HYDROCARBON SALINITY MEASUREMENT SYSTEM AT BOTTOM OF WELL AT EXTREME CONDITIONS OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE BY MEANS OF TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY

Abstract

The object of the present invention relates to a system for measuring the salinity of hydrocarbons at the bottom of an oil well, using the technique of time domain reflectometry (TDR). The system comprises an electromagnetic pulse generator, an oscilloscope for displaying and measuring the frequency, amplitude and wavelength of the signal, a signal amplifier, a computer for processing and storing the information, and a metal wire that functions as a waveguide To transmit the signal from the signal generator to the hydrocarbon to which its salinity is to be determined at the bottom of the well. The signal returns from the bottom of the well to the oscilloscope where the difference between the sent signal and the return signal is measured. This difference allows us to infer the salinity of the hydrocarbon. The guide wire is attached to the production line by means of a strap or other fastening device from the surface to the bottom of the well, where the tip of the cable is inserted into the pipe to contact the hydrocarbon and in this way detect its salinity. It is possible to use the same pipe as a waveguide to transmit the test signal to the bottom of the well. In addition, the salinity of the hydrocarbon can be determined at different points along the well.

Claims

1. A system for measuring salinity at a bottom of a hydrocarbon well by means of a time domain reflectometry technique, comprising a waveguide or cable that is attached to a hydrocarbon production line to the bottom of the well, an electromagnetic pulse generator to send a test signal, an oscilloscope to measure the signal produced by the pulse generator and the signal reflected by the hydrocarbon at the bottom of the well, indicating the difference between the two signals, this difference indicating a salinity value of the hydrocarbon, a signal amplifier and a signal adapter to control the signal characteristics in order to obtain the best sharpness for greater accuracy of the measurement, and a computer to analyze the information, infer the salinity from the return signal through the waveguide and store the information.

2. A sensor system for measuring salinity at a bottom of a hydrocarbon well, according to claim 1, with materials suitable to withstand temperatures above 500° C.

3. A sensor system for measuring salinity at a bottom of a hydrocarbon well, according to claims 1 and 2, with materials suitable to withstand pressures greater than 10 000 psi.

4. A sensor system to measure salinity at a bottom of a hydrocarbon well, according to claims 1 to 3, with materials suitable to withstand a corrosive and abrasive environment.

5. A sensor system for measuring salinity at a bottom of a hydrocarbon well, according to claims 1 to 4, with a pulse generator for generating signals with different voltage, frequency and wavelength ranges, as well as an amplifier And signal adapter to be able to make measurements at lengths greater than 5000 meters without loss of signal and with the correct accuracy and reliability.

6. A sensor system to measure salinity at a bottom of a hydrocarbon well, according to claims 1 to 5, that can use as a waveguide the hydrocarbon production line.

7. A sensor system to measure salinity at a bottom of a well, according to claims 1 to 6, the sensor system able to measure salinity of hydrocarbons and brines in oil and geothermal wells.

8. A computer program that compiles, analyzes and evaluates characteristics of a test signal and a return signal, such as: amplitude, voltage and frequency, and transforms the signals, by means of correlations in time, distance and salinity values.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES OF THE INVENTION

[0028] For the purpose of providing an accurate description of the depth salinity sensor of the well, its components, the waveguide installation alternatives and the interpretation of the response signal that it may have, reference will be made to the following Figures:

[0029] FIG. 1 shows examples of cables as waveguides, firstly two parallel metal conductors (1), separated by an insulator (2), a regular distance (3). The other in a concentric coaxial cable, where its metallic conductors (4) (5), with their insulating cover (6) and separated by a constant distance (7).

[0030] FIG. 2 shows an example of the application of the TDR for the detection of faults in electric cables (1), in the graph (2) the discontinuity or failure in the cable produces a change in the sent waveform, where Type of fault and the location of this.

[0031] In FIG. 3, the implementation of a laboratory TDR consisting of an oscilloscope (1), a pulse generator (2), an amplifier (3), a signal adapter (4), an acquisition system, Data analysis and storage (5) and finally the waveguide (6).

[0032] FIG. 4 shows how the waveguide (1), (2) would be installed inside an oil well (3) to determine the amount of salinity in real time, in this case the waveguide of metal cables (1) (2) is fixed by means of insulating fasteners (4) to the production pipe (5), so as not to bring the wave guide (1), (2) and the production pipe (5) into contact, which is also Metal.

