SPARKLESS IGNITERS AND METHODS FOR PILOT IGNITION

Abstract

Sparkless igniters for pilot services comprising hot surface igniter elements, and methods for operating these igniters without the use of flame rods or thermocouples. The electrical resistance of the hot surface igniter element is measured and used to control the operation of the igniters using a suitable burner management system. The measured electrical resistance may also be manipulated to yield a control parameter for use in the burner management system. The igniters are designed to prevent quenching of the hot surface elements by the fuel-air mixture. The igniters optionally permit easy swap out of hot surface igniter elements.

Claims

1. A sparkless pilot flame igniter comprising: a fuel-air mixture inlet; a nozzle in fluid communication with the fuel-air mixture inlet and located downstream of the fuel-air mixture inlet, wherein the nozzle comprises: a throat; and a hot surface igniter assembly removably disposed in the throat such that a portion of the hot surface igniter assembly protrudes from the throat in a direction opposite to the fuel-air mixture inlet, wherein operation of the igniter is controlled by measuring a control parameter related to the resistance of the hot surface igniter element and using the change in the value of the control parameter prior to and after ignition to sense the presence or absence of a flame.

2. The igniter of claim 1 wherein the nozzle is removably coupled to the igniter.

3. The igniter of claim 1 wherein the hot surface igniter assembly is cylindrical.

4. The igniter of claim 1 wherein the control parameter comprises the electrical resistance of the hot surface igniter element.

5. The igniter of claim 1 wherein the control parameter comprises the flame strength value of the hot surface igniter element.

6. The igniter of claim 1 wherein the hot surface igniter element is energized using DC voltage.

7. The igniter of claim 6 wherein the DC voltage ranges from 12 to 24 volts.

8. The igniter of claim 1 wherein the portion of the hot surface igniter assembly that protrudes from the throat substantially comprises an exposed hot surface igniter heating element surrounded by a protective shield.

9. A sparkless pilot flame igniter comprising: an igniter body having a fuel-air mixture conduit disposed on a first side of the longitudinal axis of the body and extending from a fuel-air mixture inlet and through the length of the body; an electrical conduit disposed substantially parallel to the fuel-air mixture conduit and opposite to the first side of the longitudinal axis; a nozzle in fluid communication with the fuel-air mixture conduit and located downstream of the fuel-air mixture inlet, wherein the nozzle comprises: a throat; and a hot surface igniter assembly removably disposed in the throat such that a portion of the hot surface igniter assembly protrudes from the throat in a direction opposite to the fuel-air mixture inlet, wherein operation of the igniter is controlled by measuring a control parameter related to the resistance of the hot surface igniter element and using the change in the value of the control parameter prior to and after ignition to sense the presence or absence of a flame.

10. A method of operating a sparkless pilot flame igniter in a burner management system, the method comprising: providing a hot surface igniter assembly that is energizable using a direct current (DC) source and having a predetermined baseline control parameter that is relatable to electrical resistance of the igniter element of the hot surface igniter assembly; disposing the hot surface igniter assembly in the throat of the igniter nozzle such that a portion of the hot surface igniter assembly protrudes from the throat in a direction opposite to the fuel-air mixture inlet of the igniter; energizing the hot surface igniter element during a first time interval; initiating flow of fuel to the igniter through the fuel-air mixture inlet during a second time interval; de-energizing the hot surface igniter assembly; measuring the resistance of the hot surface igniter element; calculating an operating control parameter relatable to measured resistance; and determining the presence of a flame if the value of the operating control parameter exceeds that of the baseline control parameter by a predetermined control value.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein the control parameter is the flame strength value (FSV) of the hot surface igniter element.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein the baseline FSV of the element is 12±5 units.

13. The method of claim 11 wherein the presence of a flame is determined if the operating FSV exceeds the baseline FSV by preferably 3 units and more preferably by 8 units.

14. The method of claim 10 wherein the first time interval is preferably less than 10 seconds and more preferably less than 8 seconds.

