A method of forming a self-cleaning film system includes depositing a perfluorocarbon siloxane polymer onto a substrate to form a first layer. The method includes removing a plurality of portions of the first layer to define a plurality of cavities in the first layer and form a plurality of projections that protrude from the substrate. The method includes depositing a photocatalytic material onto the plurality of projections and into the plurality of cavities to form a second layer comprising: a bonded portion disposed in the plurality of cavities and in contact with the substrate, and a non-bonded portion disposed on the plurality of projections and spaced apart from the substrate. The method also includes, after depositing the photocatalytic material, removing the non-bonded portion to thereby form the self-cleaning film system.

The present invention relates to methods for improving carbon capture using entrained catalytic-particles within an amine solvent. The particles are functionalized and appended with a CO.sub.2 hydration catalyst to enhance the kinetics of CO.sub.2 hydration and improve overall mass transfer of CO.sub.2 from an acid gas.

A hierarchical catalyst composition comprising a continuous or particulate macroporous scaffold in which is incorporated mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles, wherein an enzyme is embedded in mesopores of the mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles. Methods for synthesizing the hierarchical catalyst composition are also described. Also described are processes that use the recoverable hierarchical catalyst composition for depolymerizing lignin, remediation of water contaminated with aromatic substances, polymerizing monomers by a free-radical mechanism, epoxidation of alkenes, halogenation of phenols, inhibiting growth and function of microorganisms in a solution, and carbon dioxide conversion to methanol. Further described are methods for increasing the space time yield and/or total turnover number of a liquid-phase chemical reaction that includes magnetic particles to facilitate the chemical reaction, the method comprising subjecting the chemical reaction to a plurality of magnetic fields of selected magnetic strength, relative position in the chemical reaction, and relative motion.

The application provides an oxide layer material capable of adsorbing and degrading methane gas, which is obtained by a method comprising the steps of: 1) subjecting a cracked household refuse to aerobic biological pretreatment; 2) subjecting the material which has been subjected to the aerobic biological pretreatment to biological stabilizing treatment; and 3) adding copper chloride, potassium sulfate, magnesium oxide, and a composite bacterial agent for oxidizing methane gas to the material which has been subjected to the biological stabilizing treatment to obtain the oxide layer material capable of adsorbing and degrading methane gas. This disclosure further discloses a method for preparing the oxide layer material capable of adsorbing and degrading methane gas described above.

A solution of a mixed alkaline earth alkoxide compound with an aluminum compound in an aprotic solvent, and methods of making and using them.

The present invention discloses a continuous calcination vessel which can be used to prepare calcined chemically-treated solid oxides from solid oxides and chemically-treated solid oxides. A process for the continuous preparation of calcined chemically-treated solid oxides is also provided. Calcined chemically-treated solid oxides disclosed herein can be used in catalyst compositions for the polymerization of olefins.

A hierarchical catalyst composition comprising a continuous or particulate macroporous scaffold in which is incorporated mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles, wherein an enzyme is embedded in mesopores of the mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles. Methods for synthesizing the hierarchical catalyst composition are also described. Also described are processes that use the recoverable hierarchical catalyst composition for depolymerizing lignin, remediation of water contaminated with aromatic substances, polymerizing monomers by a free-radical mechanism, epoxidation of alkenes, halogenation of phenols, inhibiting growth and function of microorganisms in a solution, and carbon dioxide conversion to methanol. Further described are methods for increasing the space time yield and/or total turnover number of a liquid-phase chemical reaction that includes magnetic particles to facilitate the chemical reaction, the method comprising subjecting the chemical reaction to a plurality of magnetic fields of selected magnetic strength, relative position in the chemical reaction, and relative motion.

I, II, III and IV,

##STR00001## wherein Y is a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, or a C.sub.6-C.sub.30 aryl or substituted aryl group; L is an electron-donating ligand; A is an element selected from Group 15 or 16; R is a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 alkyl, aryl, or substituted aryl group; n is an integer from 1 to 3; m is an integer from 1 to 4; B is a boron atom; M is selected from lanthanides or transition metals from group 3, 4, 5 or 6; X is an anionic ligand to M and z is the valence of M minus 2; and a catalyst comprising a 2-indenyl metallocene complex, a ligand precursor, a process for preparation of a ligand precursor, a process for preparation of olefin polymers in the presence of 2-indenyl metallocene complexes, articles comprising an olefin polymer, and methods of making the articles.

Object: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing, with a high yield, a fluorinated organic compound, the fluorinated organic compound having not been produced with a sufficient yield by a conventional method for producing a fluorinated organic compound using a fluorinating agent containing IF.sub.5-pyridine-HF alone. Another object of the present invention is to provide a fluorinating reagent. Means for achieving the object: A method for producing a fluorinated organic compound comprising step A of fluorinating an organic compound by bringing the organic compound into contact with (1) IF.sub.5-pyridine-HF and (2) at least one additive selected from the group consisting of amine hydrogen fluorides, X.sup.aF (wherein X.sup.a represents hydrogen, potassium, sodium, or lithium), oxidizers, and reducing agents.

Object: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing, with a high yield, a fluorinated organic compound, the fluorinated organic compound having not been produced with a sufficient yield by a conventional method for producing a fluorinated organic compound using a fluorinating agent containing IF.sub.5-pyridine-HF alone. Another object of the present invention is to provide a fluorinating reagent. Means for achieving the object: A method for producing a fluorinated organic compound comprising step A of fluorinating an organic compound by bringing the organic compound into contact with (1) IF.sub.5-pyridine-HF and (2) at least one additive selected from the group consisting of amine hydrogen fluorides, X.sup.aF (wherein X.sup.a represents hydrogen, potassium, sodium, or lithium), oxidizers, and reducing agents.