[0033] FIG. 5 shows another option of installing the waveguide (1), (2), the point of attachment (3) of one of the metal cables to the production line (4), into an oil well (5), By means of insulating fasteners (6), in this case the production line (4) will be one of the conductors of the waveguide (1), (2) inside the oil well (5), both the cable and the pipe Act as the waveguide, and this waveguide arrangement will be the means for transmitting the pulse sent by the TDR to the bottom of the well.

[0034] In FIG. 6, it presents the graph of a pulse sent to the bottom of the well through a waveguide, as well as the shape of the return pulse signal. It can be observed as there is a decrease in the amplitude (voltage) due to the presence of salt when the cable is put in contact with the crude. By quantifying the voltage decrease the salinity of the crude can be determined.

[0035] In FIG. 7, it shows the comparison between the shape of the pulse sent to the bottom of the well and the return signal. It can be seen that the return signal has a time delay. By quantifying this time delay and knowing the speed at which the signal travels in the guide wire, it is possible to determine the distance at which the disturbance occurs, ie the distance at which the salinity measurement is performed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0036] The system for measuring salinity in wellbore hydrocarbons using the time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique is based on a pulse generator that sends a pulse through a waveguide or cable, This metal waveguide is brought into contact with the hydrocarbon at which its salinity is to be measured, the return signal is measured on an oscilloscope where it is compared to the originally sent pulse. The time of arrival and amplitude of the return pulse are reflections of the change in impedance change at several points or at the end of the line, these changes in the impedance can be measured and analyzed. Given a velocity of propagation of the pulse in the line, the arrival time of the return pulse depends on the location of the impedance change, whereas the amplitude of the return pulse is related to the attenuation of the signal in the cable due to the Length of said cable.

[0037] How to mentioned above, FIG. 4 shows how the waveguide (1) (2) would be installed inside an oil well (3) to determine the amount of salinity in real time, it is worth mentioning that one of the advantages of this system is that it can be subjected to extreme conditions of pressure and temperature, by the metallic composition of the waveguide. In this case, the waveguide of metallic cables (1), (2) is fixed by means of insulating fasteners (4) to the production pipe (5) so as not to contact the waveguide 1 (2)) And the production pipe (5) which is also metallic.

[0038] FIG. 6 shows an example of the type of signal obtained on the oscilloscope plotting time vs voltage, the first pulse on the left side is the pulse originally emitted by the pulse generator through the waveguide, the second pulse on the right side is the pulse returned or reflected, the difference in amplitude gives us the idea of the change in impedance change, which is directly related to the amount of salt contained in the hydrocarbon.

[0039] FIG. 7 as in FIG. 6 shows an example of the type of signal obtained on the oscilloscope plotting time vs voltage, the first pulse on the left side is the pulse originally emitted by the pulse generator through the waveguide, the second Pulse on the right side is the returned or reflected pulse, the difference in the return time of the second pulse tells us the distance at which the measurement was made.

[0040] There is a relationship between the amplitude of the pulse and the resolution of the return time of the pulse, which corresponds to the distance of the length that reaches the line or cable. For short cables, a narrow pulse is sufficient to give a high resolution of the time. When the cable is long, the amplitude of the effective band is considerably reduced. A tight pulse on a long wire experiences so much attenuation that the reflection becomes virtually undetectable. For this reason, long cables require larger pulses, which contain energy at low frequencies.

[0041] How to mentioned above, FIG. 3 of the present invention consists mainly of a pulse generator (2), the function of which is to generate pulse-type electromagnetic signals. The pulse generator must be capable of generating signals over a wide range of frequencies and wavelengths to determine with which values of these variables a perceptible change in the waveform of the return signal is observed with respect to the change in the Amount of salt in the hydrocarbon, in this way to be able to quantify its salinity. The signal sent by the signal generator upon return is attenuated due to the distance and the material with which the guide wire is constructed, this attenuation can be avoided or decreased by modifying the frequency, amplitude and voltage of the signal, up to Get the waveforms of the return signal that give us the most appreciable and reliable results possible. A range of pulse amplitudes ranging from a few nanoseconds to a few microseconds is used for measurements on short cables. The return voltage signal is plotted on the x-axis against the distance along the line under test. Relatively longer amplitude pulses, ranging from microseconds to milliseconds or more, have a fast time increment to provide power over a wide frequency spectrum, allowing measurements to be performed over a wide range of cable lengths. Even if the signal sent is calibrated at the appropriate frequency and amplitude to have a minimum attenuation as a function of distance and cable material, this minimum attenuation must be considered within the equation for transferring voltage and frequency in salinity and distance, for Get more accurate results.