15. The method of claim 10 wherein the second time interval is preferably between 2 and 15 seconds, and more preferably between 2 and 3 seconds.

16. The method of claim 10 wherein the disposing step comprises, disposing the hot surface element assembly such that the portion of the hot surface igniter assembly that protrudes from the throat substantially comprises the exposed igniter element surrounded by a protective shield.

17. The method of claim 10 wherein the control parameter comprises at least one of temperature, corrected resistance, and measured resistance.

18. The method of claim 10, wherein the presence of a flame is determined if the operating control parameter exceeds the baseline control parameter by preferably 10% and more preferably by 25%.

19. The method of claim 10 wherein the DC voltage ranges from 12 to 24 volts.

20. The method of claim 11 further comprising increasing the energizing voltage in steps of 0.5 volt increments if the measured FSV at a reference temperature exceeds the baseline FSV by more than 50%, and preferably by more than 75% to compensate for ageing of the hot igniter surface assembly.

Description

DRAWINGS

[0019] The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this disclosure will become more readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0020] FIG. 1(a). Perspective view of a commercially available sparkless pilot igniter.

[0021] FIG. 1(b). Schematic diagram showing the location of the hot surface igniter assembly in the sparkless pilot igniter of FIG. 1(a).

[0022] FIG. 1(c). Schematic flow diagram showing the location of a sparkless pilot igniter of FIG. 1(a) in a burner management system.

[0023] FIG. 2(a). Perspective drawing of an exemplary sparkless hot surface igniter body.

[0024] FIG. 2(b). Side view of an exemplary sparkless igniter body. Internal features are shown using lighter lines.

[0025] FIG. 2(c). Back end view of an exemplary sparkless igniter body.

[0026] FIG. 3. Schematic diagram of the igniter nozzle showing the location of the hot surface igniter assembly in the igniter nozzle.

[0027] FIG. 4. Flame Strength Value (FSV) as a function of measured electrical resistance of the hot surface igniter element.

[0028] All reference numerals, designators and callouts in the figures are hereby incorporated by this reference as if fully set forth herein. The failure to number an element in a figure is not intended to waive any rights. Unnumbered references may also be identified by alpha characters in the figures and appendices.

[0029] The following detailed description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which sparkless pilot igniters that can reliably operate without the use of thermocouples may be practiced. These embodiments, which are also referred to herein as “examples” or “options,” are described in enough detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the present disclosure. The embodiments may be combined, other embodiments may be utilized or structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense and the scope of the disclosure is defined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents.

[0030] In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used to include one or more than one, and the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive “or” unless otherwise indicated. Further, “igniter,” and “ignitor,” should be construed to have the same meaning. In addition, it is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein, and not otherwise defined, is for the purpose of description only and not of limitation.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE

[0031] Particular aspects of the disclosure are described below in considerable detail for the purpose for illustrating its principles and operation. However, various modifications may be made, and the scope of the disclosure is not limited to the exemplary aspects described.

[0032] FIG. 2(a) to FIG. 2(c) illustrate various features of an exemplary sparkless igniter 100. The igniter has a body 101 preferably made of aluminum alloy such as the 6061 aluminum alloy. The 6061 alloy is a precipitation hardened aluminum alloy, contains magnesium and silicon as its primary alloying elements, and can withstand temperatures of at least 1000° F. Body 101 has a first internal conduit, namely, a fuel-air mixture conduit 102, and a second internal conduit, namely, an electrical conduit 103. Conduits 102 and 103 are each disposed on either side of the longitudinal axis AA′ of body 101, are disposed substantially parallel to each other, and may run from the front end 104 to the back end 105 of body 101. At the front end 104, a portion of body 101 is configured to be in the form of a hollow neck 106 that is in fluid communication with the fuel-air mixture conduit 102. The free end of neck 106 is threaded to removably couple with an igniter nozzle 107 (FIG. 3). The nozzle may be made of materials such as carbon steel and stainless steel 304, is normally rated at above 2500° F., and designed to produce a well-developed steady flame of a desired flame shape. The hollow neck 106 fluidly communicates with the fuel-air mixture conduit 102 to a threaded opening 108 located at the back end 105 (FIG. 2(c)). Wellhead gas or fuel is pre-mixed with air prior to feeding to igniter 100 through a connection that removably connects to threaded opening 108. Pre-mixing is preferably achieved using a Wenco-1000 ¼ in.×½ in. (NPT threaded) pilot venturi mixer assembly that is equipped with a #72 1/40 in. orifice. The fuel-air mixture then flows into conduit 102.

