NON-CONTACT ANGLE MEASURING APPARATUS, MISSION CRITICAL INSPECTION APPARATUS, NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSIS/TREATMENT APPARATUS, METHOD FOR FILTERING MATTER WAVE FROM A COMPOSITE PARTICLE BEAM, NON-INVASIVE MEASURING APPARATUS, APPARATUS FOR GENERATING A VIRTUAL SPACE-TIME LATTICE, AND FINE ATOMIC CLOCK
20170281102 · 2017-10-05
Inventors
Cpc classification
A61B5/0059
HUMAN NECESSITIES
H01J2237/2614
ELECTRICITY
H01J37/04
ELECTRICITY
H01J37/244
ELECTRICITY
G01B11/26
PHYSICS
A61B6/4258
HUMAN NECESSITIES
H01J2237/24585
ELECTRICITY
G01N23/20
PHYSICS
H01J37/26
ELECTRICITY
G01B15/00
PHYSICS
A61B6/4035
HUMAN NECESSITIES
H01J2237/24571
ELECTRICITY
International classification
A61B6/00
HUMAN NECESSITIES
G01B15/00
PHYSICS
H01J37/04
ELECTRICITY
Abstract
A non-contact angle measuring apparatus includes a matter-wave and energy (MWE) particle source and a detector. The MWE particle source is used for generating boson or fermion particles. The detector is used for detecting a plurality peaks or valleys of an interference pattern generated by 1) the boson or fermion particles corresponding to a slit, a bump, or a hole of a first plane and 2) matter waves' wavefront-split associated with the boson or fermion particles reflected by a second plane, wherein angular locations of the plurality peaks or valleys of the interference pattern, a first distance between a joint region of the first plane and the second plane, and a second distance between the detector and the slit are used for deciding an angle between the first plane and the second plane.
Claims
1. A non-contact angle measuring apparatus, comprising: a matter-wave and energy (MWE) particle source for generating boson or fermion particles; and a detector for detecting a plurality peaks or valleys of an interference pattern generated by the boson or fermion particles corresponding to a slit, a bump, or a hole of a first plane and matter waves associated with the boson or fermion particles reflected by a second plane, wherein angular locations of the plurality peaks or valleys of the interference pattern, a first distance between a joint region of the first plane and the second plane, and a second distance between the detector and the slit are used for deciding an angle between the first plane and the second plane.
2. The non-contact angle measuring apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second plane is composed of transparent materials, dark materials, dielectric materials, semi-conductive materials, or conductive materials.
3. The non-contact angle measuring apparatus of claim 1, wherein the angle is defined by the joint region of the first plane and the second plane.
4. The non-contact angle measuring apparatus of claim 1, wherein the boson or fermion particles emitted by the matter-wave and energy particle source are associated with one or more equivalent MW wavelengths, wherein the one equivalent wavelength is in between 0.1 to 400 nm.
5. The non-contact angle measuring apparatus of claim 4, wherein the slit has a short side length dimension with a third distance, and the one equivalent wave length is less than 1/10˜ 1/20 of the first distance or less than ⅕˜ 1/10 of the third distance.
6. The non-contact angle measuring apparatus of claim 4, wherein the slit has a short side length dimension with a third distance, and the more equivalent wavelengths are less than 1/10˜ 1/20 of the first distance or less than ⅕- 1/10 of the third distance.
7. The non-contact angle measuring apparatus of claim 1, wherein the matter-wave and energy particle source placed at a first side of the first plane, the detector placed at a second side of the first plane, and the second side of the first plane is opposite to the first side of the first plane.
8. The non-contact angle measuring apparatus of claim 1, wherein the angle is between 15 to 165 degrees, and the detector is located on a third plane or along an arc line directions.
9. The non-contact angle measuring apparatus of claim 1, wherein the non-contact angle measuring apparatus operates in a partial vacuum and low humidity environment.
10. The non-contact angle measuring apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first plane is placed along a first direction and the second plan is placed along a second direction, wherein the second direction is different from the first direction.
11. A mission critical inspection apparatus, comprising: an MWE particle source for emitting particles, wherein the particles comprise a first particle beam and a second particle beam; a beam splitter for making MW of a first particle beam and MWE of a second particle beam toward a first path, and making MW of the second particle beam and MWE of the first particle beam toward a second path; an MW filter located at the first path for tilting the MWE of the second particle beam and let the MW of the first particle beam passing through the first path to hit a sample, wherein the MWE of the first particle beam and the MW of the first particle beam being reflected from or transmitted through the sample are used forming an interference pattern; and a detector for detecting a plurality of peaks or valleys of the interference pattern.
12. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: a source lens for making the particles being parallel movement particles.
13. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: a first mirror located at the first path for reflecting the MW of the first particle beam to the sample; a first phase compensator located at the first path for compensating a temporal or spatial phase of the reflected MW of the first particle beam; and an object lens located between the first mirror and the sample for focusing the MW of the first particle beam on the sample.
14. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: a second mirror located at the second path for reflecting the MWE of the first particle beam; and a second phase compensator located at the second path for compensating a temporal or spatial phase of the MWE of the first particle beam.
15. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: a display and signal processing unit coupled to the detector for processing and displaying the image of interference pattern detected by the detector to generate a 2D or 3D image.
16. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 15, wherein the display and signal processing unit comprising: a display; and a computing unit for processing and displaying the interference pattern to generate the 2D or 3D image to the display; wherein the display displays the 2D or 3D image.
17. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 11, wherein the MW filter tilts the MWE of the second particle beam when a voltage bias condition is applied to the MW filter.
18. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 11, wherein the MWE of the first particle beam and the reflected MW of the first particle beam from the sample form the interference pattern via an interaction with the beam splitter.
19. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 11, wherein the particles emitted from the MWE particle source are associated with one or more equivalent wavelengths, wherein the MWE particle source forms a continuous beam of particles, temporal- or spatial-multiplexed beam of particles via a time-domain or spatial-domain multiplexer.
20. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 19, wherein the one or more equivalent wavelengths is shorter than about 1-10 nm.
21. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 19, wherein one edge dimension of the beam splitter is larger than 10,000 to 20,000 times the one or more equivalent wavelengths.
22. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 11, wherein the particles emitted by the MWE particle source are coherent and associated with a single wavelength or a plurality of wavelengths.
23. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 11, wherein the particles emitted by the MWE particle source are partially coherent and associated with a single wavelength or a plurality of wavelengths.
24. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 11, wherein the MW filter is further coated with one or more layers of anti-reflection coating to reduce scattered residual MW or MWE interference effects, and to reduce imaging defect due to a surface of the MW filter being not orthogonal to an incident direction of the MWE of the second particle beam.
25. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 11, wherein the particles are fermion particles when the MWE particle source is a fermion particle source associated with one or more equivalent wavelength, wherein the MWE particle source forms a continuous beam of particles, temporal- or spatial-multiplexed beam of particles via a time-domain or spatial-domain multiplexer.
26. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 25, further comprising: a fermion condense/scan module for making the particles being parallel movement particles.
27. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 11, wherein the mission critical inspection apparatus is a part of precision overlay measurement or alignment system.
28. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 11, wherein the mission critical inspection apparatus is a part of semiconductor wafer, packaged integrated circuit (IC) or mask inspection/repairing systems.
29. The mission critical inspection apparatus of claim 11, wherein a part of the mission critical inspection apparatus operates in a partial vacuum and low humidity environment
30. A non-invasive diagnosis/treatment apparatus, comprising: an MWE particle source for emitting particles, wherein the particles comprises a first particle beam and a second particle beam; a first beam splitter for making MW of a first particle beam and MWE of a second particle beam toward a first path, and making MW of the second particle beam and MWE of the first particle beam toward a second path; an MW filter located at the first path for tilting the MWE of the second particle beam and let the MW of the first particle beam transmit a sample located on the first path; a second beam splitter for outputting an interference pattern, wherein the interference pattern is comprised of transmitting MW of the first particle beam from the sample and the MWE of the first particle beam; and a first detector for detecting a plurality of peaks or valleys of the first interference pattern.
31. The non-invasive diagnosis/treatment apparatus of claim 30, further comprising: a wave-plate or polarization unit, wherein the wave-plate or the polarization unit is used for adjusting polarization direction of the particles.
32. The non-invasive diagnosis/treatment apparatus of claim 30, further comprising: a second detector for detecting a plurality of peaks or valleys of the second interference pattern.
33. The non-invasive diagnosis/treatment apparatus of claim 30, wherein the second beam splitter further outputs a second interference pattern, wherein the second interference pattern is composed of the transmitting MW of the first particle beam from the sample and the MWE of the first particle beam, and the second interference pattern is conjugate to the first interference pattern.
34. A method for filtering matter wave (MW) from a composite particle beam: obtaining the composite particle beam from a first particle path comprising an MWE particle component and an MW component, wherein the MW component is not corresponding to the MWE particle component; directing the composite particle beam toward a unit having a distribution of a non-uniform spatial field; tilting the MWE particle component of the composite particle beam toward a second path away from the first path; generating an output beam of the MW component along the first path going through the non-uniform spatial field; and receiving the output beam of the MW component for processing a following step.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein the following step comprising getting mixed with another coherent beam of MWE particle component to form an interference pattern, wherein the interference pattern is detectable by a detector.
36. The method of claim 34, wherein the non-uniform spatial field comprises at least one of the materials or structures characterized with having non-uniform electric or magnetic field by forming the non-uniform spatial field.
37. The method of claim 34, wherein the non-uniform spatial field comprising a method of at least one of the material or structure which is characterized with having the tilting action for the MWE particle component of the composite particle beam.
38. The method of claim 34, wherein the non-uniform spatial field comprising a non-uniform electric field or structure and is characterized with having the tilting action for a boson MWE particle component of the composite particle beam, or the non-uniform spatial field comprises a non-uniform magnetic field or structure and is characterized with having the tilting action for a fermion MWE particle component of the composite particle beam.
39. A non-invasive measuring apparatus, comprising: an MWE particle source for emitting MWE particles, wherein the particles at least comprises a first particle beam toward a first path and a second particle beam toward a second path; an MW filter located at the first path for tilting an MWE of the second particle beam and let an MW wavefront of the first particle beam transmit a sample located on the first path; an entanglement device for coupling an interaction between the MW wavefront of the first particle beam and an MWE of the first particle beam emitted toward the second path to generate an interference pattern; and a detector for detecting the interference pattern.
40. The non-invasive measuring apparatus of claim 39, wherein the particles are associated with one equivalent wave length or more equivalent wave lengths and the one equivalent wave length is shorter than about 0.1 to 10 nm.
41. The non-invasive measuring apparatus of claim 40, wherein one edge of the entanglement device is larger than 10 times to 20 times the one equivalent wave length or the more equivalent wave lengths.
42. The non-invasive measuring apparatus of claim 39, wherein the detector detects a plurality of temporal/spatial phase shifts, or a plurality of peaks or valleys of the interference pattern through a mechanism including fluorescent, exposure film, or particle multiplication methods.
43. The non-invasive measuring apparatus of claim 39, wherein when the MWE particle source is a boson source, the entanglement unit comprises an optical bi-prism, and when the MWE particle source is a fermion source, the entanglement unit comprises magnetic/electric bi-prism.
44. The non-invasive measuring apparatus of claim 39, further comprising: an MWE detector for monitoring intensity of MWE of the first particle beam tilted from the first path.
45. The non-invasive measuring apparatus of claim 39, wherein when the MWE particle source is a fermion source, the MWE particle source comprises a plurality or array of Field Emission (FE) tips, wherein each of the FE tips is coupled with a plurality of bias voltages and electrodes to select desired QM spins states for each FE tips to forming a selected QM spin configurations for each groups of the particles.
46. An apparatus for generating a virtual space-time lattice, comprising: an MWE particle source for emitting particles; and an MW filter for receiving the particles and generating a plurality of coherent MW of particle beams, wherein the plurality of coherent MW of particle beams is used for forming the virtual space-time lattice in an enclosed space, and the MWE particle source along with the MW filter shrinks a size of the virtual space-time lattice by a plurality cycles of shortening or extending the wave lengths of the plurality of coherent MW of particle beams to cool down a sample captured by the virtual space-time lattice.
47. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein the plurality of coherent MW of particle beams are temporal coherent MW of particle beams, or spatial coherent MW of particle beams.
48. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein the virtual space-time lattice is one-dimensional space, two-dimensional space, or three-dimensional space.
49. A fine atomic clock, comprising: an MWE particle source for emitting particles; an MW filter for receiving the particles and generating a plurality of coherent MW of particle beams, wherein the plurality of coherent MW of particle beams is used for forming a virtual space-time lattice in an enclosed space; an atomic gun for emitting a sample; an MMT unit for utilizing a magnetic field to trap the sample in the virtual space-time lattice, and utilizing the plurality of coherent MW of particle beams to cool down the sample, wherein the sample corresponds to fermion particles or Molecules; an energy injection unit for injecting energy into the sample to activate the sample into an excitation state; and a probing unit for activating emission of the sample, wherein an emission frequency of the sample corresponding to a characteristic emission frequency of the sample, and the emission frequency is utilized to generate a standard time signal.
50. The fine atomic clock of claim 49, further comprising: an emission detector for detecting and outputting the emission frequency or phase property of the sample; a reference cell for providing a reference frequency or phase property; a differential amplifier unit to sense the difference of the emission detector output property and the reference property providing by the reference cell; a phase-sensitive detector unit; a frequency modulation oscillator; a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator; a frequency synthesizer; and a frequency stabilized output unit; wherein the differential amplifier, the frequency modulation oscillator, the phase-sensitive detector unit, the voltage-controlled crystal oscillator, and the frequency synthesizer co-work together and are characterized as a feedback loop to lock into a stable state which can deliver a frequency stabilized output signal to the frequency stabilized output unit, and the frequency stabilized output unit outputs the standard time signal.
51. The fine atomic clock of claim 50, wherein the standard time signal corresponding to 1 second.
52. The fine atomic clock of claim 50, wherein the emission detector, the MMT unit, the energy injection unit, the probing unit, and the atomic gun are located in a partial vacuum, low humidity, enclosed chamber.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0236] Before describing the embodiments of the present invention, matter wave (MW), gravitational wave (GW), matter wave field (MWF), gravitational wave field (GWF), mass equivalent energy (E.sub.m), energy equivalent mass (M.sub.E), electron mass (m.sub.e), light or photon (i.e. GW-and-energy particle, GWE packet, GWE particle, MW-and-energy packet, MWE packet, MWE particle, or MW-and-energy packet/particle), electromagnetic field (EMF), electromagnetic wave (EM wave, EMW), fermion pair production (FPP), boson pair production (BPP), charge quanta confinement (CQC), Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP), and concise grand unification theory (concise GUT) are pre-defined terminologies for our reference only. [0237] 1. As shown in
A. Duality Properties of Light MWE (Matter Wave and Energy) Packet:
[0242] Please refer
[0243] When the photon 1502 (i.e. MWE particle) travels at light speed c, it can still carry a momentum associated with the motion equivalent mass (M.sub.E). In addition, is Planck's constant (6.6262*10̂(−34)J*sec), ν is the temporal oscillation frequency of MWE packet (1/sec), c=λν “dispersion relation” hold in vacuum only, and λ is wavelength (m). Also another representation of a liner polarized Photon, as shown in
B. Present Invention Discovers a Few Useful Representations for Describing the Properties of a Light MWE Packet Model in Essence:
[0244] Please refer to
[0245]
C. Light Irradiation Spectrum of MWE Packet for Sunspot:
[0246] The present invention indicates the EM wave is generated by interaction of Yin(−) or Yang(+) mass-less-charge Quanta with the electric dipole polarization state of Vacuum, i.e. it is not with having the same inner structure of the light or photon. In addition, the present invention models the light by a traveling MWE packet which is associated with the energy E.sub.m (or motion mass M.sub.E) of a light Quantum having a finite size and stable life-time. MWE wavefront packet is Relativity and time-varying traveling “tensor” solution of a single Photon which couples to every objects of our Universe in all aspects, such as geometry, composition, kinetic energy, scalar/vector potential or shape of those objects.
[0247] The present invention also discovers that the light is a MWE packet or particle with mass (M.sub.E).Coincidentally, the light (Photon) MWE particles irradiation of the Sun (as shown in
D. New Model for Light Refraction:
[0248] In addition, reflection and refraction shown in
[0249] Also, while light MWE packet hitting those energy dispersion centers (e.g. atomic or molecular with polarized MWF, by shortening its wavelength λ′ in all directions, the object's MWF and its scalar/vector potential shall modulate a few physical properties in space-time, including 1) the curvature, 2) density of the Space, 3) Relativity phase and 4) the speed of incident light. All those MWF (i.e. optical density dependent) induced scattering wavefront adds up to give a particular refraction wavelength λ ′ by following Snell's Law and Huygens principle.
E. New Model for Light Dispersion:
[0250] When incident light 2022 encounters glass prism 2024, normal dispersion (refraction) of the incident light 2022 is shown in
[0251] In addition, as shown in
F. New Model for Light Transmission, Reflection, and Absorption:
[0252] When incident light 2102 strikes object (medium) 2104, MWE wavefront (i.e. de Broglie's matter Wave shown in
[0253] A portion of the MWE of the incident light 2202 (i.e. reflected light 2206) gets reflected by the MWF tensor of the object 2204 due to the MWF and its scalar/vector potential discontinuity effect, i.e. light speed encountered discontinuity effect at object-air interface (Air vs. SiO2 discontinuity, etc.).
G. New Model for Light or Photon Scattering Effects:
[0254] As shown in
[0255] Known interactions (the incident light 2302 vs. the tiny particles 2304) are described as follows:
1) Low-energy scattering phenomena: Photoelectric or photo-voltaic effects.
2) Mid-energy scattering phenomena: Thomson scattering, or Compton scattering. As shown in
3) High-energy phenomena: Quantum Optics of BS (Beam Splitter) or spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) effects, Pair productions and pair annihilation effects in Particle Physics (Reference: Das, A.; Ferbel, T. (2003-12-23). Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics. World Scientific).
