is relatively readily bendable. The term soft PVC is generally known in the technique. Such soft PVC consists of PVC which is softened, preferably by means of a plasticizer added during the production process. Depending on the added amount of plasticizer, of course various degrees of suppleness can be obtained.

[0114] By a plasticizer, any material is to be understood which, by being added, results in a more supple PVC. Typical examples are phthalate plasticizers and isosorbide plasticizers.

[0115] By PVC which has been softened, of course also PVC can be understood, or a composition on the basis of PVC can be understood, which, for example, as it has been modified, as such has the feature of being supple.

[0116] The same is also valid for other “soft synthetic materials”, and the above is not restricted to PVC.

[0117] As already mentioned herein above, the present invention shows its advantages beset when it is applied with floor panels which substantially are manufactured of supple or soft synthetic material, or in other words with supple floor panels.

[0118] By supple floor panels, floor panels are meant which, when they, in the case of a rectangular floor panel, for example, having a width of less than 50 centimeters, are clamped on one or both short sides of the floor panel and herein protrude over a length of 100 centimeters and are not supported, the floor panels will bend under the influence of their own weight, wherein this bending at the height of the free extremity in respect to the clamped extremity is minimum 10 centimeters. For this bending, a bending time of 10 seconds is taken into account, and wherein the floor panel starts from a flat horizontal position.

[0119] Also, the invention primarily shows its advantages best when being applied in floor panels of the WPC type (“Wood Plastics Composite”).

[0120] It is clear that the coupling parts in free condition preferably show a somewhat overlapping shape, such that the floor panels in coupled condition are seated in each other with a so-called “pretension”.

[0121] The present invention is in no way restricted to the embodiment described herein above and represented in the figures, on the contrary may such floor panel be realized in various forms and dimensions, without leaving the scope of the invention.

[0122] So, for example, it is noted that, although in FIG. 1 an oblong floor panel is represented, the invention may also be applied to square floor panels.

[0123] It is also noted that by an “upward-directed” locking element not only a locking element is understood which extends in height in respect to the lip of the lower hook-shaped part. By this, also a locking element is understood which extends in the height in respect to a recess which is provided in this lip and which thus does not necessarily extend higher than the lip, with the exception of this recess.

[0124] It is noted that by a “downward movement” not only a movement is understood having only a downward component. By this, also a so-called fold-down movement is understood, as well as a movement which, besides a substantially downward component, for example, also comprises a lateral component.

[0125] It is noted that by “locking surfaces” not only surfaces are understood which, in the coupled condition of two floor panels, in fact come into contact. By this, also surfaces are understood which only make contact when the one floor panel is moving upward in respect to the other floor panel, for example, under the influence of external forces, and which consequently also allow at least a locking in vertical direction.

[0126] It is noted that “planing and/or scraping treatments” have to be interpreted broadly as linear cutting movements by which a thin layer can be removed from a surface. More particularly, by “planing and/or scraping treatments”, broach and/or broaching treatments have to be understood.