An R-T-B based permanent magnet includes main phase grains composed of R.sub.2T.sub.14B type compound. R is a rare earth element. T is iron group element(s) essentially including Fe or Fe and Co. B is boron. An average grain size of the main phase grains is 0.8 μm or more and 2.8 μm or less. The R-T-B based permanent magnet contains at least C and Zr in addition to R, T, and B. B is contained at 0.75 mass % or more and 0.88 mass % or less. Zr is contained at 0.65 mass % or more and 5.00 mass % or less. A formula (1) of 5.0≦[B]+[C]−[Zr]≦5.6 is satisfied, where [B] is a B content represented by atom %, [C] is a C content represented by atom %, and [Zr] is a Zr content represented by atom %.

An R-T-B based permanent magnet includes main phase grains composed of R.sub.2T.sub.14B type compound. R is a rare earth element. T is iron group element(s) essentially including Fe or Fe and Co. B is boron. The magnet contains at least C, Ga, and M selected from Zr, Ti, and Nb in addition to R, T, and B. B is contained at 0.71 mass % to 0.88 mass %. C is contained at 0.15 mass % to 0.34 mass %. Ga is contained at 0.40 mass % to 1.40 mass %. M is contained at 0.25 mass % to 2.50 mass %. A formula (1) of 0.14≦[C]/([B]+[C])≦0.30 and a formula (2) of 5.0≦[B]+[C]−[M]≦5.6 are satisfied, where [B], [C], and [M] are respectively a content of B, C, and M by atom %.

In production of a reactive metal using a melting furnace for producing metal having a hearth, ingots can be efficiently produced by efficiently cooling the ingots extracted from the mold provided in the melting furnace. In addition, an apparatus structure in which multiple ingots can be produced with high efficiency and high quality from one hearth, is provided. A melting furnace for producing metal is provided, the furnace has a hearth for having molten metal formed by melting raw material, a mold in which the molten metal is poured, an extracting jig which is provided below the mold for extracting ingot cooled and solidified downwardly, a cooling member for cooling the ingot extracted downwardly of the mold, and an outer case for keeping the hearth, the mold, the extracting jig, and the cooling member separated from the air, wherein at least one mold and extracting jig are provided in the outer case, and the cooling member is provided between the outer case and the ingot, or between the multiple ingots.

Provided is a method for stably obtaining a non-oriented electrical steel sheet with high magnetic flux density and excellent productivity, at a low cost by casting in a continuous casting machine a slab having a chemical composition including by mass %, C≦0.0050%, 3.0%<Si≦5.0%, Mn≦0.10%, Al≦0.0010%, 0.040%<P≦0.2%, N≦0.0040%, 0.0003%≦S≦0.0050%, Ca≦0.0015%, and total of at least one element selected from Sn and Sb: 0.01% or more and 0.1% or less, balance including Fe and incidental impurities, subjecting the slab to heating, then subjecting the slab to hot rolling to obtain a hot rolled steel sheet, then subjecting the steel sheet to hot band annealing, pickling, subsequent single cold rolling to obtain a final sheet thickness, then subjecting the steel sheet to final annealing, wherein in the hot band annealing, soaking temperature is 900° C. or higher and 1050° C. or lower, and cooling rate after soaking is 5° C/s or more.

The present invention relates to a rack steel plate with a thickness up to 177.8 mm by a continuous casting slab, the constituents and mass percentages including C0.11˜0.15%, Si0.15˜0.35%, Mn0.95˜1.25%, P≤0.010%, S≤0.002%, Cr0.45˜0.75%, Mo0.4˜0.6%, Ni1.3˜2.6%, Cu0.2˜0.4%, Al0.06˜0.09%, V0.03˜0.06%, Nb≤0.04%, N≤0.006%, B0.001˜0.002%, the balance is Fe and unavoidable impurity elements. The manufacture method includes, in sequence, KR molten steel pretreatment, converter smelting, LF refining, RH refining, continuous casting through a straight-arc continuous casting machine, shielding the continuous casting slab a cover and slowly cooling, cleaning the continuous casting slab, heating, high-pressure water descaling, control rolling, straightening, slowly cooling, quenching and tempering treatment. The rack steel plate of large thickness in present invention has advantages of high strength, good plasticity and excellent toughness at a low temperature, the process method has advantages of simple process, low cost and efficiently quick etc.

The present invention discloses a product comprising a 1xxx, 3xxx and 8xxx series aluminum alloy made by a non-ingot casting process, where the aluminum alloy has a thickness of about 5 micrometers to about 150 micrometers for a foil product. The product has an O-temper tensile strength, O-temper elongation, and O-temper Mullen pressure that are at least 10% greater compared to the average values of the same alloy in O-temper cast using a slab or roll-casting process. The product is substantially free of pinholes caused by centerline segregation of intermetallic particles. In another embodiment, the present invention discloses a 8111 or 8921 aluminum alloy made by a non-ingot casting process, where the aluminum alloy has a thickness of about 5 micrometers to about 150 micrometers for a foil product. The product has an O-temper tensile strength, O-temper elongation, and O-temper Mullen pressure that are at least 10% greater than the average values of the same alloy in O-temper made from feedstock prepared by slab or roll casting processes. The product is substantially free of pinholes caused by centerline segregation of intermetallic particles.

A separator plate for use as a clutch plate for a multiplate wet clutch is formed of a steel plate. The steel plate has a chemical composition containing, on a basis of percent by mass, C from 0.03 to 0.08%, Si from 0 to 1.0%, Mn from 0.2 to 0.8%, P at 0.03% or less, S at 0.01% or less, and Al at 0.05% or less, so as to satisfy a formula, 5*C %−Si %+Mn %−1.5*Al %<1. In addition, the steel plate has the chemical component containing at least one of Nb from 0.03 to 0.4%, V from 0.01 to 0.3%, and Ti from 0.01 to 0.3%, so as to satisfy a formula, 0.04<(Nb %/1.4)+(V %/1.1)+Ti %<0.3. Then, an average diameter of particles of a carbide as a precipitate is controlled to be from 20 to 100 nm. The plate is formed by heating, hot rolling, winding and forming.

Austempered steel for components requiring high strength and high ductility and/or fracture toughness, which has a silicon content of 3.1 weight-% to 4.4 weight-% and a carbon content of 0.4 weight-% to 0.6 weight-%. The microstructure of the austempered steel is ausferritic or superbainitic.

A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet includes a steel layer and an insulation coating arranged in directly contact with the steel layer thereon. The steel layer includes, as a chemical composition, by mass %, 2.9 to 4.0% of Si, 2.0 to 4.0% of Mn, 0 to 0.20% of Sn, and 0 to 0.20% of Sb. In the steel layer, a silicon content and a manganese content expressed in mass % satisfy 1.2%≦Si-0.5×Mn≦2.0%, and a tin content and an antimony content expressed in mass % satisfy 0.005%≦Sn+Sb≦0.20%.

The present disclosure provides a welding electrode and methods of manufacturing the same. The welding electrode can include a composite body having a tip portion and an end portion. The composite body can include a shell defining a cavity through the end portion, the shell comprising a first metal that includes one or more of the following: a precipitation hardened copper alloy, copper alloy, and carbon steel. The composite body can also include a core within the shell, the core extending through the shell from the tip portion to the cavity, the core comprising a second metal that includes dispersion strengthened copper. The core and the shell have a metallurgical bond formed from co-extrusion.