H. New Model for Light Attenuation and Absorption:
[0256] The present invention discovers, when light. MWE packet strikes an object (matter), absorption or attenuation interaction with the object's MWF tensors is revealed. Absorption mechanisms of visible light, say, via Carbon atom or molecule Chemical bond's MWF (or the scalar/vector potential) of the object. [0257] 1) Atomic Photon absorption and emission: as shown in
I. Total Internal Reflection (TIR) and Optic Waveguide:
[0260] Total Internal Reflection (TIR): when angle θ1 of incidence light MWE 2502 is equal to (shown in
[0261] Optic Fiber is a cylindrically symmetric light MWE conduction tube. The optic fiber can be applied to “light or Optical integrated semiconductor chips” or “Optical cables,” respectively, where light is guided around with few restrictions or absorptions in the optical fiber. The optical fiber can yield fiber glasses with low losses (<0.25 dB/km) for optical telecomm, imaging (e.g. endoscopes) and pressure sensing application systems as well.
[0262] Typical enclosure materials for fibers are dielectrics. Classical EMW theory predicted server attenuation shall occur if Metal enclosure was used. On the other hand, based on the present invention, the prediction by MWE light model of the present invention may prove that the Photon MWE packet will not get too much dispersed while immerse in Hg Liquid by an experimental setup. That is, as shown in
J. New Model of Coherence Associated with Individual MWE Particle of Light:
[0263] The present invention unveils “Coherence” is the intrinsic property of each “SINGLE” Photon (MWE packet) associated with all light sources. Coherent Photon's MWE wavefunction tensor is able to create interference, so long as it reveals a “Stable (Temporal) and Wide (Spatial)” phase relationships, e.g. with long coherence time or length, along its traveling direction in Space-time.
[0264] In order to observe clear Photon interference effect, both spatial and temporal coherence must exist for each individual Photons. Incoherent Photon MWE tensor keeps changing its own phase-frequency relations along with time in its traveling direction which, in turn, makes a stable interference pattern impossible due to lack of either Spatial or Temporal coherence of its own. Also, the present invention discovers that the Photon's polarization direction is substantially independent of its own coherence properties.
[0265] As shown in
K. New Model of Coherence Associated with Rotational Charge Quanta:
[0266] The present invention discovers photon MWE's spatial and temporal coherences are dependent typically for most cases of the real-world environment. It reveals interactions between “Rolling Pairs” of Yin(−) and Yang(+) Charge Quanta with “its own” MWE or MWF of outside “Matter's (e.g. Atom's)”. For certain cases, a photon can be with temporal incoherent (frequency-jitter or ω-jitter) but keep about spatial (polarization- or spatial-jitter) coherent, e.g. the pair of idler and signal photons generated from a nonlinear crystal SPDC effect such as in BBO (Beta barium borate) crystal and the like. Or, a photon can be with spatial incoherent but keep most of the temporal coherence properties, e.g. most temporal coherent property of a Photon at the output port of a KTN (Potassium-Tantalate Niobate) crystal has being preserved while a Laser beam of photons passing through the crystal with QEO (Quadratic Electro Optical) effect, and vise versa.
[0267] In an embodiment, the present invention demonstrates and explores the second order QEO effect of Potassium-Tantalate Niobate (KTN) crystal as to Develop NEW and WIDE ranges of new applications beyond fast optical scanner, varifocal lens, etc. (Reference: K. Nakamura, “Optical Beam Scanner Using Kerr effect and Spacecharge-controlled Electrical Conduction in KTal-xNbxO3 crystal,” NTT Technical Review, Vol. 5, No. 9, 2007. NTT Japan).
[0268] Among those new innovations of the present invention, as shown in
[0269] As shown in
[0270] There are some high-value applications and know how of the present invention, including Use KTN QEO device and Laser beam apparatus:
[0271] 1) To develop catalyst illumination optics or apparatus for Biotechnology and 2D/3D material synthesis.
[0272] 2) To do pixel resolution enhancement for the finest pixel imaging system for Laser Holography technology by using super-uniform illumination optics of this invention.
[0273] 3) To do Bio-Science Laser imaging and OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) medical imaging applications by using super-uniform illumination optics of this invention.
[0274] Most of “Frequency or wavelength Filtered” monochromatic natural light sources are still incoherent ones, e.g. Photons coming from Black-body radiations, Sun radiations, electric bulbs, candles, etc. due to randomized atomic-level MWF and MWE interference effects associated with randomized incoherent MWF of light source's at high temperatures.
[0275] As shown in
L. Postulate of Space-Time Coherence in Galaxy Scale:
[0276] Light MWE (Photon) feels an infinitesimal damping or dispersion factor associated with Universal Constants, e.g. μ0 (Permeability of Vacuum), ∈0 (permittivity of Vacuum), etc. in space-time limit of Universe. As shown in
M. New Theory on HBT Interferometry Evidences Intensity Interference Theory is Incomplete (Reference: Michelson, Albert Abraham; Pease, Francis G. (1921). “Measurement of the diameter of alpha Orionis with the interferometer”. Astrophysical Journal. 53: 249-59.):
[0277] As shown in
[0278] Finally, each Stellar Photon becomes mature and coherent light 3104 for an observer, while it has been traveling via a long journey to the interferometer and detector 3106 of a distant Earth away from its Mother Stellar. The photon MWE 3104, along its coherent MW wavefront 3108, conveys its Mother Stellar DNA (e.g. structural aperture size, its spatial distribution or geometry, etc.) information to a Michelson Stellar interferometer 3100 via interference effect in between photon MWE 3104 and its coherent matter wavefront 3108. It evidences the same or similar interference process of the classical Two-slit (or Fresnel Bi-prism) interference effect by obeying Huygens principle.
[0279] On the other hand, what is the reality or causality story behind another type of stellar interferometer, i.e. HBT (Harry-Brown-Twiss) stellar intensity interferometer? The present invention teaches that a bunch of Laser-like free photon emission groups creates spatial coherent speckle patterns as to forming a star background radiation pattern in all directions toward the space with respect to the distant galaxy observers on earth. In turn, the distant observer can see a spatially correlated intensity interference pattern producing by the mutual interference of a plurality set of random-in-temporal but coherent-in-spatial light (photon) MWE groups. This phenomenon had ever been investigated by scientists since the time of Newton. But Light speckles have come into prominence since the invention of the laser and have now found a variety of applications. Speckle patterns typically occur in diffuse reflections of monochromatic light or star light, such as gas discharge light, black-body light radiations, stellar light, many-particle nuclei decay produced emission groups of boson or fermion particles, gas discharge light and laser light, etc. Such speckle property may occur on the cases such as HBT stellar intensity interferometer, while paper, white paint, rough surfaces, or in media with a large number of scattering centers or particles in space, such as airborne dust or in cloudy liquids.
[0280] N. New model of polarization (I)—liner and circular polarizations of MWE particles (Reference: Liu, Ming, et al. “light-driven nanoscale plasmonic motors.” Nature nanotechnology 5.8 (2010): 570-573):
[0281] Most of natural light sources irradiate natively with randomly polarized photons, including a mixture of indefinite states of circular (shown in
[0282] As shown in
[0283] The present invention's MWE packet model of Photon, i.e. a particle associated with certain amount of energy (MEE) and mass (EEM), can well explain why Photon with Circular polarizations can make nano-object with ultra high spin speed. Also, photon with Linear polarization can also make nano-motor spinning and converting the Linear momentum of Photon into rotational movement and mechanical motion (Reference: Liu, Ming, et al. “light-driven nanoscale plasmonic motors.” Nature nanotechnology 5.8 (2010): 570-573) (i.e. angular momentum).
O. New model of polarization (II)—liner and circular polarizations of MWE particles:
[0284] The present invention discovers the “Rolling Pairs” of Yin(−) and Yang(+) Charge Quanta and its MWE packet of a Photon interact with object's MWF so as to modulate outgoing light MWE into either Linear or Circular polarizations according to “object's MWF atomic- or molecular level fine structures”. That is why a Photon can have infinite numbers of Spatial polarization (or Spin) Eigen States.
[0285] As shown in
[0286] 1) Horizontal polarization: as shown in Red Collar (AHDV plane) shows MWE Linear polarization at X-axis direction (shown in
[0287] 2) Vertical polarization: as shown in Blue Collar (RHLV plane) MWE Linear polarization at Y-axis direction (shown in
[0288] 3) Circular polarization: as shown in Green Collar (RALD plane) MWE Circular polarization (RCP) plane is in orthogonal at Z-axis (shown in
P. QM Spins of Photon MWE Packet with Circular Polarizations:
[0289] The “rotating double strands” of Photon represents the “positive (+) or negative (−)” Energy (or Mass) polarization states of vacuum. As shown in
[0290] Projection of the photon “spin S” on to the direction of photon propagation is equal to +1 (or −) for the left-(or right-) circular polarized Photon respectively from receiver viewpoint.
Q. Physics Inside of Optic Nonlinearity: Atomic MWF and Light Electric Dipole Coupled Effects:
1) Atom Structure in Quantum Scale:
[0291] Atom 3101 can be representing electrically by positively charged core and surrounding (e.g. s, p, d, f orbital, etc.) electrons. The electron cloud in equilibrium state of external field E=0(shown in
[0292] (Dirac Equation can refer to Dirac, P. A. M. (1930). “A Theory of Electrons and Protons”. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 126 (801): 360.)
2) Origin of Optic Nonlinearity:
[0293] The present invention discovers the atom 3601 asymmetrical electric dipole 3602 interacting with the incident photon 3604 MWE and generating inductively P1 3603 of light photon 3605. Under applied external field E>0, object “polarization MWF potential” of P0 and inductive field EP0 3606 (=P0/∈0) interact with inductive electric dipole P1 3603 a EP0 3606 (P1//P0) of light (Photon). Object's polarization MWF of the electric dipole 3602 disperses the interacting light λ2 associated with inductive P1 3603 of the interacting Photon to reveal the change of object effective refractive index can be proportional to external field Ê2. P R. Physics Behind Optic Nonlinearity (I)—Atomic MWF and Light Electric Dipole Coupled Effect:
[0294] The present invention invents QEO-like (Quadratic Electro-Optic) apparatus, which consists of a plurality of asymmetrical conductive electrodes coating with null, one or more layers of insulator or covalent bond materials. The coating materials have relatively high ionization energies and it is difficult to release its valence electrons. Also, the insulator coating has relatively high electron affinities without introducing many discharges or sparking effects between electrodes having voltage or electric field bias.
[0295] As shown in
S. Physics Behind Optic Nonlinearity (II)—Atomic MWF and Light Electric Dipole Coupled Effect:
[0296] While sharp electrode 3802 is under +/−V bias versus other electrode 3804, incident V-polarized (i.e. Vertical polarized) coherent photon 3806 will be deflected toward the sharp electrode 3802 direction (that is, upward direction in
[0297] In addition, overall summary corresponding to
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 z-axis V(z) {right arrow over (E(z))} Grad(Ez) {right arrow over (Pe)}(Ez) {right arrow over (F.sub.D)} 4 20 −8 −2 <0 >0 (upward) 3 12 −6 −2 <0 >0 (upward) 2 6 −4 −2 <0 >0 (upward) 1 2 −2 −2 <0 >0 (upward)
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 z-axis V(z) {right arrow over (E(z))} Grad(Ez) {right arrow over (Pe)}(Ez) {right arrow over (F.sub.D)} 4 −20 8 2 >0 >0 (upward) 3 −12 6 2 >0 >0 (upward) 2 −6 4 2 >0 >0 (upward) 1 −2 2 2 >0 >0 (upward)
T. New Model of Optic Nonlinearity QEO Effect:
[0298] DC Kerr or Quadratic Electric Optical (QEO) effect reveals similar physics of the well known DEP (Dielectrophoresis) effect, a non-zero inductive force is exerted on incident photon 3902 by media 3904 while immersing in a non-uniform E field (shown in
U. New Theory of KTN's DC Kerr Effect
[0299] (Reference: K. Nakamura, “Optical Beam Scanner Using Kerr effect and Spacecharge-controlled Electrical Conduction in KTa1-xNbxO3 crystal,” NTT Technical Review, Vol. 5, No. 9, 2007. (NTT Japan)):
[0300] In an embodiment, the KTN's QEO effect is derived from asymmetric MWF polarizations in entire Space-time under external field E>0. As shown in
[0301] As shown in
[0302] As shown in
[0303] The Object 4302 MWF potential of the asymmetric Ep0>0 creates wavelength λ3 of the interacting photon 4306 is less than wavelength λ0 of the of incident photon 4304 and emersion photon 4308 owing to light electric dipole P1 MWF or scalar/vector potential interaction effect by following Dirac Equation. The present invention unveils the immersing photon 4308 revealed itself being partially “Spatial Incoherent” due to inductive field Ep0 was spatially incoherent while interacting with P1 over plurality of atoms in entire Space-time.
V. Nonlinear Interaction of Atomic MWF and Light Electric Dipole:
[0304] Electric dipole polarization nonlinearity indicates that external E-field induced some changes for refraction (dispersion) index. Also, Object's matter wave field MWF creates refraction in between photon MWE and atomic MWF (Matter Wave field) tensors, owning to its scalar/vector potentials refraction effect associated with the object in atomic sub-wavelength space.
[0305] As shown in
[0306] As shown in
[0307] As shown in
W. DSS (Double-Single-Slit) Experiment Evidences the MWE New Light Model:
[0308] As shown in
[0309] In addition, as shown in
X. DSS1 (Double-Single-Slit 1) Experiment Reveals the MWE Coherent Wavefront Effect:
[0310] As shown in
[0311] In addition, as shown in
Y. DSS-2 (Double-Single-Slit 2) Experiment Explains the Mysterious QM Eraser Effects:
[0312] The present invention discovers the complete theory to well explain the DSS-2 QM Eraser Experiment: As shown in
[0313] Apparently, there is no interference patterns can be formed before or on the location of the 45° diagonal linear polarizer (DLP) 4708 (i.e. eraser) due to the joint photon states of the photon 47042 and the photon 47062 are orthogonal states. But, after the photon 47042 (VLP) and the photon 47062 (HLP) pass through the 45° diagonal linear polarizer (DLP) 4708, interference patterns can be resumed and formed on screen 4710.
[0314] The present invention discovers that every single photon 4702, if it gets passed the slit 4704 to generate the VLP photon 47042 traveling toward the 45° DLP 4708, will generate simultaneously another orthogonal MW copy HLP wavefront 47041 versus VLP photon 47042 by passing a portion its DLP photon 4702 MWE spatial wavefront through the HLP slit 4706. Finally, the interference patterns can be resumed and formed on screen 4710 when copy HLP wavefront 47041 and VLP 47042 MWE packet pass through the 45° DLP 4708 by making them finally in the same DLP and coherent state. Similarly, as shown in
Z. DSS Wavefront-Split Experiment Answers Different Traits of EM Wave Vs. Light (i.e. Photon) Wave:
[0315] DSS-1 and DSS-2 Experiments Reveal MWE packet of light and matters (e.g. Electron or Proton) can display characteristics of wave-particle duality while still can be obeying “Causality and Local Realism” theories.
[0316] Over hundreds of years, DSS-1 and -2 experiment firstly answers the different characteristics in aspects of macro and microscopic wise, between EM waves and light Quanta (or Photon MWE packet) shown in TABLE 6.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Characteristics EM waves Light quanta Remarks A. Same or similar Geometrical optics Reflection, Reflection, Both follow Snell's refraction, TIR, refraction, TIR, law, etc. λ-dispersion, λ-dispersion, etc. etc. Wave optics Interference, Interference, Both follow Huygens diffraction, diffraction, principle, Fourier coherence and coherence and and Fresnel theories, polarization, polarization, etc. etc. etc. Black-body Follow Plank's Follow Plank's Radiation power radiations distributions distributions density distribution follow Plank's law B. Different or dissimilar Life-time Traveling at Traveling at EM wave decays while governing rule speed of c, but speed of c with traveling and its is dispersive in stable invariant energy submerge into Universe and particle the background state governed by properties and of Universe Maxwell's governed by equation Dirac equation Wave-particle Only shows wave Owns unique EM wave does not show duality behaviors duality QM's QM spin, Compton's spin, angular scattering effects, momentum, de etc. Broglie matter wave behaviors Polarizer Showed up only Can be showing up EM wave goes only with materials with metallic with majority metallic matters, but slits (or dielectric or light does not limit meshes) only metallic matters to that Single slit and Work only with Work with all EM waves penetrate double slit conductive or kinds of metal, dielectric and ruin experiments metallic slits non-metal, or interferences of slit dielectric slits experiments
A.A. DSS Wavefront-Split Experiment Answers Those Unanswered Behind Many Paradoxes:
[0317] As a short summary hereby, the present invention discovers DSS experiments (i.e. DSS-1 and -2) evidence light MWE convey wave-particle duality while obeying “Causality” and “Local Realism” theories. DSS experiments, firstly in human history, conceived that every single Photon owns a “defined-but-unknown or defined-but-known states” before entering the slits. It implied further, by following the movement of a Photon, “Arrow of time is unidirectional” by following the Theory of Causality. “Local Realism” theory is significant for classical mechanics, general relativity and electrodynamics, including QED theory. DSS Experiments evidence that all objects must objectively have a pre-existing Eigen-state or -Value for a measurement before the measurement being actually made.
[0318] “Decision had been made” when a Photon was just passing through either a single or double slits. DSS experiments predicted, there is no such thing such as, e.g., delayed decision, Quantum erase characters, etc. Simplicity of the Malus law shall take precedence over complicated Quantum Erase theory. In view of the new light model, there was no higher theory which is required to appeal to.
[0319] In viewing of the results of the present invention, one can answer those Unanswered Paradoxes accordingly:
[0320] The long lasting debatable EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) Paradox: DSS experiments had evidenced what Einstein asserted one is indeed a right physical theory, i.e. “God does not play dice”.
[0321] On the other hand, QM is not complete and it is just quite the same as Einstein predicated a hundred years ago (Reference: Einstein, A; B Podolsky; N Rosen (1935-05-15). “Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?”. Physical Review. 47 (10): 777-780.).
[0322] The Local Realism theory may defy the prior art of Wheeler's Experiment: DSS experiments evidenced “Locality and Realism” postulations, i.e. any object has a pre-existing Eigen Value or State for a measurement before people conducting a test (Reference:
[0323] John Archibald Wheeler, “The ‘Past’ and the ‘Delayed-Choice Double-Slit Experiment’,” pp 9-48, in A. R. Marlow, editor, Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory, Academic Press 1978.).
