A power-assist drive system for a vehicle (e.g., a bicycle) is provided. The system includes a drive unit assembly attached to a frame of a vehicle and a motor having an output shaft, and a drive gear rotatably associated with the output shaft. The system further includes a driven unit assembly including a driven gear configured to be attached to a wheel hub of the vehicle, and a brake disc coaxially attached to the driven gear. The drive gear may be configured to operably engage the driven gear to transmit power from the motor to the wheel hub. A brake caliper may be integrated with the drive unit assembly. The system may further include a battery and a speed controller configured to receive an input signal to selectively direct electrical power from the battery to the motor to drive the wheel via the drive gear and the driven gear.

A power-assist drive system for a vehicle (e.g., a bicycle) is provided. The system includes a drive unit assembly attached to a frame of a vehicle and a motor having an output shaft, and a drive gear rotatably associated with the output shaft. The system further includes a driven unit assembly including a driven gear configured to be attached to a wheel hub of the vehicle, and a brake disc coaxially attached to the driven gear. The drive gear may be configured to operably engage the driven gear to transmit power from the motor to the wheel hub. A brake caliper may be integrated with the drive unit assembly. The system may further include a battery and a speed controller configured to receive an input signal to selectively direct electrical power from the battery to the motor to drive the wheel via the drive gear and the driven gear.

A motorcycle may include a step operating mechanism including a base member, a pivot member, a pivot shaft, and a locking mechanism. The base member may be supported by a first portion of a frame member. The pivot member may extend from the base member in a motorcycle width direction. The pivot member may pivot along a straight line orthogonal to the pivot shaft and may be configured to be received by a docking cavity of an associated electric scooter. The locking mechanism of the step operating mechanism may be configured to lock or fix a front portion of the associated electric scooter to the pivot member when the pivot member is received by the docking cavity of the associated electric scooter. The motorcycle may include a second locking mechanism supported by a second portion of the frame member.

A brake modulator controls actuation of front and rear brakes, and includes a collision possibility determining unit, an automatic brake control unit, and a brake operation determining unit. When the collision possibility determining unit determines that there is a possibility of collision, and the brake operation determining unit determines that brake operation by a driver is absent, the automatic brake control unit first actuates only the rear brake to generate a rear wheel braking force, and also actuates the front brake 2 to generate a front wheel braking force.

An electric three wheeled vehicle includes a vehicle chassis supporting a vehicle operator seat or saddle. The vehicle chassis defines a storage region beneath the vehicle operator seat or saddle. One or more energy storage devices for powering one or more electric motors of the vehicle are located within the storage region and are supported by the chassis. The storage region and/or the energy storage device(s) each form an elongate three-dimensional volume having a long axis that is parallel to a longitudinal axis of the vehicle. A vehicle operator, when seated upon the seat or saddle, sits astride the one or more energy storage devices. A handlebar steering assembly is operatively coupled to a pair of front wheels to provide steering. The vehicle includes a single rear wheel.

Electric and hybrid off-road vehicles, accessories and frames therefor are provided. An off-road vehicle comprises a frame assembly, at least one front and rear wheel, at least one electric motor, at least one battery and at least one final drive unit operatively coupled to at least one wheel. The electric motor is operatively coupled to the final drive unit for transferring torque from the electric motor to the wheel. A battery assembly having electric components integrated thereto is provided. A structural battery is configured to provide a structural connection between at least two of a top, bottom, front and rear portions of a frame assembly for an off-road vehicle, and for receiving loads therefrom. Improved drivetrain arrangements provide flexibility in operating an off-road vehicle and improve overall performance. The environmental impact of off-road vehicles is reduced. Weight and complexity of off-road vehicle frames are reduced without affecting stability or safety.

Electric and hybrid off-road vehicles, accessories and frames therefor are provided. An off-road vehicle comprises a frame assembly, at least one front and rear wheel, at least one electric motor, at least one battery and at least one final drive unit operatively coupled to at least one wheel. The electric motor is operatively coupled to the final drive unit for transferring torque from the electric motor to the wheel. A battery assembly having electric components integrated thereto is provided. A structural battery is configured to provide a structural connection between at least two of a top, bottom, front and rear portions of a frame assembly for an off-road vehicle, and for receiving loads therefrom. Improved drivetrain arrangements provide flexibility in operating an off-road vehicle and improve overall performance. The environmental impact of off-road vehicles is reduced. Weight and complexity of off-road vehicle frames are reduced without affecting stability or safety.

Methods and systems for providing a simulated clutch function for an electric vehicle. One system includes a clutch input mechanism, one or more sensors providing signals representing a position of the clutch input mechanism, and a controller. The controller is configured to determine, based on the signals from the one or more sensors, whether the clutch input mechanism has been released from an engaged state, and, in response to determining that the clutch input mechanism has been released from the engaged state, the controller is configured to (i) determine a clutch multiplier, (ii) determine a clutch delivery time, and (iii) adjust a power curve mapping the position of a throttle mechanism to a power output based on the clutch multiplier and control power to a motor based on a position of a throttle input mechanism and the adjusted power curve for the clutch delivery time.

A power-assist drive system for a vehicle (e.g., a bicycle) is provided. The system includes a drive unit assembly attached to a frame of a vehicle and a motor having an output shaft, and a drive gear rotatably associated with the output shaft. The system further includes a driven unit assembly including a driven gear configured to be attached to a wheel hub of the vehicle, and a brake disc coaxially attached to the driven gear. The drive gear may be configured to operably engage the driven gear to transmit power from the motor to the wheel hub. A brake caliper may be integrated with the drive unit assembly. The system may further include a battery and a speed controller configured to receive an input signal to selectively direct electrical power from the battery to the motor to drive the wheel via the drive gear and the driven gear.

A power-assist drive system for a vehicle (e.g., a bicycle) is provided. The system includes a drive unit assembly attached to a frame of a vehicle and a motor having an output shaft, and a drive gear rotatably associated with the output shaft. The system further includes a driven unit assembly including a driven gear configured to be attached to a wheel hub of the vehicle, and a brake disc coaxially attached to the driven gear. The drive gear may be configured to operably engage the driven gear to transmit power from the motor to the wheel hub. A brake caliper may be integrated with the drive unit assembly. The system may further include a battery and a speed controller configured to receive an input signal to selectively direct electrical power from the battery to the motor to drive the wheel via the drive gear and the driven gear.