[0033] Alternately, the igniter nozzle 107 may be suitably modified to directly couple to the igniter body 101 that does not contain the neck 106. For example, one end of the nozzle 107 may be configured to comprise a male threaded fitting that can be screwed into a mating female threaded fitting that is fluid communication with the fuel-air mixture conduit 102. Further, the nozzle may be removably attached to the conduit 102 using flanges or other quick connect fittings.

[0034] The throat 109 in nozzle 107 is located at approximately midway along the length of the nozzle (FIG. 3). The throat comprises an internal perforated region with a larger central opening and a number of smaller perforations that surround the central opening. The cylindrical hot surface ignition (HSI) assembly 110 is inserted through the central opening of the throat and is configured to fit snugly in the central opening. HSI assembly 110 is further held in place by a screwed fitting 115. HSI assembly 110 comprises an igniter heating element 111 that is substantially enclosed in a high temperature ceramic body 112. Wires 113 are electrically connected to the igniter heating element 111 and are used to energize the igniter heating element using preferably a DC (direct current) electrical source. A portion of element 111 protrudes from the ceramic body 112. A high temperature alloy guard (e.g. Inconel guard) 114 protects the ceramic body, and the exposed part of heating element 111. The diameter of the Inconel guard is preferably 0.4 inch to 0.5 inch in diameter, and more preferably 0.4 inch to 0.45 inch in diameter. HSI assembly (not including the length of the wires 113) is preferably 2 inch to 3 inch in length, and more preferably between 2 inch and 2.5 inch in length. The length of the heating element 111 that protrudes from the ceramic body 206 is preferably between 0.3 inch and 0.6 inch, and more preferably between 0.4 inch and 0.55 inch.

[0035] Nozzle 107 is preferably made of Stainless Steel 304, and is preferably between 2 inch and 4 inch in length, and more preferably between 2 inch and 3 inch in length. The outer diameter of nozzle 107 at the opening 116 is preferably between 1 inch and 2 inch, and more preferably, between 1 inch and 1.5 inch. The disclosed sparkless igniter can be scaled up or scaled down in size depending on the heat duty that is desired for the particular application.

[0036] The igniter element may comprise of durable, high temperature materials such as silicon carbide or silicon nitride. When a suitable voltage (preferably DC voltage) is applied to the element 111, it heats up to enable auto ignition of the fuel or wellhead gas in a pilot. The HSI element is heated for a predetermined time before it is exposed to the fuel-air mixture. The predetermined time for energizing the HSI may be in the order of a few seconds, and preferably between 5 seconds and 15 seconds. Auto-ignition of the fuel-air mixture on the hot surface of the HSI element of the pilot igniter then lights the main burner gas. If ignition is not detected within the predetermined time, the gas valve closes and the burner management system will repeat the start-up sequence.