[0324] Also, DSS counter proved the results of Wheeler's thought experiment. The prior Wheeler's thought experiment had got disproved by DSS experiments; DSS experiments discover when each Photon (generated by star 4802) just passes through one of massive galaxy 4810 or galaxy 4816, each Photon MWE is diffracted primarily by gigantic MWF of the closest massive galaxy and is not diffracted a lot by another far distance massive galaxy before the Photon will be observed by an observer on earth 4804. That is, as shown in
AB. Huygens Principle Superposition of Spherical Wavefront:
[0325] As shown in
[0326] This summation of photon's MW wavefront needs to take into account the phase as well as the MW's amplitude of the individual wavelets. In viewing of the present invention, as shown in
AC. Prior Art “Classical” QM Model of Light Beam Splitter's Transmitting (TX) and Reflecting (RX) Wavefunctions:
[0327] The present invention discovers a better model to spell out the Photon's “Particle-and-wave” Views, and the “Wave-particle duality” is quite a comprehensible model that includes matter wave and Energy (MWE) packet model for Photon, e.g. the similar old pilot matter wave modeled by Louis de Broglie.
[0328] In view of another prior art, it is possible to detect the arrival of individual electrons, see the diffraction pattern emerge as a statistical made up of many small spots (Tonomura et al., 1989). Evidently, the present invention discovers all quantum particles are indeed particles embedded with energy packet and wave behaviors, but whose behavior is to be controlled by microscopic QM interactions of its MW wavefunction and object MWF which is very different from classical physics would have us to expect.
AD. New Light Model with MWE—the BS is a “Mass-Less” MW Generator:
[0329] The present invention discovers the New BS Model is associated with the subtle characteristic of conjugate MW Generator.
[0330] Modified Transfer Matrix BT2 can be characterized as Modified QM Beam-splitter Transfer Matrix of 50%: 50% BS, which is an Orthogonal (i.e. Conjugate) MW generator. An Orthogonal MW can be created inductively by QM Annihilation and Creation subtle interactions between incident light MWE and MWF of beam splitter (BS) 5004 by following the Pauli Exclusion Principle. The inductive MW owns mass-less wave property and its spatial spread is bounded by the spatial distributions of both incident photon's MWE wavefunction and the MWF spread of the BS 5004. Therefore, as shown in
[0331] As a typical Representation of MW packets, the MW wavefunction can denoted as |ΨMW,dc>=|(ΨMW,d, ΨMW,c)> which are in Phase-Entangled (e.g. orthogonal or conjugated) mode along with |(Ψc, Ψd)>.
[0332] The present invention unveils that PBS (polarization Beam-Splitter) can fit similar rules, e.g. <Ψc|ΨMW,d>=0 by obeying the Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) while PBS creation process of photon MWE and associated Orthogonal polarization MW.
AE. New Light Model with MWE Analogous to Orthogonal Air Wave of a Base-Ball:
BS for a Classical Vibrating Ball:
[0333] The BT3 represents a Semi-permeable Transfer Matrix of a Membrane Splitter with MW generating function, i.e. Ψ AIR is created inductively by interactions in between a vibrating ball's wavefunction and BS membrane's MWF property. Therefore, as shown in
[0334] In t1≈t1′ instant, BT3 forms instantly the transmitted wave 5106 orthogonal to the reflected vibrating Ball 5102 while the ball hitting the semi-permeable membrane 5104.
AF. New Light Model—the MWE BS is “Mass-Less” MW Generating Matrix:
[0335] The present invention unveils, as shown in
[0336] Hereby, to better tell the story behind the “mass-less” MW generating” BS matrix, a few BS' matrix operations as followings:
1) In one example, the input wavefunctions of BS' two ports is Ψ a, b, then the BS (i.e. BS matrix) is able to create composite output states |Ψc,d, ΨMW,dc> via BS' mixing (i.e. entanglement) interactions with vacuum null states presenting at BS' input ports. (e.g. BS*|Ψa,b, (null)>=|Ψc,d, ΨMW,dc>.
2) Given that the reflected inductive MW plus light MWE 5206 wavefunction can be represented by ΨRX in total and the transmitted inductive MW plus light MWE 5208 can be represented by ΨTX in total, then it will derive another format to represent the total composite output states by using 1) paired MWE vector wavefunctions Ψc,d=(Ψc, Ψd), and 2) paired MW vector wavefunctions (ΨMW,d, ΨMW,c) (e.g. composite output states=|(ΨRX, ΨTX)>=(Ψc, Ψd); (ΨMW, d, ΨMW, c)>, wherein the present invention discovers that <Ψc, d ΨMW, dc>=0 (i.e. (Ψc,d) and (ΨMW,dc) are orthogonal or conjugated states).
3) Similarly, inductive MW wavefunctions at output ports can be represented by paired MW vector wavefunctions (e.g. |ΨMW,dc>=(ΨMW,d, ΨMW,c)>) wherein paired MW vectors |(ΨMW,d, ΨMW,c)> are in “Temporal- or Spatial-conjugated along with |(Ψc, Ψd)>light (MWE) output states respectively, e.g. each other can be temporal or spatial orthogonal.
4) For ordinary skilled one can spell: if reflected light (MWE) 5206 ΨRX=|Ψc>=|1>, then transmitted matter wave (MW) 5208 will be |ΨMW,d>, and |ΨMW,d>=|Ψ.sup.Tc>=i.Math.|Ψc>. The other way around, if transmitted light (MWE) is ΨTX, then ΨTX=|Ψd>=1|> and |ΨMW,c>=|Ψ.sup.Td>=i.Math.|Ψd> wherein the superscript “T” stands for “Transpose” operation of a given vector state.
AG. New QF Theory for BS—I New vs. Old Models of BS Matrix:
[0337] The present invention discovers BS is a secrete tensor to create temporal or spatial phase matched, conjugated and/or orthogonal pairs (i.e. duals) outputs for incident MWE photon and inductive MW. The spatial-temporal phase relationship of the TWO outputs will obey Pauli Exclusion (Orthogonal) Principals, i.e. their Wavefunctions are conjugated and/or orthogonal to each other.
[0338] Therefore, the present invention discovers that
[0339] Output of the BS 5302 shown in
[0340] Remarks corresponding to the expt.-A1 and the expt.-A2 are shown in TABLE 7.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Remarks expt.-A1 1) Ψc≈|1>, 0° phase with ~50% probability to click the detector D1 2) Ψd≈|i>.sub.MW, 90° phase, is mass-/energy-less, without clicking the detector D2 expt.-A2 1) Ψd≈|i>, 90° phase with ~50% probability to click the detector D2 2) Ψc≈|1>.sub.MW, 0° phase, is mass-/energy-less, without clicking the detector D1
AH. New QF Theory for BS (II)—Mach-Zender (M-Z) Interferometer with Single Photon Input:
[0341] As shown in
[0342] Phase shifter 5418 can be varied by a relative phase of different paths. The phase shifter 5418 can uncover the bunching and anti-bunching (i.e. constructive or destructive) interference effects among the coherent MWE and MW wavefunctions.
[0343] Therefore, the present invention discovers
[0344] Output of the BS 5404 shown in
[0345] A few remarks corresponding to the expt.-B1 are shown in TABLE 8 below
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Remarks The (c2) direction 1) BS2 output Ψc2≈ 0 and is fully destructive at the detector D3, 2) Still, it followed the Law of Energy Conservation The (d2) direction 1) Inductive Ψd2, MW≈ |i>MW of the BS 5404 is mass-/energy-less 2) Ψd2 = |i> & Ψd2, MW = |i>MW are bunching together and with 100% click at the detector D4
[0346] Similarly, if the phase shifter 5418 has make the photon 5406 with Phase shift Φ degree 180°, detector D3 detects photon 5420 (i.e. MWE being bunching with energy-less MW mater wave) due to constructive-interference and no light and energy-less mater wave appears at the (d2) direction due to destructive interference taking place at output port (d2) and detector D4 after the reflected MWE 5408 is reflected by the mirror 5414 to hit the BS 5404 and the energy-less MW mater wave 5410 is reflected by the mirror 5416 to hit the BS 5404 (expt.-B2 shown in
[0347] Output of the BS 5404 shown in
[0348] A few remarks corresponding to the expt.-B2 are shown in TABLE 9 below.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Remarks The (c2) direction 1) Inductive Ψc2, MW≈ |−1>MW of BS 5404 is mass-/energy-less 2) Ψc2 = |−1> & Ψc2, MW = |−1>MW are bunching together and with 100% click at the detector D3 The (d2) direction 1) BS2 output Ψd2≈ 0 and is fully destructive at the detector D4 2) Still, it followed the Law of Energy Conservation
AI. Two-Photon HOM Effects (I)—Interference of Photon Pairs with Same Polarization:
[0349] Beam splitter (BS) performs secrete actions of being a “Wavefunction Mixer or Entangler” while TWO photons entering at a space-temporal location within the ranges of its coherence time and/or coherent length. Also, the Reverse-HOM effect (Reference: Jian-Wei Pan, et al. “Experimental entanglement purification of arbitrary unknown states.” Nature 423 0.6938 (2003): 417-422) is best explained by new light model and its QFT (Quantum Field Theory) of the present invention.
[0350] As shown in
[0351] Similarly, the present invention unveils, as shown in
[0352] In addition, overall summary corresponding to expt.-C1 and expt.-C2 is shown in TABLE 10.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 expt.-C1 1) Interference of photon pairs in BS1 and BS2 follows theory of superposition for all states generated with each of incident “MWE + MW” Wavefunctions or states 2) Two Photons |1> + |i > (i.e. the temporal orthogonal photons 5502, 5504) will be Bunching at the BS1 5506, but anti-Bunching at the BS2 5520 due to MWE and MW interference or mixture effect associated with BS physical properties expt.-C2 1) Exchange (Mixer) symmetry properties of the incident photon pair forces wavefunction with equal probability at BS1 5506 and BS2 5520 outputs 2) The MWE and/or MW Interference effects suppress the possibility of seeing two photons at same output port under such condition 3) Anti-bunching state is 100% definite output state if and only if a BS input is associated with a pair of temporal in-phase (or temporal identical) photons, e.g. |1> + |1>
AJ. Two-Photon HOM Effects—BPP Photon Inputs with Orthogonal Polarizations:
[0353] The new BS model of the present invention can explain better for those experiments being associated with the anti-bunching Reverse HOM effect (Reference: M. Medic, J. B. Altepeter, M. A. Hall, M. Patel, and P. Kumar, -Fiber-based, telecom-band source of degenerate entangled photons, Optics Letters, Vol. 35, No. 6, Mar. 15, 2010, pp. 802-804) of Kumar et al.).
[0354] Expt.-D1, when two photons (with H and V orthogonal polarizations) hit BS from the (a1) direction and the (b1) direction respectively, 50% state is bunching at detector D3, i.e. Horizontal polarization photon clicks D3x=|1> with a relative temporal phase shift of zero degree, and at the same time, Vertical polarization photon clicks D3y=|i> with a relative temporal phase shift of 90 degrees. The bunching photons at the detector D3=(D3x, D3y) form a Left Circular polarization light wave or photon pairs via the BS′ quantum mixture effects, wherein each BS′ matrix mathematical operation of the expt.-D1 can be referred to
[0355] As shown in
[0356] In addition, the overall summary of expt.-D1 and expt.-D2 is shown in TABLE 11.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 expt.-D1 The New QFT predictions of the present invention: 1) Probability wavefunction at detectors D3, D4 will show: 50% bunching of |H>a reflected and the other |V>b transmitted photons (Hr + Vt) will be forming with an effective LCP wavefunction at D3 direction for the particular paired photons. 50% bunching Ht + Vr (i.e. |H>a transmitted and the other |V>b reflected photons) will be forming with an effective RCP wavefunction at D4 direction 2) In view of one more cascading BS3 associated with output detectors D5, D6, its output photons' quantum states indicate that the anti-bunching effect or anti-HOM effect of Kumar et al. experimental result is self-evident by the new QFT of the invention. expt.-D2 The New QFT predictions Exchange (Mixer) symmetry input photon pairs will force wavefunction showing up with equal probability at BS1/2 two output nodes: 1) Photon's MWE + MW Interference effects suppress the Possibility of bunching at BS output nodes. 2) Anti-bunching is 100% state at BS outputs if the pair of photons 5802, 5804 have same polarization |H>a + |H>b and the like.
AK. Reverse HOM Effects—BS with Photon Pairs in Signac Loop:
[0357] As shown in
[0358] As shown in
AL. Polarization Beam Splitters (PBS) Interference of Photon Pairs at 45° Angles:
[0359] As shown in
[0360] Expt. E1: A pair of Input Photons are one |45° H> (at (a) direction) and another |45° V> (at the (b) direction) to hit the PBS 6002, new QFT model of the present invention predicates: 50% output state is anti-bunching state at the detector D3=|H> and the detector D4=|V>, and another 50% output state is anti-bunching with 90-degree temporal shift at the detector D3=|iH> and the detector D4=∥iV>, wherein the PBS matrix mathematical operation of the expt.-E1 can be referred to
[0361] Similarly, Expt. E9: a pair of Input Photons are one |45° H> (at the a direction) and another |45° H> (at the (b) direction) to hit the PBS 6002, this new QFT model predicates its output state will be with 50% bunching of TWO photons at the detector D3=|(1+i)*H> and with other 50% bunching of TWO photons at the detector D4=|(1+i)*V>, wherein the PBS matrix mathematical operation of the expt.-E9 can be referred to
[0362] In addition, the overall summary of expt.-E1 and expt.-E9 is shown in TABLE 12 below.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 expt.-E1 The New QFT predicts: 1) Probability of wavefunctions at the detectors (D3, D4) will be: About 50% anti-bunching with (|H>, |V>) About 50% anti-bunching with (|iH>, |iV>) 2) The PBS new theory needs to be verified with experimental results if needed expt.-E9 The New QFT predicts: 1) Probability wavefunctions at the detectors (D3, D4) will be: About 50% bunching with two temporal orthogonal photons |(1 + i)H> at the detector D3 output node About 50% bunching with two temporal orthogonal photons |(1 + i)V> at the detector D4 output node 2) The PBS new theory needs to be verified with experimental results if needed
AM. Ken's MZ Polarization Wavefront-Split Experiment—Can It Evidence Photon Path Information?
[0363] As shown in
[0364] Therefore, following the Malus Law of Polarizer, after MWE2 of the second photon (with horizontal polarization) and MW1 of the first photon (with horizontal polarization) pass through output polarizer 6206 associated with polarization angle 45° versus |H> or |V> directions, and after MW2 of the second photon (with vertical polarization) and MWE1 of the first photon (with vertical polarization) pass through the output polarizer 6206, MWE1 of the first photon projected by the polarizer 6206 is interfered with coherent inductive MW1 of the first photon projected by the polarizer 6206. And the like, MWE2 of the second photon projected by the polarizer 6206 is interfered with coherent inductive MW2 of the second photon projected by the polarizer 6206 to form interference intensity patterns (i.e. <⊙|⊙*> or <|
*> stands for the inner product or intensity of output photon's wavefunction) on the screen 6208 accordingly.
AN. New MWF Model for SPDC (I)—Boson Pair Production (BPP) Theory for Phase-Matching Fundamentals:
[0365] As shown in
AO. New MWF Model for SPDC (II)—BPP and Charge Quanta Confinement (CQC) Effects:
[0366] As shown in
[0367] Following Pauli Exclusion Principals in temporal (Type-I) or spatial (Type-II) aspects, the nonlinear crystal BPP material performs an action of being Energy Beam Splitter within atomic-level structure under confined tiny region within space-time. When incident high energy photon 6402 (e.g. UV photon) transmits through the nonlinear crystal BPP material, asymmetrical non-zero electric dipole polarization E.sub.P0 will create a few different types of conjugated or phase-matched photon pairs, including temporal phase-matched (Type-I) or spatial correlated H/V polarizations (Type-II) for each Signal-photon and idler-Photon pairs due to secrete boson's “charge quanta confinement (CQC)” effect.
[0368] In another aspect, the present invention unveils fermion's Stern-Gerlach effect is another analogous to the QEO (Kerr) Effect. Also, the Gluon (i.e. MWE packet) bunches or Quark jets formed during Large Hadron Collider (LHC) events which can be attributed to the chain-reactions of plurality of asymmetrical MWF Beam-Splitter incidences in space-time that associated with the “Quark confinement” and “Particle Jets” events.
[0369] It is well known, all particle exhibits DEP (Dielectrophoresis) Effect in presence of non-uniform or non-symmetrical E/B fields, the deflection force (F.sub.DEP) depends strongly on a few physical properties, including (medium+particle)'s atomic fine structures, orientation of dipole polarizations and frequency of E/B field as well, e.g. DEP deflection force (F.sub.DEP)=P.sub.1*Grad(E.sub.p0)>0.
AP. New MWF Model for SPDC (III)—BPP Theory and the Phase-Matching Postulates:
[0370] However, the temporal timing overlap or coherent is difficult for typical SPDC photon generation since the SPDC photon has a small coherent time about a ns to a few 100 fs, quite shorter than the time resolution of typical single photon detector, e.g. APD, etc.
[0371] BPP source, e.g. SPDC and the like, is a coherent or partially coherent due to temperature, MWF temporal and spatial non-uniformity effects. The coherent time is about ns˜100 fs typically.
[0372] For SPDC Type-I, while blue or UV photon 6502 with wavelength X transmits through BPP non-linear MWF materials 6504, two red photons 6506, 6508 are generated. As shown in
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Temporal Phase- Pump Signal Idler Phase Spatial Polarized matching axis axis axis E VS. o polarization direction BS output Type-I e o o ~90° Same Random Bunching at BS outputs Type-II e o e ~0° |H1,V2> or Orthogonal Bunching |V1, H2> at BS outputs
AQ. New SPDC Type-I Model-BPP Experimental Results for Phase-Matching Effect:
[0373] Type-I Phase-Matching: Following BPP Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) in temporal, SPDC photons (Signal and idler) shall have temporal orthogonal (π/2) or conjugated phase-matched with the same but random spatial polarization states. By obeying PEP in temporal, temporal phases of SPDC type-I Paired Photons creation are associated with the new theory of Paired Charge Quanta Confinement (i.e. CQC) effect and their quantum states have to be renormalized during SPDC BPP creation process by following PEP requirement in temporal.
