A method and apparatus according to the invention is described, which in a first mode operates as an internal combustion engine delivering energy and in a second mode operates as a pulsed compression reactor converting electrical energy in the form of chemical compounds. In the second mode, at least one of the generated compounds is collected and temporarily stored.

The process and apparatus according to the invention allow the production of chemical compounds without the use of catalysts. For this purpose, the reactants necessary for the desired products are fed to compression reactors. In addition, the reaction conditions are controlled by means of an electronic control device. For this purpose, among other things, the compression reactors are combined with an electric motor, thereby influencing the residence time in the reactors. In addition, it is planned to raise the reactant pressures with the help of a compressor. In addition, the operating conditions are recorded with suitable sensors and/or analysers.

An adsorbent for phosphoric acid-based anionic substances, that contains foamed glass, and that has a Ca2p concentration of 7.5 atom % or more or a Na1s concentration of 5.0 atom % or less at the surface thereof as measured by XPS analysis, and a half-width of Si2p peak of 2.4 eV or more. The adsorbent can also have a specific surface area of 45 m.sup.2/g or more or a pore volume of 2.5 cm.sup.3/g or more as measured by mercury intrusion.

The present invention provides methods and an apparatuses for converting polymeric material into hydrocarbon products.

A supercritical water oxidation vortex reactor has a reactor shell configured to contain a pressurized and heated material including water, a burner assembly configured to create a supercritical core region in the material in the reactor shell, the supercritical core region including water above its critical point, an injector assembly configured to inject into the enclosed volume a subcritical wash stream including water below its critical point and an aspirator arranged in the enclosed volume and configured to remove a processed flow including purified water from an upper portion of the supercritical core region. The supercritical water oxidation vortex reactor is configured with an upward helical flow to transfer precipitated ionic compounds out of the supercritical core region, through a transcritical intermediate region, and into the subcritical wash stream where they re-dissolve.

A recirculation circuit for a processing vessel is configured to process a load with a process fluid. The recirculation circuit includes a first circuit portion configured to recirculate a first portion of the process fluid through the vessel. The first circuit portion includes a first pump having a first flow rate and a first output pressure and a heat exchanger in fluid communication with the first pump. A second circuit portion is configured to recirculate a second portion of the process fluid through the vessel. The second circuit portion includes a second pump having a second flow rate higher than the first flow rate and a second output pressure lower than the first output pressure.

A piston pressure device includes a gas concentration-regulating piston pressure device and a high temperature autoclave. In the gas concentration-regulating piston pressure device, the proportion and concentration of corrosive gases can be accurately adjusted, intermediate gases can be stored and filled into the high temperature autoclave according to experimental needs, and an actual corrosion process in oilfield is accurately simulated. Meanwhile, the corrosive gases can be supplemented in real time during the experiment, and dynamic gas distribution in a high-temperature high-pressure corrosion experiment process is realized. The present invention has the advantages as follows: the piston pressure device is resistant to high temperature and high pressure, corrosion-resistant, simple in structure and convenient to operate; the concentration and proportion of the corrosive gases are accurately controlled to be invariable in the high-temperature high-corrosion experiment process; and reliability of high-temperature high-pressure corrosive experimental results is increased.

The invention relates to an apparatus (1) for processing a slurry containing organic components, such as biomass, having a water contents of at least 50%, comprising a heat exchanger (7) to heat the slurry and a reactor (8) to convert at least a part of the organic components in the slurry, wherein at least one of the heat exchanger (7) and the reactor (8) comprises one or more pipes (7A; 8A). At least one transport screw (15) is accommodated in the pipe (7A; 8A) or at least one of the pipes (7A; 8A).

Steam cracking of ethane, a non-catalytic thermochemical process, remains the dominant means of ethylene production. The severe reaction conditions and energy expenditure involved in this process incentivize the search for alternative reaction pathways and reactor designs which maximize ethylene yield while minimizing cost and energy input. According to the present invention, ethylene yields as high as 68% were obtained with a quartz open tube reactor without the use of a catalyst or a cofed stream of oxidizing agents. The open tube reactor design promotes simplicity, low cost, and negligible coke formation. Reactor designs can be optimized to improve the conversion of ethane to ethylene via non-oxidative dehydrogenation, an approach which shows promise for decentralized production of ethylene from natural gas deposits.

Devices and methods for the high-pressure treatment of bulk material by extraction and/or impregnation. The bulk material is arranged in the interior volume of a pressure vessel device and is treated at a high pressure while sealed off from the surroundings. The high-pressure treatment is performed batchwise in a closed system in the pressure vessel device in a pressure-tight fashion. The bulk material is fed batchwise to the interior volume with the pressure vessel device closed and being arranged on at least one treatment level and, after the high-pressure treatment has occurred, being discharged batchwise from the interior volume with the pressure vessel device closed. The invention furthermore relates to the use of a supporting tray module with at least one treatment level for the high-pressure treatment in a closed system.