A cutting insert may include an upper surface, a lower surface, a front lateral surface and a rear lateral surface. The upper surface may include a first upper cutting edge and an upper constraining surface. The lower surface may include a first region, a second region and a third region. The first region may be located on a side opposite to the upper constraining surface. The second region may be located closer to the front lateral surface than the first region. The third region may be located closer to the rear lateral surface than the first region. A wedge angle of the first region may be a first angle, a wedge angle of the second region may be a second angle, and a wedge angle of the third region may be a third angle. The first angle may be smaller than each of the second angle and the third angle.

A cutting insert may include an upper surface, a lower surface, a front lateral surface and a rear lateral surface. The upper surface may include a first upper cutting edge and an upper constraining surface. The lower surface may include a first region, a second region and a third region. The first region may be located on a side opposite to the upper constraining surface. The second region may be located closer to the front lateral surface than the first region. The third region may be located closer to the rear lateral surface than the first region. A wedge angle of the first region may be a first angle, a wedge angle of the second region may be a second angle, and a wedge angle of the third region may be a third angle. The first angle may be smaller than each of the second angle and the third angle.

A method of manufacturing an engine connecting rod includes mounting a rod on a first mount configured to rotate, mounting a cap on a second mount configured to rotate, positioning a spindle head such that a tool of the spindle head contacts a first connecting end of the rod, machining the first connecting end by spinning the first mount, machining the first connecting end by moving the spindle head, positioning the spindle head such that the tool of the spindle head contacts a second connecting end of the cap configured to be coupled to the first connecting end, machining the second connecting end by spinning the second mount, and machining the second connecting end by moving the spindle head. The spindle head is moveable in a first direction extending between the first and second mounts, a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, a third direction perpendicular to the first and second directions, and rotatable about an axis.

An example method includes performing a machining operation by providing linear movement of a tool along a feed axis relative to a workpiece while superimposing oscillation of the tool onto the feed axis and providing rotation of the tool relative to the workpiece. During an optimization mode, the machining operation is performed on a first workpiece portion while providing the linear movement at an initial feed velocity, and sequentially superimposing the oscillating at a plurality of different frequencies. An optimal oscillation frequency is determined from the plurality of different frequencies which causes the tool to apply less force to the first workpiece portion at the initial feed velocity than others of the frequencies. During a run mode, the machining operation is performed on a second workpiece portion having a same composition as the first workpiece portion while superimposing the oscillation at the optimal oscillation frequency.

An example method includes performing a machining operation by providing linear movement of a tool along a feed axis relative to a workpiece while superimposing oscillation of the tool onto the feed axis and providing rotation of the tool relative to the workpiece. During an optimization mode, the machining operation is performed on a first workpiece portion while providing the linear movement at an initial feed velocity, and sequentially superimposing the oscillating at a plurality of different frequencies. An optimal oscillation frequency is determined from the plurality of different frequencies which causes the tool to apply less force to the first workpiece portion at the initial feed velocity than others of the frequencies. During a run mode, the machining operation is performed on a second workpiece portion having a same composition as the first workpiece portion while superimposing the oscillation at the optimal oscillation frequency.

The present invention relates to a method for forming the spacer of slitting machine. Firstly, the material is provided, then various processing methods are applied to form the spacer with smooth surface and a plurality of fixed-distance columns. Compared to the conventional spacer, the weight of lightweight spacer of the invention is reduced by 50%±10%. Additionally, the lightweight spacer of the invention not only is placed on the other positions of slitting machine, but also is suitable for the machines of other relevant fields.

The present invention relates to a method for forming the spacer of slitting machine. Firstly, the material is provided, then various processing methods are applied to form the spacer with smooth surface and a plurality of fixed-distance columns. Compared to the conventional spacer, the weight of lightweight spacer of the invention is reduced by 50%±10%. Additionally, the lightweight spacer of the invention not only is placed on the other positions of slitting machine, but also is suitable for the machines of other relevant fields.

Disclosed herein is a plasma-resistant chamber component and a method for manufacturing the same. A plasma-resistant chamber component of a semiconductor processing chamber that generates a plasma environment includes a ceramic article having multiple polished apertures. A roughness of the multiple polished apertures is less than 32 μin.

Disclosed herein is a plasma-resistant chamber component and a method for manufacturing the same. A plasma-resistant chamber component of a semiconductor processing chamber that generates a plasma environment includes a ceramic article having multiple polished apertures. A roughness of the multiple polished apertures is less than 32 μin.

Provided is a hole drilling machine and the method for drilling an oval hole and an inner-diameter-changing hole by means of the hole drilling machine, the machine and the method being configured so that the oval hole can be shaped with high accuracy and drilling of a complicated hole such as the inner-diameter-changing hole can be performed with high accuracy. A hole drilling machine 100 includes a spindle 101 and an auxiliary spindle 120 holding both end portions of a processing tool 102 having a cutting blade 103. The spindle 101 includes a spindle drive motor 106 configured to rotatably displace the processing tool 102 on a circular path, and a tool turnable-drive motor 105 configured to spin the processing tool 102. The auxiliary spindle 120 includes an auxiliary spindle drive motor 120b. In the auxiliary spindle drive motor 120b, a tool fitting portion 120a in which a tip end portion of the processing tool 102 is slidably fitted is synchronously rotatably driven on the same circular path as that for the spindle 101. A table reciprocatably-displacing mechanism 111 is provided between the spindle 101 and the auxiliary spindle 120. The table reciprocatably-displacing mechanism 111 reciprocatably displaces a work piece WK in an X-axis direction perpendicular to an axial direction of the spindle 101.