[0374] The present invention discovers SPDC type-I material such as KDP, etc. has been playing the energy- or beam-splitter role associated with a beam splitter with TWO inputs (a & b) and TWO outputs (c & d). The Expt.-G1 manifests that output state of Ψc=|1>+Ψd=i> is the ONE allowed SPDC type-I energy splitter output state for KDP e+o ray's conjugated phase-matching in temporal. Bunching of Ψc=|2>, or Ψd=2i> is not allowed due to violation of Momentum conservation, wherein the energy (Photon MWE packet) BS matrix mathematical operation of Expt.-G1 can be referred to
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Expt.-G1 1) Pump photon plays the creation role of two temporal Theory and spatial phase-matched photons while entering the nonlinear optic energy splitting SPDC materials, e.g. KDP, etc. Expt.-G1 1) It output state follows the Laws of Energy and Output Momentum Conservations State 2) Bunching of TWO photons with Ψc = |2> or Ψd = |2i> .sup. is not allowed state due to Momentum .sup. conservation violations
AR. New SPDC Type-II Model—BPP Experimental Results for Phase-Matching Effect:
[0375] Type-II Phase-Matching: Following BPP Pauli (Spatial) Exclusion Principle (PEP) in spatial shown in
[0376] Expt.-G2: The allowed Anti-bunching states, including Ψc=|H>+Ψd=1V> or Ψc=|iH>+Ψd=|iV>, etc. are the possible output states for BBO SPDC type-II photon creation process. Bunching of Ψc=|2H> or Ψd=2iV> is not allowed due to Momentum conservation violation. The typical SPDC photon pairs are in non-degenerated states, wherein the Spatial polarization is in a fixed direction for non-degenerate SPDC photon pairs and is in random but spatial-matched (i.e. HV matched or conjugated) directions for degenerated SPDC photon pairs at the cross-point locations of the two photon emitting circles as shown in
[0377] In addition, an overall summary of expt.-G2 is shown in TABLE 15.
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 expt.-G2 UV Pump photon can play the role of two entangled and Theory identical red photons 6702, 6704 while entering the nonlinear polarization BS material 6706, e.g. BBO, etc. expt.-G2 1) It follows the Laws of Energy and Output .sup. Momentum Conservations State 2) Output Bunching of Ψc = |2H> or Ψd = |2V> .sup. is not allowed due to Momentum .sup. conservation violations”
AS. Experimental Proofs of EPR Pair's Bell States (I)—can be Well predicated by Malus Law
[0378] (Reference: C. H. Thompson, “The tangled methods of quantum entanglement experiments.” Accountability in Research 6.4 (1999): 311-332):
EPR Experiment with Laser Excited Light Source with Time-Varying Method
[0379] (Reference: A. Aspect, et. al. “Experimental test of Bell's inequalities using time-varying analyzers.” Phy. Rev. Letter 49.25 (1982)):
[0380] QM (prior art) predicted Singlet States: |Ψ12>=|HH>+/−|VV> for phase-matched and exchange symmetry photon pairs. Coincident curves can be with ˜100% visibility, if subtracting (offsetting) incidental coincident events by free proof. It is shown, prior art's actual raw data (*1) was associated with ˜50% visibility just met Bell Inequality and obeyed the EPR predication. EPR Local Realism well predicated the same ˜50% visibility using classical “Malus +Superposition Laws”, e.g. The first arm EPR photon is with |φ.sub.1>=H or V or random polarizations, and then the second arm EPR photon will be with |φ.sub.2>=e.sup.iδ*|φ> wherein the photon pairs are phase-matched (orthogonal or conjugated) in temporal with a factor δ=+/−π/2 (90 degrees) phase shift.
[0381] The local realist theory assumed 1) the observed correlations originate from commonly shared properties that had been acquired or given at the particle source, 2) the observer's detection events are independent of the particle given states while particle pairs being created, and 3) A small p-value (≦0.05) of prior art's vs. Malus Law's test data indicate the strong evidence against a null (QM) hypothesis (as shown in
AT. Experimental Proofs of EPR Pair's Bell States (II)—can be Well Predicated by Malus Law:
[0382] Another prior art tested BBO sandwich sources of SPDC type-I experiment (Reference: Kwiat, Paul G., et al. “Ultrabright source of polarization-entangled photons.” Physical Review A 60.2 (1999)): R773):
[0383] The prior art QM (prior art) predicted Singlet States: |Ψ12>=|HH>+/−1VV> can be associated with ˜100% visibility coincident curves as shown in
[0384] The present invention discovers that EPR Local Realism Paired Photon States predicate the same ˜100% visibility using classical “Malus+Superposition” Laws (as shown in
[0385] The present invention discovers, in one case, EPR first-arm photon's wavefunction is associated with |φ.sub.1>=|H.sub.1> and EPR 2.sup.nd-arm photon's wavefunction is to be |.sub.2>=e.sup.iδ*|φ.sub.1>=e.sup.iδ*H.sub.1> and Temporal phase-matched with δ=+/−π/2. In another case, EPR first-arm photon's wavefunction associated with |φ.sub.1>=|V.sub.1> and EPR 2.sup.nd-arm photon's wavefunction is to be |φ.sub.2>=e.sup.iδ*|φ.sub.1>=e.sup.iδ*|V.sub.1> and with temporal phase-matched factor δ=+/−π/2.
[0386] Apparently, the finding of the present invention evidences that there is no practical needs for Scientist inventing QM's mysterious “Entanglement Theory” or “Hidden Variables” so as to interpret the % visibility which can be fully understood and derived by the local realist Malus Law with such a classical and commonly known theory (Reference: C. H. Thompson, “The tangled methods of quantum entanglement experiments.” Accountability in Research 6.4 (1999)).
AU. Formalism of Classical 4-Force Theories—Classical EM and QM Force Models:
[0387] As prior arts said, while Maxwell equations and classical EM theories are successful at explaining variety applications of EM wave, light and other Physics phenomena, they are indeed not exact but known as approximations for many other cases.
[0388] In some cases, they can be noticeably inaccurate or even with wrong predictions. For various physical phenomena in the world, account Maxwell equations for predicting them to be impossible, including but not limited to under strong fields or extremely short distances (e.g. vacuum polarization in tiny space and in a short instance); any cases involving individual photon, like the other particles, such as the photoelectric effect, Planck's law, single-photon light detector or diffraction, etc; and it would be more difficult or impossible to explain, if Maxwell equations were true, as Maxwell equations do not involve any properties regarding light Quanta or SPDC photon “Particle” phase-matching effects and more.
[0389] For most accurate particle's EM behavior predictions in all cases, Maxwell equations must be superseded by QED. In addition, the summary properties of classical EM and QM force models can be referred to TABLE 16.
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Characteristics Electric Field Magnetic Field A. Nature of Source +/−Charge (Scalar +/−Current-loop (Vector source) source) B. Potential Field Scalar (U.sub.e Voltage) Vector (A) potential field potential field C. Spatial Direction of Radius vector joining Perpendicular to current-loop Field-line the source and all radius vectors and its source field points (J) vectors D. Temporal Static, if Charge is Proportional to Current flow Evolution static. Dynamic, if (J) vectors, but its Charge is moving Divergence is “null” E. Source Movement Perpendicular to the Perpendicular to the Electric Force in Field Magnetic Field lines Field lines F. Unit or Dimensions Newton/Coulomb Tesla or Kg/(s{circumflex over ( )}2 * Amp) = Kg/(s * Coulomb)
AV. New Concise Grand Unified Theory (GUT) and Postulates to Unify Matter Wave and Strong Interactions:
[0390] One has been knowing well with predictions in most cases that can be done by QED (Quantum E electrodynamics) along with many dozens of fitting parameters, the present invention unveils a Concise Grand Unified Theory (GUT) along with its simple postulations. The Concise GUT unifies the Matter Wave and Strong interactions so as to complement and comply with the duality essence of QM probabilistic “Wave Mechanics” together with the “Particle Physics”.
[0391] The present invention discovers what can be most noticeably useful for various phenomena which either 1) cannot be predicted by classical EM theory or 2) can be predicted by QED theories together along with sophisticated fitting parameters, including: under strong fields or extremely short distances (e.g. in tiny squeezed vacuum, atomic scale or Taiji (e.g. Universe) polarization effects); any cases involving individual photon, like the other fundamental particles, such as the photoelectric effect, Planck's law, single-photon light detectors, particle diffractions or interferences, Beam splitters, energy packet splitters and Compton effect etc; and any cases involve boson particles such as BBP SPDC photon pairs phase-matching, or fermion particle interactions and proliferation of pair productions in LHC high energy Physics regimes and more. In addition, the summary properties of New Concise Grand Unified Theory (GUT) and Postulations can be referred to TABLE 17. Along the human civilization development process, the new Concise GUT will be eventually experimental proven by someone on someday in the future.
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Characteristics Matter Wave Field Inductive Vector (W) Field A. Nature of +/−Mass object (Scalar +/−Mass flow-loops (Vector Source source) source) B. Potential Field Scalar (U.sub.g) potential Vector (X) potential field field C. Spatial Radius vector joining Perpendicular to Mass curling Direction of the source and all radius vectors and its source Field-line field points (J.sub.E) vectors D. Temporal Static, if Mass unit is Proportional to Mass flow (J.sub.E) Evolution static. Dynamic, if vectors, but its Divergence is Mass unit is moving “null” E. Source Perpendicular to the Perpendicular to the Matter Movement Force Inductive Wave Vector “W” Field lines in Field W Field lines F. Unit or Newton/Kg Kg/(s{circumflex over ( )}2 * J.sub.E) = Kg/(s * E), Dimensions E = m * c{circumflex over ( )}2
AW. New Concise GUT Vs. Classical Maxwell Equations to Unify Gravitation and Strong Interactions:
[0392] Concise GUT Theory indicated “Energy (Mass equivalent Energy)” is a Dual Party of “Charge” associating with the set of Maxwell equations, wherein E represents the spatial “Energy density”, it matched with Charge density ρ in Maxwell equations, J.sub.E represents the “Energy curling density”, it matched with Current curling density J in Maxwell equations, G is the Matter Wave (Gravitational) Field arouse from interactions in between “mass density m” and space-time varying Energy forms, and W is the Inductive Vector Field arouse from “Energy density J.sub.E” interaction with time varying G scalar potential.
[0393] The present invention theorized that Schrodinger and Dirac wave (Spinor) equations can be either the traveling or confined tensor solutions of matter waves in our Space-time (i.e. Universe) so as to satisfy the new Concise GUT and its most fundamental equations. The New Concise GUT manifests the relationship between Mass and Energy and it general predicts relativistic Mass-Energy equivalence principle (E=mĉ2) formulated by Einstein, which states a Mass has an equivalent Energy counterpart, and vice versa. In addition, the summary properties and its mathematical relationships between New Concise GUT and Classical Maxwell equations can be referred to TABLE 18.
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Source Static Field\Type Nature Interaction Dynamic Interaction Remarks Electrical Field +/− Charges
AX. Summary and Perspectives—God is Subtle, but Plays Matter Simple and Classical:
[0394] Having borrowed wisdom from ancient Human civilizations, the present invention is dared to open a new page in the area of new Concise GUT which can unite the “Four” Fundamental Forces (*1) into “TWO” Forces, i.e. Electro-Weak and Gravita-Strong along with a set of new improved conservation laws of physics. The modified general conservation laws of physics can be describing as shown in following statements of Law#1˜6.
[0395] Overall speaking, in all closed physical system or many-body particle interactions, the energy/mass, linear momentum, angular momentum and charge are relativistic conserved in either “macroscopically or microscopically”. [0396] Law#1) All elementary particles follow local-realism theory and possess classical-quantized angular momentum if it is in stationary state (not in motion) relative to the observer. [0397] Law#2) All elementary particles possess classical-quantized linear and angular momentum if it is in motion state relative to the observer. [0398] Law#3) Conservation of relativistic-energy/mass: The total sum of relativistic-energy/mass, including scalar field or vector field potentials in all its forms (e.g. E, B, G, W field potentials), is conserved. [0399] Law#4) Conservation of linear momentum: In the absence of external force, relativistic linear momentum is conserved. [0400] Law#5) Conservation of angular momentum: In the absence of external torque, relativistic angular momentum is conserved. [0401] Law#6) Conservation of charge: Electric charge is quantized and conserved.
[0402] As a novel embodiment to be utilized for controlling the nuclei decay rate, e.g. neutron decaying to proton, the present invention teaches one (skilled person in the art) theoretically and experimentally on how a neutron life time can be controlled by changing the scalar or vector field potential energy of a particular neutron beam such that the neutron beam will be decaying slower (e.g. has longer life time under the external fields such as electric, magnetic, gravitational or W fields) than the other neutron beam may decay under the null or weak external field conditions. Hope it can be helped with research works on how to control nuclear power reactor more effectively and efficiently, and can contribute to the greener living environment of human being in future.
[0403] Under the blessing of the secrete nature, one can perform a neutron decay experiment and get its life-time of LT-1 under a sort of free space, e.g. showing weak, null or free of E/M fields environment, such that one would not need to consider the Relativistic potenial field energy effects. On the other hand, the another neutron decay test does get longer life-time of LT-2 while its decay environment involved with high E/M field or gravitational field along with the pathway of the neutron movement. Based on Relativity Theory's prediction, the “Relativistic potential field latent energy” shall introduce the time dilation effect to those neutrons encountering such E/M field during tests. Also, in view of the great teaching of the present invention and the time dilation effect, one can predict that a standard time interval for a precision clock (e.g. super-fine atomic clock) will be slowing down a certain amount while it has been immersing into a location or environment which possesses with higher Gravitational or matter wave W fields.
[0404] Having known QED can explain the positronium pair annihilation and photon pair production interactions (e.sup.++e.sup.−.fwdarw.2γ) by generating of entangled eigen-states; this invention unveils the new theory behind the most famous annihilation of the positronium and photon pair production (PPP) interactions. (Ref: The Feynman Lectures, Vol III, page 18-5) Like a binary-star system exactly in the local realism space-time of our universe, as shown in Table 16B, the new Concise GUT theory indicates that “atom of positronium” is made up of an electron and a positron orbiting and spinning to each other by possessing “classical-quantized” paired spin angular momentum and paired orbital angular momentum, wherein the paired spin and orbital angular momentum are Quantized and respect all the classical conservation laws of physics. Positronium is a rotating and bound state of an e+(Positron) and an e−(Electron), like a hydrogen atom, except that a positron replaces the proton.
[0405] The annihilation process and photon pair production interactions are comprised of 1) The positron is the antiparticle of the electron; they can annihilate each other in a very short period to time, 2) The two paired antiparticle-particle disappear completely and converting (transforming) their total energy (e.g. rest mass and kinetic/potential energies) into TWO γ-rays (photons) moving in opposite directions by following all kinds of conservation laws of physics in both macroscopically and microscopically.
[0406] In the positronium annihilation interaction, it disintegrates into two γ-rays with a lifetime of about 10 to the minus 10 seconds. If the photon going upward is RHC (as shown in
[0407] Also in another particle Physics, this invention unveils the theory of how the Neutron Decay can be violating the parity conservation, i. e. Known Parity Asymmetry Effects for neutron decay. A few prior arts articles observed experimentally, beta particles were emitted preferentially (i.e. polarized emissions) in the opposite direction of the neutron polarization (Nuclear spin direction aligned by external B field), which indicated that parity conservation law might be violated, i.e. the beta ray decay rate (or cross section) changes under parity operation, then the parity is discerned not conserved.
[0408] While in B field, the neutron-neutron interaction (i.e. the strong interaction of boson W- and nuclear total angular momentum Jn) will derive beta-decay inside of nuclei, the beta-particle generating rate (G) is parity conserved due to the nature of strong interactions. On the contrary, the beta-ray may get diverged out and/or recombined back under the asymmetrical E/B field's forces, e.g. F=q(E+v×B), of nuclei which make the recombination (R) interaction of Pe (electron momentum)×Bp (B field of proton) being an odd-parity (asymmetric) state:
[0409] To respect the General Conservation Laws, this invention unveils; the Helicity is in opposite directions for beta particles moving in parallel and anti-parallel to external B field so as to make total angular momentum conserved during neutron's beta decay process.
[0410] The net beta particle emission rates (i.e. G-R) does not respect Parity Conservation owing to the Right-handed and Left-handed states are in different parities in the whole process of beta decay.
[0411] As shown in
[0412] As shown in
[0413] As shown in
[0414] In a physical triple star system, each Quark orbits the center of mass of the system. Usually, two of the Quarks forma sub-closed binary system, and the third Quark orbits this pair at a distance much different than that of the binary orbit. The Quark group of nuclei is called hierarchical triple-Quark system. The reason for this is that if the inner and outer orbits are comparable in size, the triple-Quark system may become dynamically unstable, it can be leading to a Quark being ejected from the system or to violate the General Conservation Laws of Physics under the environment of Gravita-strong MW field interactions inside of nuclei.
[0415] In another aspect of this invention, the General relativity (also known as the general theory of relativity or GTR) is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the basic principle of Cosmology in gravitational aspect in modern physics. On the other hand, the present invention unveils that GTR and Newton's law of universal gravitation is a nature consequence of the new Concise GUT of this invention that provides a unified description of gravity as a geometric property of both static mass/energy (e.g. fermion) and motion mass/energy (e.g. boson or light).
[0416] In particular, the curvature of space-time is directly related to the potential field energy in all its forms and relativistic momentum of whatever matter (e.g. fermion) and radiation (e.g. boson or Light) are present. The relation can be specified by the Gravita-Strong field equations of the new Concise GUT, a set of amicable partial differential equations teaching by the present invention in aforementioned. Examples of early science theories being able to manifest by such Concise GUT include gravitational and E/M potential field induced time dilation, gravitational and E/M potential field induced energy/mass lensing effect, the gravitational and E/M potential field induced redshift of light, and the gravitational and E/M potential field induced time delay.
[0417] The predictions of Concise GUT have been confirmed in plurality of observations and experiments in past, it is the simplest theory that is consistent with experimental data. Though other unanswered questions remain, the most fundamental theories and matters can be reconciled with the laws of new Concise GUT of physics to produce a complete and self-explained theory of quantum field theory. For instance, the bending of light by gravity potential field can lead to the phenomenon of gravitational lensing, in which multiple images of the same distant astronomical object are visible in the sky. Also, in following embodiments of the present invention, the new Concise GUT also teaches the existence of gravitational waves (i.e. matter waves), which have been observed since directly by our daily life. In addition, the Concise GUT is the universe basis of current cosmological models of a consistently expanding or to-be-collapsing universe.
[0418] Among hundreds of known particles, Mass-equivalent Energy coupled with “Mass-less” charge (Yang, +) and anti-charge (Yin, −) Quanta are the most elementary ones that constitute most of fundamental particles including bosons and fermions. The present invention has evidenced new mechanisms for forces that can contribute to human civilization and understanding of the origin of fundamental Forces in both grand (Universe) and subatomic (particles) scales. The present invention has set up a few ground-breaking Realist experimental methods that enable us to reveal the subtle interactions of each individual quantum systems consisting of boson or fermion. Discover the mechanism of BPP and FPP which follows strictly Pauli Exclusion principles in temporal or spatial space associated with subatomic physics, such as SPDC and LHC, etc. Finally, more Mother Natures are about to understand by Human Beings beyond this invention in near future as it was going always.
