A method of making a bijel includes dispersing surface-active nanoparticles in a ternary liquid mixture. The ternary liquid mixture includes a hydrophilic liquid, a hydrophobic liquid, and a solvent. The ternary liquid mixture is contacted with water. A bijel includes a stable mixture of two immiscible liquids separated by an interfacial layer of colloidal particles. The bijel has temperature-independent stability, and the domain sizes are below one micrometer.

A method of making a bijel includes dispersing surface-active nanoparticles in a ternary liquid mixture. The ternary liquid mixture includes a hydrophilic liquid, a hydrophobic liquid, and a solvent. The ternary liquid mixture is contacted with water. A bijel includes a stable mixture of two immiscible liquids separated by an interfacial layer of colloidal particles. The bijel has temperature-independent stability, and the domain sizes are below one micrometer.

Disclosed are zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) compositions in which at least a portion of the ligands in its shell have been exchanged with other ligands, and methods of making such shell-ligand-exchanged ZIFs. Also disclosed is the use of such shell-ligand-exchanged ZIFs in hydrocarbon separation processes.

A Venturi pump chlorine dioxide generation device with one or more special ninety-degree bends with half-spherical mixing stations including: at least one ninety-degree bend with two half-spherical mixing stations between the sodium hypochlorite introduction point and the acid source introduction point, at least two ninety-degree bends with two half-spherical mixing stations between the acid source point and the sodium chlorite introduction point, and at least two ninety-degree bends with two half-spherical mixing stations between the sodium chlorite introduction point and the vacuum chamber of the Venturi pump. Each ninety-degree bend with two half-spherical mixing stations is an elbow section of cylindrical conduit or pipe wherein the two outer segments of the ninety-degree bend each have a spherical shaped expansion area to create a half-spherical concave section inside the conduit or pipe.

A Venturi pump chlorine dioxide generation device with one or more special ninety-degree bends with half-spherical mixing stations including: at least one ninety-degree bend with two half-spherical mixing stations between the sodium hypochlorite introduction point and the acid source introduction point, at least two ninety-degree bends with two half-spherical mixing stations between the acid source point and the sodium chlorite introduction point, and at least two ninety-degree bends with two half-spherical mixing stations between the sodium chlorite introduction point and the vacuum chamber of the Venturi pump. Each ninety-degree bend with two half-spherical mixing stations is an elbow section of cylindrical conduit or pipe wherein the two outer segments of the ninety-degree bend each have a spherical shaped expansion area to create a half-spherical concave section inside the conduit or pipe.

A method may include: introducing a fluid comprising a first immiscible phase and a second immiscible phase into a contacting vessel comprising multiple contact stages: flowing the fluid through a first fiber bundle disposed in the contacting vessel; separating at least a portion of the first immiscible phase from the second immiscible phase; and flowing the separated portion of the first immiscible phase through a second fiber bundle disposed in the contacting vessel.

Disclosed is an external circulating slurry reactive crystallizer, including a riser, a degassing zone and a downcomer. A lower end of the riser is communicated with a gas inlet pipe, a liquid inlet pipe and a solid feeding pipe, while an upper end of the riser is communicated with a lower end of the degassing zone. An upper end of the downcomer is integrally fixed to a sidewall of the degassing zone. At least one hydrocyclone is arranged at a lower end of the downcomer. The hydrocyclone is provided with an overflow port at an upper end thereof and an underflow port and a valve at a lower end thereof. The overflow port is communicated with the riser. The crystallizer can simultaneously realize reaction, crystallization and separation for continuous production with low cost, regulating and controlling the particle size distribution and morphology of crystals.

Provided is a reactor capable of generating a proposed target solution in a short time by reacting the raw material solutions with each other while allowing a mixed raw material solution containing a plurality of kinds of raw material solutions mixed with each other to flow, and restraining the temperature of the mixed raw material solution from excessively rising. The reactor includes a reaction channel allowing the mixed raw material solution to flow and a solvent channel allowing a solvent dissolvable in the mixed raw material solution to flow. The solvent channel is connected to the reaction channel between the upstream end and the downstream end of the reaction channel so that the solvent flowing in the solvent channel is mixed with the mixed raw material solution flowing in the reaction channel from the middle of the reaction channel.

Provided is a reactor capable of generating a proposed target solution in a short time by reacting the raw material solutions with each other while allowing a mixed raw material solution containing a plurality of kinds of raw material solutions mixed with each other to flow, and restraining the temperature of the mixed raw material solution from excessively rising. The reactor includes a reaction channel allowing the mixed raw material solution to flow and a solvent channel allowing a solvent dissolvable in the mixed raw material solution to flow. The solvent channel is connected to the reaction channel between the upstream end and the downstream end of the reaction channel so that the solvent flowing in the solvent channel is mixed with the mixed raw material solution flowing in the reaction channel from the middle of the reaction channel.

The invention is directed to a process for the continuous preparation of a cycloadduct product from the reaction of a furanic with a dienophile, comprising heating a first liquid feed stream comprising the dienophile and a solvent in which the dienophile is dissolved; providing a second liquid feed stream comprising the furanic; leading the first liquid feed stream and the second liquid feed stream into a continuous reactor to produce a product solution stream comprising the cycloadduct product; and leading the product solution stream to an product isolation zone to produce an isolated cycloadduct product. A further aspect of the invention is an apparatus for carrying out this reaction.