[0037] In contrast to the igniter nozzle 401 of prior art igniter 400 (FIG. 1 (b)), the HSI assembly 110 is positioned such that the portion of the heating element 111 that is not enclosed in the ceramic body 112 (exposed region of the heating element) extends out or protrudes from the throat 109 of nozzle 107; that is, the exposed region of the heating element is disposed downstream of the throat 109. In contrast, in the prior art igniter 400, the exposed region of the heating element 406 is disposed upstream of throat 404 of nozzle 401. The positioning of the HSI element as shown in FIG. 3 ensures that the exposed region of heating element 111 (also referred to as the tip of the heating element) sits adjacent to the hottest region of the flame body (or plume) and is not subject to convectional cooling by the fuel-air mixture. The temperature of the tip remains relatively uniform. As a result, the resistance of the HSI element, which is a function of temperature, is also relatively uniform. When igniter 100 is used in a burner management system and energized using a direct current (DC) source, the burner management system measures the resistance of the heating element of the HSI, and/or calculates a control parameter such as the flame strength value (FSV) that is a function of resistance. This control parameter is used to control the operation of igniter 100 without the use of flame sensors such as thermocouples or flame rods. A burner management system as disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/047,794 entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING A GAS-FIRED HEATER,” may be modified to control the igniter using the control parameter instead of temperature. FIG. 4 shows the FSV as a function of resistance for an exemplary HSI element. As can be seen, the FSV is a function of electrical resistance, and exhibits a linear relationship with measured electrical resistance.

[0038] The FSV of a HSI element 111 is typically 12±5 units in the absence of a flame. This value may be referred to as the baseline FSV. When the HSI element is energized, preferably using a DC voltage of 12 to 24 volts, the HSI element temperature rapidly increases to auto-ignition temperature of the fuel in less than 10 seconds, and typically in less than 8 seconds. The burner management system initiates flow of fuel to the igniter. After a time period of 2 to 15 seconds, and preferably of 2 to 3 seconds, the HSI element is de-energized (voltage is cut off). Then, after a period of about 20 seconds, the FSV is measured by the burner management system to obtain the operating FSV. An operating FSV that exceeds the baseline FSV by about 3 units indicates the presence of a flame. Preferably, an operating FSV that exceeds the baseline FSV by about 8 units is desired. In the absence of a flame, the burner management system shuts-off the flow of fuel to the igniter and to the main burner. The sequence described above is repeated (cycled) until a steady flame is realized. During normal operation, the operating FSV is measured at periodic intervals to ensure the presence of a flame. A sparkles igniter in a piloted burner system may cycle between ON and OFF about 20 to 50 times a day.

[0039] HSI assemblies are available from sources that include, but are not limited to, Robertshaw, Crystal Technica, Honeywell, and the like. These igniters may be energized using 12 to 24 VDC or 120 to 280 VAC. The heating elements may be enclosed in proprietary ceramic composite materials.

[0040] The ignition wiring 113 connected to the HSI element is rated to withstand at least 1000° F. The ignition wiring 113 is disposed upstream of the throat 109 and extends into conduit 102. The wiring is then fed through an opening 301 in conduit 102 (FIG. 3), and through a corresponding opening 302 in conduit 103, and extends out the back end of igniter 100 through threaded opening 109. The wiring is preferably electrically connected to a ⅜″ electrical flexible fitting, which is removably screwed (½ inch NPT) into the threaded portion 109 of electrical conduit 103. The wiring is then routed to the burner management system. Openings 102 and 103 are sealed using suitable sealant materials.

[0041] Alternately, if the burner management system that controls the operation of the exemplary pilot igniter requires a temperature input instead of FSV as the control parameter, the measured resistance may be used to predict temperature by comparing with a look-up table containing resistance values as a function of temperature, or using suitable expressions that correlate resistance and temperature. A temperature of 800° C. to 1100° C. would indicate the presence of a normal flame, and the burner management system would continue to fuel to the igniter 100.

[0042] The resistance of a conducting material is dependent on several factors or variables. For example, resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the material or heating element, and is directly proportional to the length of a conductive material. The resistance of a conductive material can be expressed as:

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}R=\frac{\rho .Math..Math.L}{A}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

[0043] where R is the resistance in ohms (Ω), ρ is the electrical resistivity (Ω.Math.m), L is the length of the conductive material (m), and A is the area of cross section of the conductive material (m.sup.2). Further, if the temperature of the conductive material is fairly constant, the resistance R at a temperature T above a reference temperature can be estimated as:

R(T)=Ro(1+α(T−To)  (2)

[0044] where α is the temperature coefficient of resistance of the material at the reference temperature, T.sub.o is the reference temperature, and R.sub.o is the resistance at T.sub.o. Therefore, the resistance of the HSI element at different temperatures may be estimated using the above expressions. The resistance of the HSI element in the exemplary igniter is typically about 2 ohms, and more typically between 1.9 to 2.4 ohms at 50° C.