[0419] In addition, relationships between 4-force model can be referred to TABLE 21.
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 21 Interaction ElectroWeak GravitaStrong Property Electromag Weak Gravitational Strong Remarks Acts on Electric Flavor Mass Color-Charge New GUT Theory Charge Energy Energy Sources of QED & EM Field GarvitaStrong Field No particle's Mediating Potentials Potentials Mediating needed Particles Photons, Quarks, bosons Photons Listed involving +/−e, Leptons (e.g. Quarks, Gluons particles +/−p, EM Photons), Hardrons with waves fermions reasonable stable life times Strength at 1 10.sup.−4 10.sup.−41 60 (*1) Quark Strength in 1 10.sup.−7 10.sup.−36 20 (*1) Nuclei Reference: (*1) “Standard model of particles and interactions”. Contemporary Physics Education Project. 2000. Retrieved 2 Jan. 2017.
AY. New Model for Electron and Positron—Dared with Breath-Taking Postulates:
[0420] The present invention unveils the new model for electron, as shown in
[0421] Taiji is literally: “great pole” is a Chinese cosmological term for the “Supreme Ultimate” state of undifferentiated absolute and infinite potential, the oneness before duality, from which Yin (−) and Yang (+) originate, in contrasted with the Wuji (without Ultimate)!
[0422] As shown in
[0423] As shown in
[0424] While creating fermion pair production (FPP) in vacuum, electron and positron pairs can see instantly Solar system and perhaps the entire Universe, via the wavefront (phase velocity) of its MW tensor wavefunction at the Light speed in space-time.
[0425] The “single strand” of mass-equivalent+/−energy (Em) represents the “+/−energy (mass) polarization state” of the vacuum, entangled with a condensed massless anti-Charge or Charge Quantum so as to forming the structure of a electron or positron respectively associated with the finite space-time locality, i.e. the electron and positron are not the point-like elementary particles.
[0426] While electron (position) being created, its MWE packet propagating at a speed of classical EM waves, i.e. “c” in Vacuum. Electron (positron) energy+Em (−Em) reveals its particle-like or ballistic-mass behavior in macroscopic space, e.g. shadow, impact or pressure behaviors, photoelectric effects, etc.
[0427] In addition, electron or positron MW wavefunction conveys the wave behavior in space-time, e.g. reflection, transmission, interference, refraction, diffraction or magnetic spin polarizations/quantization, etc.
[0428] Similarly, as shown in
[0429] In addition, as shown in
[0430] While interacting with other particles, the rotating strand of mass carries the finite and relativistic properties (or eigen-states) and obeys classical-quantized Energy and Momentum Conservation Laws, including:
[0431] 1) Momentums: Linear, self-orbiting (precession) angular, spin angular and TOTAL momentums.
[0432] 2) Relativistic Kinetic and rest mass energies.
[0433] 3) Electromagnetic E/B Scalar and Vector potential Energies.
[0434] 4) New discovered Garvita-strong G/W scalar and Vector potential Energies.
[0435] 5) Second order interactions (Forces or Potential energies) via O(E/B, G/W, etc.) associated with many-body system, wherein O(E/B, G/W, etc.) means a negligible term that is equal or beyond the second order, etc.
[0436] As shown in TABLE 22, a set of “MW/GW Equations in Space-time” associated with moving fermion and boson mass-equivalent energy+/−EM reconciles the two viewpoints, through the articulate “MW/GW and Energy (MWE)” Packet, as shown in Table.# wherein (W=Curl (X) and
TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 22 Field\ Source Static Type Nature Interaction Dynamic Interaction Remarks Gravita- tional Field +/− mass
AZ. New Models for Stationary-States of Neutron and Proton Stationary-State in Free Space:
[0437] Also, as shown in
[0438] As shown in
[0439] While interacting with other particles, the rotating strands of energies carry finite and relativistic properties (or eigen-states) and obey “Classical-quantized” Energy and Momentum Conservation Laws, including:
1) Momentums: Linear, self-orbiting (precession) angular, spin angular and TOTAL momentums.
2) Relativistic Kinetic and rest mass energies.
3) Electromagnetic E/B Scalar and Vector potential Energies.
4) New discovered Garvita-strong G/W scalar and Vector potential Energies.
5) Second order interactions (Forces or Potential energies) via O(E/B, G/W, etc.) associated with many-body system, wherein O(E/B, G/W, etc.) means a negligible term that is equal or beyond the second order, etc.
BA. New Model for Electron Spins in Free Space—More Stories about Stern-Gerlach Atomic Spin Quantization:
[0440] The Stern-Gerlach apparatus comprising of an oven of atom source 7802 was developed in 1922. Atom beams is collimated by collimator 7804 and sent in between two asymmetrical magnets (i.e. non-uniform S & N magnets), wherein the atom beams have random spins, the S & N magnets can form a non-uniform magnetic field (B), and spins of the atom beams can be realigned by magnetic polarization generated by the non-uniform magnetic field (B). The inhomogeneous or non-uniform magnetic field (B) bends atom trajectories proportional to the amount of spin ρ.sub.s and the Gradient of Magnetic field B.sub.z in z-axis which it is associated with deflection force F.sub.D (=μ.sub.s.Math.∇(B.sub.z)), wherein as shown in
[0441] As shown in
[0442] The new model of electron (positron) can self-explain well of the quantization of spins for an ordinary person in the art, perhaps better than most of known QM theories or models of nowadays. Also, this new model sheds some bright lights on resolving the historical problem of Quantum spin state (or spin Eigen value) measurement.
[0443] As show in
[0444] The present invention discovers a new model for Parity Asymmetry (or violation) under the B field mirror reflection coordinates that:
[0445] A spin-up output electron coming out from incident electrons 7902, if is associated with input total energy Ein of horizontal spin input state, it output state will possess a QM Eigen-state energy Eout associated with relatively lower B field potential energy (i.e. Eout−Ein<0) while traveling within or coming out of the non-uniform or partially uniform magnetic field (B). By following the Energy Conservation Law, excess potential energy of the incident electrons 7902 can be released by Photon decay (i.e. emission or generation or the like) interaction at the same instance while the electron converting its spin direction, for instance, from a horizontal spin input state (higher energy) into a spin-up output state (lower energy) by making its magnetic moment is in parallel with the external B field. Also, the direction of such Photon's emission shall obey Momentum Conservation in relativistic Linear and Angular momentum aspects toward the opposite side of the screen.
[0446] Another spin-down output electron coming out from incident electrons 7902, if is associated with input total energy Ein of horizontal spin input state, will possess a QM Eigen-state energy Eout associated with relatively higher B field potential energy (i.e. Eout−Ein>0). By obeying Energy Conservation law, its kinetic energy will get decreased some so as to neutralize the increasing amount of its relativistic potential energy of any kinds, e.g. magnetic moment potential energy in the B field, or other scalar/vector potential energies of all kinds, etc. by making its magnetic moment is in anti-parallel with the external B field
[0447] Therefore, as shown in
[0448] While moving speed of the pair of mirror particles (e.g. electrons) is close to light speed c, the relativistic term β(=v/c) shall be included in order to calculate the related physical energy (or eigen) states, e.g. relativistic term for each physical properties including velocity (v), mass/energy (M/E), finite rotation inertia (I), linear momentum (P), Quantized angular momentum (L), and magnetic moment (μ), etc. For an ordinary skilled person in viewing of the present invention, it can indeed be self-explained why the pair of electrons (i.e. Right-handed vs. Left-handed coordinate systems) can be violating the well-known Parity Symmetry or Parity Conservation Law accordingly.
BB. New Model of Fermions Electron Linear Motion in Free Space:
[0449] As show in
[0450] As show in
BC. New Model for Electron Double Slit (EDS) Evidences MW and MWE Duality Properties of Fermions:
[0451] As show in
[0452] Electron's interference pattern is occurred in near field location of the two slits 1, 2 within its coherence length or time, wherein the electron's interference pattern of plurality of single electron is detected by detector 8210 and shown in screen 8212 in the far field at where the location of the screen cannot have further interaction with regard to the electron interferences. The far-field MW diffraction patterns will be developing over space-time just by following the evolution of the near-field diffraction patterns always. In view of the teaching of this invention, it is evidenced that, for an ordinary skilled person, one can legitimately disprove the Schrodinger's Cat, Wheeler's delayed decision and Quantum Erase theories via the EDS new theory. It DOES reveal that Electron's interference pattern is occurred and well defined by the near field path within its coherence length by obeying Huygens-Fresnel Principle as followings:
[0453] 1) Wavefront-split: EDS allows electron MWE packet to forming a MW wavefront-split spatially into two separate ones that get combined later on to create interference patterns on a screen by obeying the Huygens-Fresnel Principle.
[0454] 2) Amplitude- or Phase-split: Michelson or Mach-Zehnder interferometers can split an incident MWE wavefront into two separate coherent copies (i.e. the incidence electron's MWE wavefront and its inductive MW wavefront) via 50%-50% electron beam splitter by following the Energy Conservation, Momentum Conservation Laws and Pauli Exclusion Principle.
BD. New Model for Rutherford Scattering Evidences MW and MWE Interaction Properties of Matters:
[0455] New MW (i.e. GW) Model for spin-0 Alpha-particles vs. Nuclei Scattering Effect:
[0456] As show in
[0457] As a results of that a MWE wavefunction of incident particles (e.g. fermion or boson) interacts strongly with Gravita-Strong MW Field, the MWE wavefunction 8302 of the incident particle is either transmitted, reflected, refracted, diffracted, or scattered, etc. while it encounters an MW Field of the target 8304 (e.g. Gold foil, Nuclei and the like).
[0458] The responses of such scattering interaction depend on the composition of the target 8304, incident path and MW wavelength of incident particle 8306, etc. The NEW Gravita-Strong interaction and scattering effects are conveyed by elastic MW and MWF interactions, e.g. refraction or diffraction effects among incident particle's MWE of the incident particle 8306 and MW Field tensors of the target 8304 that are associated with the all kinds of Scalar or Vector Potentials in atomic scale or even macroscopic scale disclosed by the present invention.
BE. Aharonov-Bohm QM Effect can be Explained by Hypothetical Vector Potentials:
[0459] As shown in
BF. New Model for Aharonov-Bohm Effect (I)—Evidences MW and MWE Properties of Magnetic Matters:
[0460] New QM View of Aharonov-Bohm Effect:
[0461] The essential element of the present invention is that the Gravita-strong MW Field view of the same Ferromagnetic objects can be self-explained well for the AB effect. As shown in
[0462] Despite long range force of E and B field is null in outside of the infinite long Ferromagnetic object 8502, short range MW Field (or force) is not zero in outside of the infinite long Ferromagnetic object 8502 due to shielding, dispersion or dissipation effects for the infinite long Ferromagnetic object 8502 (e.g. its nuclei structures, atomic shielding effect etc.) against the MW or MWF. The infinite long Ferromagnetic object 8502 has been forming a gigantic or giga-scale infinite long nuclei surrounding by a plurality of electrons being in circular motion outside, as shown in
BG. New Model for Aharonov-Bohm Effect (II)—Evidences MW and MWE Properties of Magnetic Matters:
[0463] New Model and Representation for Aharonov-Bohm Effect:
[0464] As shown in
[0465] Therefore, after incident electron 8604 emitted by electron source 8606, MWE packet 8608 of the electron 8604 can pass through only one slit of two slits 1, 2 (e.g. MWE packet 8608 of the electron 8604 passes through the slit 1) and coherent MW wavefront-split 8610 (that is, a copy or a piece of mass-less and energy-less MW front) of the electron 8604 will pass the another slit (that is, the slit 2), respectively, wherein the W field Curl-Force (Curl of f(X)) of the magnetic object 8602 will impact and interact with the MWE packet 8608 of the electron 8604, rather than impacting or interact with the coherent MW wavefront-split 8610 (that is, mass-less MW front) of the MWE packet of electron 8604. For an ordinary skilled person, it is self-explained as followings: 1) if W≠0, interference Pattern 8612, composed of the MWE packet 8608 and the coherent MW wavefront-split 8610 of the electron 8604, is to be shifted either downward or upward on the screen, and 2) if W=0 or null, then interference Pattern 8614, composed of the MWE packet 8608 and the coherent MW wavefront-split 8610 of the electron 8604, is not to be shifted.
BH. New Model for Aharonov-Bohm Effect (ER)—Evidences MW and MWE Properties of Magnetic Matters:
[0466] On top of classical potential field energy-states (e.g.
[0467] Gravitational G field, Mirror charge E field, Magnetic B field, Spin/moment interaction energies, etc.), the present invention discovers, MWE packet 8702 and MW wavefront-split 8704 of free electron in
[0468] The present invention unveils; a new Hamiltonian analysis is able to determine a new force acting on those electron or neutron in variety of variations of AB effect experiments. A new energy operator (H) ought to be renovated and refined by including the W field potential energy component for both the non-relativistic version for v<<c, or the relativistic version for V˜c, as shown in formula below, wherein the O(E, B, G, W) stands for the 2nd order negligible cross-interaction terms in low field environments:
[0469] For an ordinary skilled person, one can prove that variety of variations of AB effect experiments (e.g. electron, neutron or the like) can be explained and predicted well by the new Hamiltonian analysis in order to determine the hidden force acting on those moving particles under such experiments.
BI. Parity Violation in K.SUP.+ Meson (or τ−θ) Puzzle is a Big Scientific Blunder?
[0470] The present invention also discovers a new decay model for τ-θ Puzzle or Kaon (K+) 8802 (shown in
[0471] 1) As shown in
[0472] 2) As shown in
[0473] 3) Physical interactions and decay modes of Right-circular (right-handed) coordinate vs. Left-circular (left-handed) coordinate are not the same;
[0474] In summary, it indicated apparently the Parity Symmetry has been violated due to initial Eigen-state Energies are different for different coordinates systems. In reality, Parity is conserved so long as their initial energy states are with the same energy state. Alternatively speaking, Space Inversion is symmetry associated with most of the physical properties of Nature in case of that their initial Eigen-states (Energies) are the same to each other.
[0475] For an ordinary skilled person, one can prove that there is no simple method which can distinguish paired (chirality) matter of one Left-handed from the other Right-handed, e.g. K+(τ−θ) mesons. It can be distinguished only through a chiral sensitive or polarizer-filter environment if available. In general, the magnetic moment of paired K+mesons (left-handed vs. right-handed) is so small that it is not measureable by current available B Field, such that their (e.g. τ−θ or K+ Mesons) interactions to physical world are identical and cannot be distinguished in an achiral B field environment of previous experimental setups in science history.
BJ. Evidences Light Wave-Particle Duality with MZ Interferometer (BS) New Experiments:
[0476] Along the human civilization development process in the future, the present invention has set up a few ground-breaking experimental apparatus and methods that enable us to reveal the subtle interactions of each individual quantum systems consisting of boson or fermion. Also, it will unveils the mechanism of BPP and FPP QM process which follows strictly Pauli Exclusion principles in temporal or spatial space associated with all of subatomic physics.
[0477] One significant and exemplary case is that the present invention shall evidence New Photon and Particle Models via a series of MZ-KC experiments. In the field of matter-wave interferometry, beam splitters have so far been constructed successfully for various particles, including electrons, neutrons and a number of different atoms and molecules. From the viewpoint of classical physics, a beam splitter is a rather simple device and understanding of its physical properties is obvious. But, its operation becomes highly non-trivial when we consider quantum behavior such as some embedded hidden variables behind a BS.
[0478] Hereby the question is simple, this invention shall be targeting to what happens to an individual particle incident on a semi-reflecting beam splitter? What will be the behavior of two particles or photons incidents simultaneously on a beam splitter? How can one understand the behavior of one- or two-particle systems in a series of beam splitters (e.g. series of Mach-Zehnder interferometers)? Is Causality and locality valid or not?
[0479] Following BS, Michelson and MZ interferometer experiments shall give us the foremost answers that we had never known in past hundreds of years. In a local realistic description both EPR particles have fixed intrinsic polarizations given by its nature source. For a reliable Bell test that the measurements at EPR arms A and B are completely independent and, in particular, that the polarizer(s) should be set well after the moment that the particles left the source (Reference: Thompson, Caroline H. “The tangled methods of quantum entanglement experiments.” Accountability in Research 6.4 (1999): 311-332.).
BK. Experimental Proof—Phase-Matching (I)—SPDC Type-I is “Temporal” Phase-Matched, Phase-Paired, or Phase-Locked:
[0480] Type-I Phase-Matching Pairs Followed BPP Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) in Temporal:
[0481] SPDC Type-I: as shown in
[0482] The present invention discovers that Expt. SPDC-1: Ψa=|1>+Ψb=|i> is an allowed state for type-I BBO “o+o” ray's temporal phase-matching output results. The BPP SPDC type-I paired photons (ω.sub.s, ω.sub.i) can be a coherent or partially coherent pairs depending on the emission orientation, incident orientation, environmental condition (e.g. temperature, etc.), source material/structure and its working conditions.
[0483] Given an emission angle, if signal photon 8908=1>& idler photon 8910=|i>, BS output photon detector's visibility (corresponding to the signaler photon 8908 or the idler photon 8910) ˜100% in changing the On toward 2π (i.e. 0° toward 360°) phase-shift cycles of phase-shifter (PS) 8912, wherein visibility can be referred to equation (1) and many other prior arts:
[0484] As shown in equation (1), Imax and Imin can be referred to photon counting/click rate fluctuations while changing the PS cycles (shown in
BL. Experimental Proof—Phase-Matching (II)—SPDC Type-II is “Spatial” Phase-Matched, Phase-Paired, or Phase-Locked:
[0485] Type-II Phase-Matching Pairs Followed BPP Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) in Spatial:
[0486] SPDC Type-II: as shown in
[0487] The SPDC type-II photon pairs can be a coherent or partially coherent pairs in temporal depending on the emission orientation, incident orientation, environmental condition (e.g. temperature, etc.), source material/structure and its working conditions.
[0488] Expt. SPDC-2: BPP SPDC type-II paired photons (ω.sub.s, ω.sub.i) can be either coherent or partially coherent in temporal. Given an emission angle, if the signaler photon 9104=|H>& the idler photon 9106=|V>, its output detector click-rate (i.e. intensity) is varying in accordance with polarization “rotator's angles” in rotator 9108.