[0042] Even if the signal sent is calibrated at the appropriate frequency and amplitude to have a minimum attenuation as a function of distance and cable material, this minimum attenuation must be considered within the equation for transferring voltage and frequency in salinity and distance, for Get more accurate results.

[0043] Another component of the system is an adjustable gain signal amplifier (3), which amplifies the return wave signal of the reflected wave received from the receiver. The gain of the adjustable gain amplifier can be made to be varied using the Technique of Time Variable Gain (TVG).

[0044] Another indispensable element in the system is a computer (5) for processing the information and storing the data. Digital voltage samples can be stored together with their corresponding acquisition time as elements of a data array in computer memory, for example, random access memory or the like, for post-processing or post-processing.

[0045] Alternatively, it may be sufficient to store the sampling periods in the computer to allow the acquisition time of the digitized voltage samples to be calculated from their position within the array. The computer presents the results of the analysis and post-processing to the user through the screen or a printer. In some designs it may be advantageous for the computer to incorporate synchronization and control functions of the time base generator.

[0046] The standard differentiation for raw data storage is performed numerically on the computer. The acquisition time of consecutive samples of digital voltage differs over a sampling period. The fixed preset time shift between two digital voltage samples corresponds to a difference in the array index between elements stored in a data array. The differentiation proceeds by a numerical subtraction of pairs of array elements whose indices are compensated for by a multiple sample integrator of the same period as the pre-set time offset. Using adaptive numerical differentiation the time shift varies in a systematic way. Adaptive numerical differentiation is developed in the computer by placing the travel time or its equivalent, the effective pulse amplitude at an initial shift time. Pairs of data array elements are selected such that the difference in acquisition times is equivalent to the effective pulse amplitude. Differentiation is obtained by taking the pairs of elements sequentially in the order in which they were obtained. The first element of the pair corresponding to the last time of the acquisition is numerically subtracted from the other element of the pair and the difference obtained is recorded in a sorted differentiated array. This is an advantage for choosing values for the time shift which is a multiple integrator of the sampling period. As the differentiation progresses through the data array, the time shift is gradually increased until an end time shift is reached, preferably until the acquisition time of the last element of the pair that has been subtracted corresponds to the distance of the Edge of the guide wire. Thus, the effective pulse amplitude is adjusted in the microprocessor at a distance from a change in reactance, increasing the time shift with the start time when the pulse is injected into the line under test by the pulse generator.

[0047] Finally we have a metal cable that goes from the signal generator to the bottom of the production well or observer well where the measurement (6) will be performed. This cable acts as a waveguide to transmit the electromagnetic signal from the signal generator to the bottom of the well and from the bottom of the well to the oscilloscope on the surface, where the waveform of the sent signal and the return waveform are displayed. The materials of commercial conductors that can be used as a guide for conducting the electric signal are any type of electrically conductive metal, such as copper, aluminum, iron and steel. The characteristics of these materials are described below: Copper has a high resistance to corrosion, a conductivity of 100% a speed of 66% of the speed of light, but a greater attenuation of the return signal at high frequencies (109 dB/100 m to 1000 MHz). The steel has a high mechanical strength, high resistance to high temperatures, has a low conductivity of 15%, a speed of 85% of the speed of light and a low attenuation of the signal at high frequencies (21.5 dB/100 m to 1000 MHz). Aluminum is a very light and economical material, has a conductivity of 65%, a speed of 60% of the speed of light, a signal attenuation at high frequencies of 48 dB/100 m to 1000 MHz. A material that can give very good results as a guide wire is copper-coated steel as it provides the high mechanical strength and resistance to high temperatures of the steel and the high conductivity of the copper. In addition, the same casing can be used as a waveguide for transmitting the test signal from the signal generator to the bottom of the well and the return of the signal to the oscilloscope where it is recorded and sent to the computer where it is analyzed and stored.