Devices and methods herein remove water from human or animal biological waste fluids using one or more forward osmosis filters. The devices allow for the volume of liquid or semi-liquid waste, including potentially infectious liquid waste, to be filtered to reduce potential exposure of healthcare staff to infectious liquid waste. On a hospital, healthcare staff, or individual patient basis, removing water and concentrating the waste can reduce challenges in management and disposal of the waste. Devices herein use forward osmosis to manage and filter, using one or more suitably sized filter(s), biological fluid exudate from wounds. The devices can be constructed to transport water present in the exudate away from a wound. The wound treatment devices herein not only allow for fluid from wounds to be filtered but also provide structures that can protect wounds from external contaminants, including bacteria and viruses. The wound treatment devices can be incorporated into negative pressure wound therapy systems, if desired.

A method of directed evolution for developing a membrane includes using a 3D protocol to simulate particle trajectories and determine the effect of intermolecular forces on particle capture performance during membrane filtration to determine the effectiveness of different candidate membranes in optimizing performance.

A method of directed evolution for developing a membrane includes using a 3D protocol to simulate particle trajectories and determine the effect of intermolecular forces on particle capture performance during membrane filtration to determine the effectiveness of different candidate membranes in optimizing performance.

Disclosed herein are apparatuses and methods for semi-permeable membrane cleaning. In particular, a pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) process redirects raw solution and fluid streams in such a way as to cause periodic changes of the process from PRO to reverse osmosis (RO) for lifting and detaching fouling. Further disclosed is applying, at least periodically, a pulsed-flow regime in the fluid stream, thereby causing increased shearing force for enhanced evacuation of the foulant. Additionally, a backward wash may be provided by injection, for a predetermined injection time, of additional solution selected in such way that net driving pressure becomes RO opposite to normal PRO operation, thereby providing a backward flow from a first side of the membrane to a second side of the membrane, so as to lift and evacuate foulant.

The present invention relates to a water purifier filter, and a water purifier including the same. The water purifier filter and the water purifier including the same according to the present invention include a filter housing including an inlet and an outlet, and a filter module provided in the filter housing to purify water introduced through the inlet and to supply the water to the outlet, and a material of the filter module includes sodium orthotitanate (Na.sub.4TiO.sub.4) to remove a heavy metal under water, thereby effectively removing a heavy metal including cadmium under water.

The present disclosure relates to a method for extracting caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid from Rosmarinus officinalis L., and more particularly, to a method for extracting caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid from Rosmarinus officinalis L., the method comprising the steps of: (S1) preparing an extraction apparatus including an extractor for passing a solution contained in a main body unit through a filtration membrane to obtain a filtered solution, and dropping the filtered solution to the lower outside through a dropping unit connected to a lower portion of the main body unit, and a receiver located in the lower part of the extractor to collect the filtered solution that is dropped from the dropping unit; (S2) putting dried Rosmarinus officinalis L. into the main body unit, and adding a solvent to the main body unit to immerse the dried Rosmarinus officinalis L. at room temperature; and (S3) dropping a solution in which the dried Rosmarinus officinalis L. has been immersed from the dropping unit to the receiver.

The present disclosure relates to a method for extracting caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid from Rosmarinus officinalis L., and more particularly, to a method for extracting caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid from Rosmarinus officinalis L., the method comprising the steps of: (S1) preparing an extraction apparatus including an extractor for passing a solution contained in a main body unit through a filtration membrane to obtain a filtered solution, and dropping the filtered solution to the lower outside through a dropping unit connected to a lower portion of the main body unit, and a receiver located in the lower part of the extractor to collect the filtered solution that is dropped from the dropping unit; (S2) putting dried Rosmarinus officinalis L. into the main body unit, and adding a solvent to the main body unit to immerse the dried Rosmarinus officinalis L. at room temperature; and (S3) dropping a solution in which the dried Rosmarinus officinalis L. has been immersed from the dropping unit to the receiver.

A diluted chemical liquid production apparatus has a structure that has a platinum group metal carrying resin column, a membrane-type deaeration apparatus and a gas dissolving membrane apparatus, which are sequentially provided in a supply line of ultrapure water; and has a pH adjuster injection device and an oxidation-reduction potential adjuster injection device, which are provided between the platinum group metal carrying resin column and the membrane-type deaeration apparatus. An inert gas source is connected to a gaseous phase side of the membrane-type deaeration apparatus, and an inert gas source is also connected to the gaseous phase side of the gas dissolving membrane apparatus; and a discharge line communicates with the gas dissolving membrane apparatus. A pH meter and an ORP meter are provided in the discharge line. Such a diluted chemical liquid production apparatus can control a pH and an oxidation-reduction potential.

A diluted chemical liquid production apparatus has a structure that has a platinum group metal carrying resin column, a membrane-type deaeration apparatus and a gas dissolving membrane apparatus, which are sequentially provided in a supply line of ultrapure water; and has a pH adjuster injection device and an oxidation-reduction potential adjuster injection device, which are provided between the platinum group metal carrying resin column and the membrane-type deaeration apparatus. An inert gas source is connected to a gaseous phase side of the membrane-type deaeration apparatus, and an inert gas source is also connected to the gaseous phase side of the gas dissolving membrane apparatus; and a discharge line communicates with the gas dissolving membrane apparatus. A pH meter and an ORP meter are provided in the discharge line. Such a diluted chemical liquid production apparatus can control a pH and an oxidation-reduction potential.

Provided herein is forward osmosis-based water purification process, that includes contacting a solution of a soluble draw agent with a dehydrated insoluble draw agent, separating the now hydrated insoluble draw agent from the now concentrated draw solution, and exerting a stimulus on the hydrated insoluble draw agent for extracting water therefrom, thereby regenerating a dehydrated insoluble draw agent, wherein the osmotic concentration (osmolality) of the insoluble draw agent is greater than the osmotic concentration of the diluted draw solution, and the insoluble draw agent is impermeable to the soluble draw agent.