[0489] As shown in
BM. QM Entanglement does not Happen! New EPRR (EPR+Rotator) Experiment Says QM Reality Cannot be Considered Complete:
[0490] As shown in
[0491] QM Theory (prior art) predicted a “Null Effect” in between the signal photon and the idler photon, if the arm 9306 with 90° Faraday (polarization) rotator 9310 before APD (Avalanche Photon detector) 1, 2 “detecting and collapsing” either one of EPR pair's wavefunctions. However, EPR Theory predicted 90° shift in APD1 outputs, if the arm 9306 with 90° Faraday rotator 9310 before detecting their local realist wavefunctions. In addition, Einstein ever said that was the moon still there while you did not look at it? The present invention confirms about what Einstein was asking in 100 years ago.
[0492] As shown in
BN. Ken's Michelson Rotator (KMR) Experiment—KMR's Amplitude Split Evidences New Light Model:
[0493] Before describing
[0494] As shown in
[0495] Experiment results corresponding to
[0496] In addition, as shown in TABLE 23, in states A, C, because the rotator 9510 has angle 0° and 180°, the rotator 9510 and Linear polarizer 9511 cannot filter out MWE2 of the photon 9504, resulting in intensity of the detector D2, if being placed right before mirror 9516 is ˜50%. Therefore, in states A, C, not only MWE1 of the photon 9502 is interfered with its own coherent inductive MW1 of the photon 9502, but also MWE2 of the photon 9504 is able to get interfered with its own coherent inductive MW2 of the photon 9504 together to form stronger interference patterns on the screen 9512 with higher intensity.
TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 23 Angle θ of detector D1 detector D2 detector D3 State rotator 9510 intensity intensity intensity A 0° ~50% ~50% ~50% B 90° ~50% ~0% ~25% C 180° ~50% ~50% ~50% D 270° ~50% ~0% ~25%
BO. Ken's Michelson Kerr-Cell (KMC) Experiments—MKC-1 Amplitude Split Evidences New Light Model:
[0497] As shown in
[0498] Experiment results corresponding to
[0499] In addition, as shown in TABLE 24, in state B, because the Kerr cell 9602 is turned on (with +V) and the Kerr cell 9604 is turned off (with zero bias), the Kerr cell 9604 cannot deflect MWE2 of the photon 9504, resulting in MWE intensity of the detector D2 being almost 0. Therefore, in state B, only MWE1 of the photon 9502 is able to get interfered with its own coherent inductive MW1 of the photon 9502 to form weaker interference intensity patterns on the screen 9512, resulting in intensity of the detector D3 being reduced to 25%, if it was placed before the screen 9512.
[0500] In addition, as shown in TABLE 24, in state C, because the Kerr cell 9604 is turned on and the Kerr cell 9602 is turned off, the Kerr cell 9602 cannot deflect MWE1 of the photon 9502, resulting in MWE intensity of the detector D1 being almost 0. Therefore, in state C, only MWE2 of the photon 9504 is able to get interfered with its own coherent inductive (MW2 of the photon 9504) to form weaker interference intensity patterns on the screen 9512, resulting in intensity of the detector D3 being reduced to 25%, if it was placed before the screen 9512.
[0501] In addition, as shown in TABLE 24, in state D, because the both Kerr cells 9602, 9604 are turned on, the Kerr cells 9602, 9604 can deflect MWE1 of the photon 9502 and MWE2 of the photon 9504 respectively, resulting in MWE intensity of the detectors D1, D2 being almost 50% for each one. Therefore, in state D, no interference patterns are able to shown on the screen 9512, resulting in MWE intensity of the detector D3 being reduced to 0% accordingly.
TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 24 Kerr cell 9602/Kerr detector D1 detector D2 detector D3 State cell 9604 intensity intensity intensity A Off/off ~0% ~0% ~50% B On/off ~50% ~0% ~25% C Off/on ~0% ~50% ~25% D On/on ~50% ~50% ~0%
BP. Ken's Michelson Kerr-Cell Experiments—MKC-2 Amplitude Split Evidences New Light Model:
[0502] As shown in
TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 25 Kerr cell 9602/Kerr detector D1 detector D2 detector D3 State cell 9604 intensity intensity intensity A Off/off ~0% ~0% ~50% B On/off ~50% ~0% ~25% C Off/on ~0% ~50% ~25% D On/on ~50% ~50% ~0%
BQ. Ken's Michelson Kerr-Cell Experiments—MKC-3 Amplitude Split Evidences New Light Model:
[0503] As shown in
TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 26 Kerr cell 9802/Kerr detector D1 detector D2 detector D3 State cell 9806 intensity intensity intensity A Off/off ~0% ~0% ~50% B On/off ~50% ~0% ~25% C Off/on ~0% ~50% ~25% D On/on ~50% ~50% ~0%
BR. Ken's Michelson Kerr-Cell Experiments—MKC Expt.3-A with the both Kerr cell 9802 & Kerr cell 9806 Off:
[0504]
[0505] Therefore, in state A, MWE1 of the photon 9502 is interfered with its own coherent inductive MW1 of the photon 9502 and MWE2 of the photon 9504 is able to get interfered with its own coherent inductive MW2 of the photon 9504 to form stronger interference intensity patterns (e.g. stripe or circular ones, etc.) on the screen 9512.
BS. Ken's Michelson Kerr-Cell Experiments—MKC Expt.3-C with the Both Kerr Cell 9802 Off & Kerr Cell 9806 on:
[0506]
[0507] Therefore, in state C, because the Kerr cell 9802 is turned off and the Kerr cell 9806 is turned on, only MWE2 of the photon 9504 is able to get interfered with its own coherent inductive MW2 of the photon 9504 to form weaker interference intensity patterns on the screen 9512, resulting in intensity of the detector D3 being reduced to 25% if the detector D3 was placed before the screen 9512.
BT. Ken's Michelson Kerr-Cell Experiments—MKC Expt.3-D with the Both Kerr Cells 9802, 9806 on:
[0508]
BU. Ken's MKC Amplitude-Split Experiments Evidences the New Light Model with MWE+MW*:
[0509] Summary of MKC Phase-Split Evidences New Light Model:
[0510] EPR local realism theory had asserted 100 years ago, the “Decision had been made” when a Photon was just passing through BS 9508. The present invention evidences, Instantly, a “mass-less amplitude-conjugate or orthogonal” copy MW* for incident Light MWE was created inductively via interaction between incidence Photon(s) and MWF tensors of BS 9508 by following Pauli Exclusion Principles (PEP).
[0511] MKC Expt. of this invention reveals there is no such things, e.g. Delayed decision or Quantum erase characters mentioned in past prior arts. The present invention has reaffirmed “EPR's Locality with Realistic” postulations, i.e. any object has its pre-existing Eigen-Value or -State for a measurement before measuring being actually conducted.
[0512] MKC Expt. reveals a Kerr-Cell with non-linear optical property (e.g. QEO, Quadratic Electro-Optic effect) can be distilling the MW* (i.e. Conjugate MW of Light MWE Quanta) out from a beam associated with mixture of Photon MWE and MW*, etc. The present invention unveils and answers many paradoxes among those unanswered and have been lasting there for hundreds of years.
BV. Ken's MZKC Amplitude-Split Expt.-1a—Single Photon Evidences MWE+MW* Model:
[0513] Before describing
[0514] 1) it is assumed incident Photon intensity is normalized to 100% for Expt. State A to D. Hereby, the intensity % is relative to incident photon intensity % as always;
[0515] 2) it is assumed intensity degradation along the optical paths due to reflection, scattering and absorption is negligible; and
[0516] 3) The incident Photon (Laser) input is associated with a predetermined linear polarization direction as to control the well-behaved refraction index or its MWE/MW deflection properties.
[0517] As shown in
[0518] As shown in TABLE 27 and
[0519] In addition the present invention discovers, as shown in TABLE 27 and
[0520] In addition, as shown in TABLE 27 and
[0521] Therefore, in state C, only MWE2 of the second photon is able to get interfered with its own coherent inductive MW2 of the second photon to form weaker interference intensity patterns on the screen 10226, resulting in average intensity of the detector D3 being reduced to ˜25% (as shown in C*) relatively.
[0522] In addition, as shown in TABLE 27 and
TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 27 Kerr cell 10222/Kerr detector D1 detector D2 detector D3 State cell 10224 intensity intensity intensity A Off/off ~0% ~0% ~50% B Off/on ~50% ~0% ~25% C On/off ~0% ~50% ~25% D On/on ~50% ~50% ~0%
BW. Ken's MZKC Amplitude-Split Expt.-1b—Single Photon Evidences MWE+MW* Model:
[0523] As shown in
BX. Ken's MZKC Amplitude-Split Expt.-1b—Single Photon Evidences MWE+MW* Model:
[0524] As shown in
BY. Ken's MZKC Amplitude-Split Expt.-2—can EOM Evidence Photon Path Information?
[0525] Before describing
[0526] 1) For exemplary purpose, it is assumed incident Photon intensity of PBS 10504 is normalized to 400% for Expt. State A to D. Hereby, the measuring intensity % is relative to incident photon intensity % as always;
[0527] 2) It is assumed intensity degradation along the optical paths due to reflection, scattering and absorption is negligible small; and
[0528] 3) The polarization (s=perpendicular and p=parallel to photon incident plane) property of plurality of incident Photons (i.e. generated from BBO via pump Laser or SPS sources) in PBS 10504 input port is associated with the given polarization directions in one of two BBO entangled outputs.
[0529] As shown in
[0530] Experiment results corresponding to
[0531] The present invention discovers, because the Kerr Cell group 10302 can deflect MWE2 of the second photon (with horizontal or p-polarization), only MW1 of the first photon (with horizontal or p-polarization) passes through the rotator 10508. In addition, Therefore, MWE1 of the first photon appears at the path 10214 has vertical or s-polarization relatively.
[0532] Also, because MW1 of plurality of the first photon appears at the path 10216 has horizontal p-polarization and MWE1 of plurality of the first photon appears at the path 10214 has vertical s-polarization, when in state B, the rotator 10506 is turned on (with rotation angle 90°) and the rotator 10508 is turned off (with rotation angle 0°), and in state C, the rotator 10506 is turned off and the rotator 10508 is turned on, spatial interference patterns can be shown on the screen 10226, and the like, temporal interference curves can be shown at the detector D3 if changing the temporal phase or optical length on the path 10214 by using PZT electrical knob or the phase compensator 10220 respectively. In another case, as shown in State A, both the rotators 10506, 10508 are turned off, there will be no spatial interference intensity patterns (e.g. ring or circle ones, etc.) that can be shown on the screen 10226 owing to that the paired MWE1 in the path 10214 and MW1 in the path 10216 are orthogonal in its spatial polarization, and the like, the paired MWE2 in the path 10216 and MW2 in the path 10214 are orthogonal. On the other hand, as shown in
BZ. Ken's MZKC Amplitude-Split Experiments—can Evidences the New Light Model with Path Information:
[0533] MZKC First and Second Phase-Split
[0534] (Reference: Ken's first MZKC experiment Laser input is with unknown polarizations, it can be with or without D4 synchronization) Expt. evidences new light model (Reference: Ken's first MZKC experiment Laser input is with unknown polarizations, it can be with or without D4 synchronization, and Phase compensator (PC) can make up the optic path/phase differences between on-Kerr and off-Kerr cells):
[0535] “Decision had been made” while a Photon was just passing through the PBS. Instantly, mass-less MW*, a “polarization-conjugate” copy (i.e. |*>) of MW of incident Light (i.e. ⊙>) was generated inductively via the interaction between incident Photon and PBS′ MWF tensors. [0536] PBS input: |⊙>->PBS output: ⊙> and |
*>, [0537] PBS input: |
>->PBS output: |
> and |⊙*>
[0538] The present invention revealed there is no such things, e.g. Delayed decision or Quantum erase characters and such experiment reaffirms “locality and Realistic” postulations of Einstein, i.e. an object or matter has its own pre-existing Eigen Value or State for a measurement before conducting the measurement. MZKC 2nd Expt. disprove the Quantum Erase postulation of path information, it reveals PBS with 45 degrees photon inputs can generate inductively a polarization-conjugate MW* of MW of incident Light Quanta in no time.
CA. New Model of KTN Nonlinearity Attributes to Non-Uniform Polarization and MWF Scalar/Vector Potential:
[0539] As shown in
[0540] In state A, when electric field applied to the KTN 10706 is null or zero, most object's MWF tensor of the KTN 10706 show integral symmetric electric-dipole polarization (i.e., the KTN 10706 will create a uniform refraction by following Snell's law). Therefore, θ is equal to zero (shown in
[0541] In state B, when electric field applied to the KTN 10706 is in low level, asymmetric dipole polar-centers are fast and quadratic responded than symmetric polar-centers, resulting in showing quadratic or birefringence refractions property along with the external electric bias field, wherein, θ and leakage current corresponding to state B are shown in
[0542] In state C, when the electric field applied to the KTN 10706 is in medium level, asymmetric dipole polar-centers enter saturation, symmetric dipole polar-centers start following the electric field better relatively, wherein, θ and leakage current corresponding to state C are shown in
[0543] Finally, In state D, when the electric field applied to the KTN 10706 is in high level, asymmetric polar-centers enter keep in saturated, symmetric dipole polar-centers following the electric field in the linear and symmetric refraction modes, wherein, θ and leakage current corresponding to state D are shown in
[0544] In addition, remarks and overall summary corresponding to states A, B, C, D can be referred to
CB. QEO Gets Spatial Coherence Descrambled at its Output Port—Evidenced by New Model of Light in Kerr Media:
Light De-Coherence Under DC Kerr Effect:
[0545] As shown in
[0546] Total resolvable points of Kerr media N≈2Θmax:2ΔΘ, where ΔΘ is revealed by ΔF (deflection force)=Δ[P.sub.1.Math.Π(E.sub.P0)] of Kerr dispersion wherein Δ is the difference or differential value of a variable and Π is the spatial gradient or spatial differential mathematical operation of a variable. By taking Integration over the space and time spans of the Light (photon) path of Kerr device, e.g. the KTN 10906, If net ΔF is a non-zero term arising from the correlated quadratic “random” dispersion effects which cannot be cancelled out over the space-time, hereby it is able to get ΔF>0 and ΔΘ>0. Thus, for the first time in human history, the present invention unveils and discovers the Light De-coherence, photon deflection effect and its working principle behind the Kerr QEO deflection media.
[0547] The present invention unveils, light (Photon) deflection force is embedded with the tensor property of Kerr Media in space-time, i.e. the Photon deflection force (F.sub.DEP) depends strongly on a few interactions of physical properties, including Kerr medium's atomic fine structures, orientation of its electric dipole polarization over space-time, etc. Typically, for Photon with right polarization states, Kerr Media's deflection force for photon will be able to expressed by (F.sub.DEP)=P.sub.1*Grad(E.sub.p0)>0, wherein the P1 is electric dipole polarization vector of photon and E.sub.p0 is the electric dipole field strength under an external E field bias state.
[0548] The output photon of Kerr Media will show certain level of Spatial incoherent properties due to that the variation of deflection forces ΔF.sub.DEP is not able to be cancelled out while integrated over space-time along with the optical path of particular incidence photon. The variation of deflection force, i.e. ΔF.sub.DEP=Δ[P.sub.1.Math.Π(E.sub.P0)], is a non-zero term arising from the uncorrelated quadratic “random” dispersion effects, hereby ΔΘ>0 and it has evidenced Light De-coherence effect in Kerr media's output state.
CC. Non-Contact Mode Angle Measuring Apparatus:
[0549] Please refer to
[0550] The coherent MWE particle source 11002 can be a boson or fermion particle source for generating boson or fermion particles, wherein the boson or fermion particles emitted by the matter-wave and energy (MWE) particle source 11002 are associated with one or multiple equivalent MW wavelengths (in between 0.1 to 400 nm).
[0551] Therefore, by following the Huygens principle, wavefront of reflected matter wave (i.e. MW reflected away from the plane 11008) of the particle 11000 can combine with original matter wavefront of the particle 11000 MWE packet so as to form substantially half double-slit interference pattern 11009 on screen 11010 and detector 11012, wherein the detector 11012 can be a boson or fermion intensity detector, the half double-slit interference pattern 11009 is boson interference patterns (when the coherent source 10902 is the boson particle source) or fermion interference patterns (when the coherent source 10902 is the fermion particle source), and the detector 11012 is spaced apart from the slit 11004 by a second distance D2. Therefore, the detector 11012 can decide the angle θ by detecting a plurality peaks or valleys of the half double-slit interference pattern 11009, wherein a principle of the detector 11012 deciding the angle θ can be referred to the well-known Yang's Double-slit Interference, so the further description thereof is omitted for simplicity.
[0552] In addition, the slit 11004 has a short side length with a third distance, wherein the one or multiple equivalent wave lengths is less than 1/10˜ 1/20 of the first distance D1 or less than ⅕˜ 1/10 of the third distance. In addition, as shown in
[0553] In addition, the non-contact angle measuring apparatus 1100 needs to operate in a partial vacuum, low humidity, enclosed environment when 1) the coherent source 10902 is the fermion particle source, or 2) the high measurement accuracy is required for the boson particle source.
[0554] In addition, in another embodiment of the present invention, first plane 11102, and second plane 11104 of a non-contact angle measuring object or apparatus 1110 are shown in
[0555] Similarly, as shown in
[0556] Utilities for the non-contact angle measuring apparatuses 1100, 1110 of the present invention are shown as follows:
[0557] 1) Can have ultra-fine accuracy for an angle measurement for all macroscopic scale or atomic level fine structures, with or without sacrificial layer or hole; 2) There is no needs for long base lines or target objects for alignments the incidence beam of particles; 3) There is no needs for using direct contact mode to determine the angle and its directions; 4) There is no needs for complicated optical alignment steps before measurement steps; 5) It can be fitting into a small space or object which target (sample or device under test) resided in; 6) The accuracy will be good enough and the measurement cycle time is short; and 7) Can be creating measurements in between many combinations of the points or edges of the 3D models or objects under test.
[0558] In addition, the non-contact angle measuring apparatuses 1100, 1110 also have some advantages as follows: as you move the pointer over the 3D model, the non-contact angle measuring apparatuses 1100, 1110 supports four types of measurements: perpendicular distance between two straight edges, linear distance between two points, the radius of circular edges, and the angle between two edges (or three points), you can associate the measurement apparatus with a 3D non-contact Holograph Image measurements tool along with specific x-section views. If the default view is active when a measurement is added, a new measurement view is created, and you can also display comments on the image display or screen while taking measurements. These comments (also called measurement markups) are preserved after the document is closed and saved back to a computer storage space.