[0045] The control parameters are not restricted to FSV and calculated temperature as described above. Other parameters may also be used by the burner management system. The measured resistance may be corrected to account for certain predetermined characteristic of the HSI element. These predetermined characteristics may include at least one of the material of the HSI element, the thickness of the element, the length of the element, and the age of the element. The method of controlling fuel flow to the igniter may be similar to that previously described when the FSV is used as the control parameter. A baseline value for the control parameter is first established. When the HSI element is energized, preferably using a DC voltage of 12 to 24 volts, the HSI element temperature rapidly increases to auto-ignition temperature of the fuel in less than 10 seconds, and typically in less than 8 seconds. The burner management system initiates flow of fuel to the igniter. After a time period of 5 to 15 seconds, and preferably of 2 to 3 seconds, the HSI element is de-energized (voltage is cut off). Then, after a period of about 20 seconds, the control parameter is measured by the burner management system to obtain the operating control parameter. An operating control parameter that exceeds the baseline parameter by about 10%, and more preferably by about 25%, indicates the presence of a flame. In the absence of a flame, the burner management system shuts-off the flow of fuel to the igniter and to the main burner. The sequence described above is repeated (cycled) until a steady flame is realized.

[0046] Further, the measured resistance of the HSI element can also be used to predict if the HSI element or assembly is wearing out. Ageing of the resistance wires may occur at high temperatures due to cyclic operation, and possibly due to some carbon formation. The resistance of the HSI element is also a function of the age of the HSI element. Ageing generally causes an increase in the resistance of the HSI element. The resistance of a fresh HSI element is about 2 ohms at a reference temperature of 50° C. (FSV=11). An aged igniter element is characterized by a resistance of about 3.5 ohms at a reference temperature of 50° C. (FSV=17). An increase in measured resistance or FSV at a reference temperature would suggest that the heating element is ageing. As a remedial measure, the energizing voltage to the HSI element may be increased in steps of about 0.5 volts (when DC voltage is used) to compensate for the aging of the heating element. Increasing the energizing voltage is warranted if the measured FSV at a reference temperature exceeds the baseline FSV by more than 50%, and preferably by more than 75% to compensate for ageing of the hot igniter surface assembly. If this action fails, replacement of the HSI element would be required. The control methods in the burner management system may also keep track of the service time of the HSI element, and increase resistance accordingly to offset the effects of ageing to achieve a predetermined ignition temperature.

[0047] In another aspect, the igniter body may comprise of more than one subassemblies that are removably coupled to form the igniter body assembly. One or more of the subassemblies may be opened to replace or swap out worn out or malfunctioning hot surface elements if needed. This permits the user to use the same sparkles pilot igniter, while changing out the HSI elements, when needed, and could lead to cost savings.

[0048] The disclosed sparkless pilot igniter requires no cleaning and adjustments once installed and commissioned in a burner management system. The use of the disclosed igniter in burner management systems is particularly beneficial when operating at remote sites because traveling to these sites is difficult and often hazardous. In addition, an alternating current source is not available at these sites, and an igniter that can operate using a direct current (DC) source is required. Likewise, working in below freezing conditions is also difficult and hazardous.

[0049] If conventional burner management systems require input from a flame sensor such as flame rod or a thermocouple, the exemplary sparkless pilot igniters may be configured to accommodate an optional flame sensor (thermocouple or flame rod) electrically connected through the electrical conduit 103 to the burner management system.

[0050] The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b), to allow the reader to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and gist of the technical disclosure. It should not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.

[0051] Although the present disclosure has been described in connection with the preferred form of practicing it, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that many modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it is not intended that the scope of the disclosure in any way be limited by the above description.