CD. MW Distilling and Tomography Apparatus and Methods Inventions:
[0559] The present invention has characteristics as follows:
1) Non-contact novel angle and profiling measurement tools and methods, with or without patterned sacrificial layer or hole;
2) High Power and high precision CD (Critical Dimensional) SEM and CT diagnosis plus treatment tools:
[0560] Those utilities of the present invention include as followings: Commercial 3D life-cell, atomic or molecular level inspections, atomic or molecular level 3D holograph imaging; field emission and spin nano-gate high bright MW sources; multi-focal plan scanning method and apparatus; multiple MW wavelength or phases (+ and −) measurement, inspection, diagnosis or treatment; multi-slit scan, x-slit scan+y-slit scan tools and methods; multi-beam with single column or multi-beam with multi-columns; multi-spatial frequency or multi-matter wave length (frequency) interference method; multiple Guns with FE (field emission) Gun or MEMS for inspection, holograph, diagnosis or treatment; holograph measurement with Spatial multiplexed beam sources; holograph measurement with Time domain multiplexed beam sources; anti-reflection anti-residual interference methods; spin or polarization phase-entangled or -matched, coherent and de-coherent high brightness MW sources; spin coupled fermions (beams) spin up+spin down; MW or Laser guided cool fermions beams˜0° Kelvin, and compressed sensing randomization method.
CE. MW Distilling and Tomography-2 Apparatus and Methods Inventions (II):
[0561] The present invention also has the other utilities which can be characterized as follows: including side-wall tilt angle measurement, noncontact and non-deformation CD (critical dimension) measurement, non-noninvasive and non-energy transferring inspections, anti-stray light tilt angle test, anti-interference noise design by rotator or wave-plate; MW distilling and purification new structure and method; EOM (Electric-Optical Modulation) scanning tool and method; spatial or temporal convolution and noise reduction method; multi- or single-magnetic devices for splitting MW out from MWE incidence beams; and mixed and adjustable coherence to have better edge-imaging and resolutions for SEM or other imaging technologies.
CF. Before Illustrating Another Embodiment of Apparatus and Methods of the Present Invention, it Needs to be Noted that Second Apparatus and Methods Invention can Solve CD SEM and Defect Review SEM Major Challenges that had been Suffered by the Prior Arts.
[0562] Major Challenges for the Next 2-Decade Semiconductor Inspection Tool Industry:
[0563] Over the past several decades, optical or confocal scanning microscopy has become an essential tool for examining a wide variety of biological molecules, pathways, and dynamics in living cells, tissues, human bodies, tumors and even for whole live animals.
[0564] In contrast to other techniques such as electron microscopy (e.g. SEM, TEM), fluorescence scan imaging is compatible with living cells that are being maintained in past years, which enables minimally invasive optical-based observations of events occurring on a large span of timescales.
[0565] In terms of spatial resolution for different imaging technologies, several techniques including positron-emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and optical coherence tomography can generate images of animal and human subjects at resolutions between 10 centimeters and 10 micrometers, whereas electron microscopy and scanning probe techniques feature the highest spatial resolution, often approaching the molecular and atomic levels. On the other hand, SEM does create seriously a plurality of damaging effects and drawbacks on the living cells or biological molecules, etc. Between these two extremes, the center-piece skill of best resolving power lies Matter-wave (MW) oriented optical microscopy. Aside from the benefits derived from that MW is able to image living cells without introducing damage due to exposing under energetic MWE particles such as fermions or Photons. Among the most significant valuable utilities to all forms are those features associated with the new MW microscopy technologies of this invention, including wide field, dark-field, laser scanning, spinning disk, multi-photon, multi-wavelength, and total internal reflection, etc. Meantime, there is no theoretical limit to the spatial or depth resolution that is to be first elucidated and described by quite a few embodiments of this invention.
CG. Another Embodiment of the Apparatus and Methods Invention—Solve Mission Critical CD and Defect Review:
[0566] Major Challenges for the Next 2-Decade Inspection Tool Semiconductor Industry are Shown as Follows:
1) Requiring fine pitch, precision and non-disturbing critical dimension (CD) measurement innovations;
2) New measurement Metrology for Extreme CMOS after 15 to 20 year's horizon;
3) FEP (Front-end Process) pattern definition metrology, including CD test for etching and lithography metrologies;
4) Interconnect line-width CD test metrology;
5) Metrology for beyond CMOS, such as 3D FINFET or Graphene devices' 3D line-width CD test and 3D defect imaging method and apparatus.
[0567] Challenges and known problems for critical dimensional metrology-Requires fine, precision and non-disturbing measurement innovations:
1) Multiple patterning issues: two or more sets of CD's pitch walking together prevent from the fine accuracy can be made by typical metrology method and apparatus;
2) Etching line edge roughness introduces extra CD measurement deviation from the ideal one;
3) Traditional 2D CD metrology cannot afford the right test metrologies for 3D Transistors, GaAs, Graphene and Interconnects;
4) DSA (Directed Self Assembly) 2D/3D metrology with block co-polymers;
5) USJ (ultra-super junction) depth test metrology Gap (profile and dose) has not been satisfied in past;
6) Defects review and identification in new semiconductor transistor channel materials, e.g. Ge and III-V's;
7) New type of semiconductor interconnects' CD or TSV void defect characterization for R&D technology scaling beyond current generation;
8) Contact resistance defect review and CD measurement gaps and more.
CH. Another Embodiment of the Apparatus & Methods for Mask Tooling, Inspection and Mask Metrology Industry:
[0568] The present invention will disclose a few novel embodiments which can offer the best technological approaches to resolve those Major challenges for Future Mask tooling Mask Metrology industry:
1) Mask CD test metrology for optical and EUV Masks for semiconductor mass production use;
2) Mask blank quality inspection, mask raw substrate and patterned mask defect and quality inspections;
3) Mo—Si plating multi-layer mask or absorber layer glass mask inspection;
4) How to take the 3D holograph skill to project a 3D mask image onto a 3D detectors and 3D hologram display;
5) 3D hologram aerial imaging measurement system for fine line semiconductor manufacturing process and technology use;
6) Detection of the top-2 serious Mask defect types: phase and amplitude defects by NEW imaging method and apparatus.
[0569] CD Metrology Extendibility and its Potential Solutions:
1) It needs to have new method to detect defects below semiconductor device surface;
2) New imaging technology or metrology for double patterning or multiple (2/3/4) patterning Issues: characterization of two sets of CD's, three sets of CD's and four sets of CD's;
3) There is limit for current CD metrology methods: CD SEM, state of the art uses energy filtered imaging—scatterometry, ellipsometry of grating structures that are not satisfied by next generation semiconductor metrology needs.
CI. Another Embodiment of the Apparatus and Methods Invention for Complex Structures Inspection, Such as 3D FinFETs Semiconductor Metrology Requirements:
[0570] Besides, the present invention can solve Major challenges for Complex structures (suffered most by the prior art), such as FinFETs, that require 3D precision metrology shown as follows:
1) Many parameters are not accessible via current state-of-art metrology technologies, not mentioning top corner rounding, footing, or etch recess under fin;
2) Gate spacer fine line semiconductor process needs would increase the complexity and number of parameters;
3) One other example: FinFET is not able to be measured precisely by CD-SEM or AFM and results fed forward;
4) OCD (optical coherent diffraction) then can only simultaneously measure much fewer parameters with improved measurement uncertainty and higher speed then it is needed;
5) 3D Transistor Dimensional Metrology Challenges: Require measurements of finFET CD, height, sidewall angle and roughness with fine resolutions, non-disturbing and short cycle-time measurement;
6) New SiGe Transistor Dimensional Metrology: SiGe layer strained along the length of the fin and partially relaxed perpendicular to it, etc.
CJ. Also, Another Embodiment to Solve Major Challenges for Future CD-SEM Extendibility and Semiconductor 3D Through Silicon Via (TSV) Metrology or Structure Inspections:
[0571] Major challenges CD-SEM Extendibility:
1) Current CD-SEM technology is hard to cover those problems, such as image drift-correction, frame averaging, fast single frame, aberration corrected CD-SEM;
2) 3D modeling technology requires to determine all structure dimensions that is impossible for current apparatus available now;
[0572] Major challenges TSV metrology and inspection:
1) The alignment accuracy is not enough for coming generation semiconductor technologies, including X-Ray microscopy, overlay alignment through silicon substrate—IR microscopy;
2) Inner layer's defect inspection is required: voids and delamination in TSV's inner structures, stress metrology around TSVs; bonding defects—SAM scanning acoustic microscopy;
3) Other device challenges for inspection: high carrier mobility and structural robustness have driven a considerable effort in Graphene research; defects in CVD Graphene, Quantum Hall effect, etc.
CK. Another Embodiment of the Present Invention—Mission Critical CD and Defect Review Tools and Methods:
[0573] To resolve those challenges and problems of current technologies, it is clear to find many Utilities for the second embodiments of tools and methods of the present invention. It can provide a novel fine, precision, non-invasive, non-disturbing 2D/3D projection or Hologram measurement with adaptive cycle-times. It is to be sufficient for Metrology for Extreme CMOS semiconductor industry in next 10-20 Year's Horizons. It can fit for either Scanning or Transmission modes tools/tests to cover the most demanding needs of semiconductor FEP (Front-End Process) Metrology, Lithography Metrology, Interconnect Metrology, Metrology for Beyond CMOS and the like.
1) In a current state-of-art CD-SEM, however, this artifice is not possible. For example, the need to manage charging, and if possible to minimize photo-resist damage, by lowering the beam energy directly which conflicts with the requirement for ever better imaging resolution. Bu, one can see neither resolution nor charge control can be ignored in future metrology needs. Lower beam energies also result in a reduction in gun brightness and hence reduced beam currents, but smaller features and larger wafer sizes actually demand increased probe currents if throughput rates are hardly to be held constant or even be degraded.
2) Higher scan speeds improve throughput and alleviate many charging effects, but only at the expense of factors, such as decreased image quality and degraded signal to noise ratio, which are again crucial to future fine line metrology. This situation is occurring now because the CD SEM, in its current form, is faced with fundamental limitations rather than with shortcomings in design or execution.
3) The impact of pattern-size deviation from the design value on the device performance is becoming more and more serious incoming fine line semiconductor process technologies. If the CD-SEM/TEM is to have a useful future it will therefore be necessary to re-think the definition of what the tool does and how it does. Having innovative tools and methods of the present invention, it opens a new horizon that the conflicts discussed in TABLE 28 can be fixed or avoided, and the necessary improvements in performance can be obtained within the novel method and apparatus of this invention in near future.
TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 28 The present Parameter invention Future needs Current SEM or TEM Beam energy Close to null Free from High beam energy can or very low Charging beam Degrade damage damage electron-optical Performance, Diffraction limited or with Poor source brightness Beam current Spin, phase, Trade-off Lower the beam spatial, between high current to introduce temporal throughput Marginal signal to (time rate, damage noise ratio and lower multiplexing) and charging the scan rate intensity or needs to be performance frequency is further adaptive with enhanced Hi-dynamic ranges Spot size Close to null High Spatial Lower beam current or the and temporal and spot size can smallest in Resolution Degrade signal/noise spatial wise “precision” Decreased depth of is required field Scan speed Multi-beam Demand High Stress on video multiplexed Throughput components and can or higher and free from show image scan charging Poor imaging rate is control issue linearity possible
4) If the CD-SEM/TEM is to be with the useful features, it will therefore be necessary to re-invent about what the tool does and how it does differently. Having innovative tools and methods of the present invention, it opens a new horizon that the conflicts discussed in TABLE 29 can be avoided successful and the necessary improvements in performance can be obtained with the self-evident reduction to practice in the near future.
TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 29 Solutions of the Current SEM/TEM Key issue present invention problems and damages Resolutions Can do best Higher beam current Aberration into a smaller probe, correction with but collapse of the Higher MW frequency Depth of Field and and negligible induce charging damages energy involved in DUT imaging (Device-under-Test) Charging Still free from Problem in Control charging with lower maintaining optimal or higher beam charging performance energies in Low will be with loss in vacuum operation resolution and contrast Reduction in usable scan speed if beam current is mall Beam induced Free from Electron-optical damage charging damages charging performance from Ultra-low needs to be improved but energy toward the it is not proven High beam energies Contamination High scan rate, Possible loss in (carbon Low out-gassing and resolution and contrast carry-over) low vacuum operation by out-gassing along with In situ Reduction in usable scan cleaning is capable speed. Longer process for reduce to Cycle Time is required practice if improved Cross contaminations 3-D information Can have 3D Requires two stereo imaging exposures Modeling by MW plus Limited geometries MWE Holograph method Needs extensive pre-computation Accuracy and usefulness may be limited by charging distortion and damaging effects Throughput Multiple columns Complex technology or single column and data compensation multi-MW plus MWE approximation handling beam with temporal- needed or Statistical rather spatial-multiplex than on the measurement 3D Holographic high spot site-specific data scanning rate methods Cost and delay Can share the Needs difficult in developing and Common Platform for agreement on basic delivering new CD SEM/TEM and specifications and tools defect inspection creativity in design tools different imaging column systems
5) As large scale integration, such as EUV (extreme ultraviolet) 7 to 10 nm or smaller scale semiconductor devices become more miniaturized. Even in cases where the average critical dimension (CD) is in the limit of process margin, a slight variation in CD sometimes causes fatal degradation of device performance. In addition, the pattern edge roughness and deterioration of the two-dimensional pattern shape also can reduce production yield. Therefore, local and non-invasive measurements of patterns of several tens of nanometers are critical in advanced lithographic processing.
6) Under these circumstances, the CD scanning electron microscope (CD-SEM) plays an important role in the inspection process during semiconductor manufacturing. As for the metrology of lithographic features, it is well known that photoresist (PR) materials shrink due to electron-beam (EBEAM) irradiation during the acquisition of SEM images. The “line width slimming” caused by the SEM induced shrinkage has been an issue seriously because it causes an error in the CD measurements of PR patterns. The present invention can meet advanced device mass production non-invasive measurement requirements of working on the 7 to 10 nm and below generation devices, including CD inspection, mask inspection, defect inspection and mapping purposes. The a few embodiments of the present invention can be the core technology to form advanced extremely high resolution CD-SEM for those practical applications of the SEM that measures the dimensions of fine patterns or defects of semiconductors wafers or masks.
7) The present invention can also fit for either Scanning or Transmission modes measurement tools/tests, wherein the output image can be with 3D or Hologram stereo images. The Matter-wave (MW) plus MWE particle (e.g. electron) microscope column is able to select novel MW imaging or conventional SEM functions, such as SE (Secondary elec.) mode or BSE (backscattered electrons mode, and the like, from the material depending on the measurement target. The present invention can be enabling a higher resolution image to be obtained and high-contrast edge detection without having deteriorated of SEM edge blurring and static charging effect. In this way, the MW purified imaging system is able to measure the highest aspect-ratio bottom dimensions of a FINFET trenches and a very deep holes in via-in-trench BEOL process as well as 3D NAND and DRAM 3D processes.
[0574] In addition, a newly designed stage will be able to increase productivity with boost in scanning speed in terms of the number of wafers processed per hour, thereby reducing the cost of ownership to the ecosystem users. Moreover to meet the needs of device mass production, matching between the multi-column or single column multi-beam systems will be improved to realize stable long term stability. Also shall provide the industry with a clear, noise-free 2D or 3D images using multiple scanning methods including high-speed scanning such that can achieve the sub-atomic or molecular levels resolution (<1 nm) and inspections including real atomic or molecular level 2D or 3D holograph imaging technology.
[0575] Some of the core novel technologies of this invention are able to expand the capability and utility of such inspection or diagnosis system. It includes those innovations such as, Field emission and spin nano-gate high bright MW (Matter-wave) sources; Multi-focal plan scanning method and apparatus; Multiple phases (+ and −) measurement; temporal or spatial multiplex inspection, diagnosis or treatment; Multi-slit scan, x-slit scan+y-slit scan tools and methods; Multi-beam with Single Column or Multi-beam with multi-columns; Multi-spatial frequency or multi-matter wave length (frequency) method; Multiple Guns with FE Gun or MEMS for inspection; 3D holograph scanning, diagnosis or treatment; Holograph measurement with Spatial multiplexed beam sources, Holograph measurement with Time domain multiplexed beam sources; Anti-reflection anti-residual interference methods, Spin or Polarization Entangled; Coherent and de-coherent high brightness MW sources; MW and Electron source Spin coupled fermions (beams) spin up+spin down, MW or Laser guided cool fermions beams ˜0 deg. Kelvin for noise reduction and Compressed sensing randomization method to achieve extraordinary high scanning speed at ultra-high resolution of nm ranges.
[0576] The present invention can create measurements between combinations of points or edges of the 2D or 3D models or objects. As a user move the pointer over the 2D or 3D model, the 3D Measurement Tool supports four types of measurements: perpendicular distance between two straight edges, linear distance between two points, the radius of circular edges, and the angle between two edges (or three points). The user can associate 2D or 3D measurements with specific x-section views. If the default view is active when a measurement is added, a new measurement view is created. The user can also display comments while taking measurements. These comments (also called measurement markups) are preserved after the document is closed and saved to computer storage devices.
CL. Another Embodiment of the Critical Dimension (CD) Metrology and Defect Inspection Apparatus:
[0577] Please refer to
[0578] The MWE particle source 11202 can be forming a continuous beam of particles, temporal- or spatial-multiplexed beam of particles via a time- or spatial-domain multiplexer and can further comprises multi-beam particle sources along with single column to emit and inject MWE multi-beam particles (but in another embodiment of the present invention, the MWE particle source 11202 includes multi-beam with multi-columns to emit or inject MWE particles), wherein when the MWE particle source 11202 is a boson particle source, the emitted MWE particles can be uncharged particles (e.g. photons or x-ray), when the MWE particle source 11202 is a fermion particle source, the emitted or injected particles can be charged or uncharged particles (e.g. electrons, positrons, proton or neutron), and the emitted particles randomly comprises a first particle beam and a second particle beam. In addition, the majority emitted particles can be coherent and associated with one or more equivalent MW wavelength, wherein the one or more equivalent MW wavelength is shorter than about 0.1-10 nm ranges. In addition, the particles emitted by the MWE particle source 11202 are temporal or spatial coherent and are associated with a single wavelength or a plurality of MW wavelengths. On the other hand, in another embodiment of the present invention, the majority particles emitted by the MWE particle source 11202 are partially coherent and are associated with a single wavelength or a plurality of wavelengths. In addition, the emitted particles can be forming a continuous beam of particles, temporal- or spatial-multiplexed beam of particles for inspecting the object or sample 11228 under test. In addition, the MWE particle source 11202 includes a wave-plate (i.e. MW phase retarder plate) or polarization unit, wherein the wave-plate or the polarization unit is used for adjusting polarization direction of the injecting particles before it can be split randomly into the first particle beam and the second particle beam through the first entanglement unit or beam splitter 11204. In another derived embodiment, the particles emitted by the MWE particle source 11202 can be corresponding to a matter wave (MW) along with multi-temporal frequency/wavelength or multiple-spatial orientations (polarizations or phases).
[0579] When the MWE particle source 11202 is a boson particle source, a source lens 11203 is located before the MWE particle source 11202 for making the majority emitted particles being parallel movement particles. However, when the MWE particle source 11202 is a fermion source, the CD and defect inspection apparatus 1120 further utilizes fermion condense/scan module 11205 to substitute for the source lens 11203, wherein the fermion condense/scan module 11205 includes fermion x/y direction scan coil and electric or magnetic x/y direction condense lenses, and the MWE particle source 11202 is a thermal or FE (Field emission) gun particle emission source.
[0580] When the MWE particle source 11202 is a boson or fermion particle source, a beam splitter for making MW of a first particle beam and MWE of a second particle beam toward a first path, and making MW of the second particle beam and MWE of the first particle beam toward a second path; an MW filter located at the first path for tilting the MWE of the second particle beam and let the MW of the first particle beam passing through the first path to hit or transmit a sample, wherein the MWE of the first particle beam and the MW of the first particle beam being reflected from or transmitted through the sample are used forming an interference pattern; and a detector for detecting a plurality of peaks or valleys of the interference pattern. Alternatively speaking, the beam splitter 11204 can output instantly a counterpart MW1 (e.g. energy-less and mass-less conjugate or orthogonal counterpart matter wave) of the first particle beam toward a first path 11224 along with outputting simultaneously the MWE1 of the first particle beam toward a second path 11226, and can output simultaneously MWE2 of the second particle beam toward the first path 11224 along with making instantly a counterpart MW2 (e.g. energy-less and mass-less conjugate or orthogonal counterpart matter wave) of the second particle beam toward the second path 11226. In addition, one edge dimension of the beam splitter 11204 is larger than 1000 to 20000 times of the one or more equivalent MW wavelengths.
[0581] However, when the MWE particle source 11202 is a fermion particle source, the apparatus 1120 further includes the first beam splitter 11204 to making the counterpart MW1 of the first particle beam and MWE2 of the second particle beam toward the first path 11224, and some electric or magnetic material or structure forming non-uniform MAG (Magnetic) field over the first path 11224, wherein the non-uniform MAG field is used as a filter or distiller to pass selectively the counterpart MW1 of the first particle beam and to stop (or screen out) MWE2 of the second particle beam toward the first path 11224, and the beam splitter 11204 making the counterpart MW2 of the second particle beam and MWE1 of the first particle beam toward the second path 11226 accordingly. Besides, as shown in
[0582] In addition, when the MWE particle source 11202 is the fermion particle source, the MWE particle source 11202 includes a plurality or array of Field Emission (FE) tips and array of electronic gates to select a given QM spin configuration for a plurality of emitted fermions particle groups, and a part of the CD and defect inspection apparatus 1120 needs substantially to operate in a partial vacuum, low humidity, enclosed environment. In addition, when the MWE particle source 11202 is the fermion particle source, the particles emitted by the MWE particle source 11202 are with groups of particles associated with temporal- or spatial-multiplexed modes among multiple groups such that the nearest emitted groups of particles are with opposite QM spin states to get better 2D or 3D image resolutions in temporal or spatial wise.
[0583] In regard to the first path 11224, the MW filter 11206 is located at the first path 11224 for tilting (or moving) the MWE2 of the second particle beam substantially away from the first path 11224 and let the MW1 of the first particle beam passing through the first path 11224 to hit a sample 11228 when a bias condition (e.g. voltage, current, electric field, magnetic field or the like) is applied on the MW filter 11206, wherein the MW filter 11206 is further coated with one or more layers of anti-reflection coating to reduce scattered residual MW or MWE interference effects in an environment of the apparatus 1120, and to be able to reduce imaging defects by taking the advantage of a surface of the MW filter 11206 being not orthogonal (i.e. tilted angle of a few degrees) to an incident direction of the MWE2 of the second particle beam and the MW1 of the first particle beam. The first mirror 11210 is located at the first path 11224 for reflecting the MW1 of the first particle beam to or from the sample 11228 wherein the first mirror 11210 further comprises a moveable feature for doing the one or more dimensional (e.g. X, Y or Z direction) scanning for the sample 11228. The first phase compensator 11212 is also located at the first path 11224 for compensating a temporal or spatial phase difference in between reflected MW1 of the first particle beam from the sample 11228 and the MWE1 of the first particle beam (i.e. being moved toward and reflected from the second mirror 11216), wherein the reflected MW1 of the first particle beam from or transmitted through the sample 11228 is partially or fully in temporal or spatial wise corresponding to the MWE1 of the first particle beam. The object lens 11214 is located between the first mirror 11210 and the sample 11228 for focusing the MW1 of the first particle beam on the sample 11228. The holder 11222 is used for holding the sample 11228, and a surface of the holder 11222 is a partial absorption plane (e.g. coating with ARC) or a partial/full reflection plane (e.g. coating with reflective material) or partial/full transmitting plane (e.g. transparent glass material or the like) to assist getting the better 2D or 3D image contrast for the sample 11222 under the test condition of apparatus 1120.
[0584] In regard to the second path 11226, the second mirror 11216 is located at the second path 11226 for reflecting the MWE1 of the first particle beam and the MW2 of the second particle beam being outputted by the first beam splitter 11204, wherein second mirror 11216 further comprises a moveable feature for doing the one or more dimensional (e.g. X, Y or Z directions) scanning for the sample 11228; and the second phase compensator 11218 is also located at the second path 11226 for compensating the temporal or spatial phase difference in between reflected MW1 of the first particle beam from the sample 11228 and the MWE1 of the first particle beam.
[0585] As shown in
[0586] As shown in
[0587] Therefore, a user can take time and utilize the 2D image or 3D Hologram image displayed on the display 112202 to execute CD and defect inspection thoroughly corresponding to the sample 11228.
[0588] In addition, the CD and defect inspection apparatus 1120 can be apart of precision overlay measurement or alignment system which can inspect Box-in-Box (BiB) or Box-on-Box (BoB) patterns forming by different materials (shown in
[0589] In addition, the CD and defect inspection apparatus 1120 can be a part of multiple systems, including semiconductor wafer, packaged integrated circuit (IC) or mask inspection/repairing systems as to provide users with Precision Defect Inspection and in-situ defect repairing features, wherein some of typical semiconductor wafer inspection defects (shown in
[0590] In addition, as shown in
[0591] Therefore, the CD and defect inspection apparatus 1120 of the present invention can teach well and provide a novel non-invasive (i.e. energy-less and mass-less MW based) inspection tool and method, precision, cost effective in-situ mask inspection and repair features to best utilize the machine investment for advanced mask tooling purposes, wherein the present invention discloses a unique approach for filtering matter wave (MW) from a composite particle beam corresponding to aforementioned embodiments of this invention by following method: obtaining a composite particle beam along a first particle path that comprising a beam splitter or entanglement unit, a MWE particle component of boson/fermion particles and a MW component, wherein the MW component is not corresponding to or directly derived by the MWE particle component; directing the composite particle beam toward a unit having a non-uniform spatial field (e.g. electric, magnetic or the like); tilting or moving the MWE particle component of the composite particle beam away substantially from the first path; generating an output beam comprised of the MW component along the first path; and receiving the output beam for processing a plurality of following steps, including getting mixed or entangled with another coherent or partially coherent beam of MWE particle component (e.g. via a beam splitter, a bi-prism or the like) to form interference pattern, wherein the interference pattern can be detected by a detector.
CM. Another Embodiment of the Transmission-Type Non-Invasive Diagnosis/Treatment Apparatus or System:
[0592] Please refer to
[0593] As shown in
[0594] Because the novelty of the transmission-type non-invasive diagnosis/treatment apparatus 1160 utilizes the mass-less MW1 of the first particle beam to transmit (i.e. see through) the sample 11642, and the first interference pattern and the second interference pattern are comprised of transmitting MW1 of the first particle beam from the sample 11642 along the path 11642 and the MWE1 of the first particle beam along the path 11644, the transmission-type non-invasive diagnosis/treatment apparatus 1160 has advantages as follows: the transmission-type non-invasive diagnosis/treatment apparatus 1160 can improve treatment quality and protection of patient. Among those essential utilities, the present invention can teach the better approaches that can be most beneficial to the life quality of the patients, including reduction of pain, reduction of side effects, no risk of infection or general anesthesia, no requirement for head/body frame, short treatment course, and minimal recovery time), and the transmission-type non-invasive diagnosis/treatment apparatus 1160 can improve treatments (e.g. having less damage and risk to healthy tissue, single and multiple sessions (2-5 fractions) available, treat larger lesions than traditional radiosurgery, treat complex, previously judged untreatable lesions, access to lesions in all parts of a body, delivery of a large single dose of energy-less and mass-less MW radiation to a small target in a brain with great accuracy, very important role in treatment of both benign and malignant brain tumor, alternative to surgery, outperforming to radiotherapy, belong to a new class of non-invasive radiotherapy techniques: Image-Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT), able to shape the appropriate energy-less and mass-less radiation profile to conform to patients' individual anatomy, much more spatially and temporally precise in delivering energy-less and mass-less radiation, and maximal preservation nearby normal tissue).
[0595] In addition, when a tumor or disease regions of a patient detected by the transmission-type non-invasive diagnosis/treatment apparatus 1160, the tumor or the disease regions of the patient can be treated in real-time basis by using the MW's MOT (Magneto-Optical Trap) cooling and scanning method/apparatus. The MW's MOT in-situ repairing features of the present invention is to be the most essential method for living organ treatments, wherein one can turn on the MW's MOT apparatus comprising cooling and scanning functions to cure or burn out (i.e. ashes) while diagnosing the exact same disease location presented in the body of patients.
[0596] In addition, functions of the MWE particle source 11602, the first x/y/z direction scan unit 11604, the first wave-plate unit 11606, the first beam splitter 11608, the MW filter 11610, the first scan lens unit 11612, the holder 11614, the first lens unit 11616, the first mirror 11618, the first compensator 11620, the second wave-plate unit 11622, the second mirror 11624, the second x/y/z direction scan unit 9626, the second compensator 11628, the second lens unit 11630, the second beam splitter 11632, the projection lens 11634, the first detector 11636, the second detector 11638, and the display and signal processing unit 11640 can be referred to corresponding elements of the CD and defect inspection apparatus 1120, where in those are the similar embodiments with sharing the same novelty and methods of the present invention, so further description thereof is omitted for simplicity.
CN. Another Embodiment of the Transmission-Type Non-Invasive Measuring Apparatus or System:
[0597] Please refer to
[0598] As shown in
[0599] As shown in
[0600] In addition, in another embodiment of the present invention, the entanglement unit 11716 is a double slit or circular shapes when the MWE particle source 11702 is a boson source or fermions source.
[0601] In addition, the particles emitted by the MWE particle source 11702 are associated with multi-spatial frequency (e.g. a plurality of spatial geometry) or multiple matter wavelength (frequency) and the equivalent matter wave of MWE particle is a temporal/spatial coherent or partially coherent.
[0602] In addition, the detector (or exposure film) 11720 can detect a plurality of temporal/spatial phase shifts, or a plurality of peaks or valleys of the interference pattern 11730 through a mechanism including fluorescent, exposure film, or particle multiplication methods, and transmit information of the plurality of temporal/spatial phase shifts, or the plurality of peaks or valleys of the interference pattern 11730 to the display and signal processing unit 11722, wherein the detector 11720 includes an energy sensitive film or sensing device to detecting interference pattern 11730 of a plurality of boson or fermion, and the interference pattern 11730 deriving from the sample 11724 is developed on the energy sensitive film or the sensing device. In addition, the sensitive film can form a 3D hologram image of the sample 11724 by having irradiated with a second coherent MWE particle source (not shown in
[0603] In addition, as shown in
[0604] In addition, please refer to
[0605] In addition, overall summary corresponding to
TABLE-US-00028 TABLE 30 (a) (b) (c) Experimental ~100% source ~50% source ~100% source setups open open open MWE Intensity (%) 50% 50% 0% of the first path 11726 MWE Intensity (%) 50% 0% 50% of the second path 11728 MW wavefront (%) ~50% ~50% ~50% of the first path 11726 Sample's damage ~50% ~50% ~0% degradation (%) Image peaks (X) ~4X 1X ~2X Intensity (%) of ~100% ~50% ~50% the MWE detector 11710 Remarks Sample 11724 Sample 11724 Sample 11724 has is damaged is damaged null or no damage
[0606] In addition, functions of the MWE particle source 11702, the source lens 11704, the MW filter 11706, the first compensator 11708, the second compensator 11712, the object lens 11714, the third compensator 11718, the detector 11720, and the display and signal processing unit 11722 can be referred to corresponding elements of the transmission-type no-invasive diagnosis/treatment apparatus 1160, so further description thereof is omitted for simplicity.
CO. Another Embodiment of the Apparatus for Generating a Virtual Space-Time Lattice by Using MW:
[0607] Please refer to
[0608] In addition, MWE particle source 12004 together with the MW filter 12006 can vary wavelengths of the coherent MW of particle beams MWPB1-6 to shrink a size of the virtual space-time lattice 12002 under thermal equilibrium environment so that a sample 12008 captured by the virtual space-time lattice 12002 can be cooled down by energy evaporation or natural radiation processes along with another following step to extend the size of the virtual space-time lattice 12002 under adiabatic thermal environment, wherein the sample 12008 can be comprised of nucleons, cells, atoms, molecules or the like. That is, MWE particle source 12004 together with the MW filter 12006 can modulate the wave lengths of the coherent MW of particle beams MWPB1-6 from long to short under thermal equilibrium environment or from short to long under adiabatic thermal environment sequentially so as to further cool down the sample 12008, wherein the MWE particle source 12004 together with the MW filter 12006 can cool down the sample 12008 at about absolute zero Kevin degree state (e.g. down to below 0.001˜0.000001 degree of Kelvin scale temperature) by modulating the wave lengths of the coherent MW of particle beams MWPB1-6 from long to short or short to long sequentially. Alternatively speaking, the MWE particle source along with the MW filter shrinks a size of the virtual space-time lattice by a plurality cycles of shortening or extending the wave lengths of the plurality of coherent MW of particle beams to cool down a sample captured by the virtual space-time lattice.
[0609] Because the apparatus 1200 can utilize MWE particle source 12004 together with the MW filter 12006 to cool down the sample 12008, the apparatus 1200 can control a temperature of the sample 12008 to a critical point, such that 1) when the temperature of the sample 12008 is at the critical point, chemical bonds of the sample 12008 can be either disrupted or frozen, or 2) if the sample 12008 is a tumor and the temperature of the sample 12008 is at the critical point, bio-chemical activities of the tumor can be disabled or collapsed by shrinking the virtual space-time lattice 12002 under certain thermal conditions or by varying relative locations of the virtual space-time lattice 12002 (i.e. moving around spot or locations of intersect treatment locations within the virtual space-time lattice 12002 shown in
[0610] In addition, the apparatus 1200 needs to operate in a partial vacuum and low humidity environment, and the apparatus 1200 also needs to be located within an enclosed space such that the system working environment can be sealed and protect well from being disturbed by thermal, humidity, residual chemical atoms, stray light and the like interferences.
[0611] A Magnetic MW Trap (MMT) is an apparatus that uses MW cooling with magneto-MW trapping in order to produce samples of deep cold, trapped, neutral atoms at temperatures lower than a several micro-Kelvins degree, two or three times the recoil limit (see Reference: Doppler cooling limit). By combining the small momentum of a sample 12008 with a low enough velocity and spatially dependent absorption cross section of the virtual space-time lattice 12002, atoms with initial velocities of hundreds of meters per second can be slowed toward tens of centimeters/sec or less than a mm/sec (Reference: 1) Hänsch, Theodor W., and Arthur L. Schawlow. “Cooling of gases by laser radiation.” Optics Communications 13.1 (1975); 2) Metcalf, Harold J. & Straten, Peter van der (1999). Laser Cooling and Trapping. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.).
CP. Another Embodiment of the Magnetic MW Trap (MMT):
[0612] Please refer to
[0613] In addition, a first steps of cooling down process flow (state (a)->state (b)->state (c)) of the free atom cluster 12206 can be referred to
CQ. Another Embodiment of the Fine Atomic Clock
[0614] (Reference: 1) Long-Sheng Ma, et al. “Frequency uncertainty for optically Referenced femtosecond laser frequency combs.” IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 43.2 (2007); 2) Lombardi, et al. “NIST primary frequency standards and the realization of the SI second.” NCSLI Measure 2.4 (2007)):
[0615] Please refer to
[0616] As shown in
[0617] As shown in
[0618] As shown in
[0619] As shown in
[0620] Then, the emission detector 12414 can detect and output the emission frequency or phase properties of the trapped particles by following the activation of the probing beams 12410.
[0621] In addition, a function of the MMT unit 12412 can be referred to the MMT 12202 shown in
[0622] In addition, the ultra-fine precision atomic clock 1240 needs to operate in partial vacuum environment and low humidity environment within an enclosed space.
[0623] To sum up, the present invention utilizes matter wave of bosons (e.g. Photon) and/or fermions (e.g. electron, neutron) to apply to non-contact angle measuring apparatus, mission critical inspection apparatus, non-invasive diagnosis/treatment apparatus, method for filtering matter wave from a composite particle beam, non-invasive measuring apparatus, apparatus for generating a virtual space-time lattice, and atomic clock. Because matter wave of bosons (e.g. Photon) and/or fermions (e.g. electron, neutron) does not include energy, the present invention not only can solve disadvantages corresponding to remote angle measurement, critical dimensional (CD) and defect inspection, and atomic clock shown in description of the prior art, but can also satisfy the above mentioned future development in Nature.
[0624] Those skilled in the art will readily observe that numerous modifications and alterations of the device and method may be made while retaining the teachings of the invention. Accordingly, the above disclosure should be construed as limited only by the metes and bounds of the appended claims.