The present disclosure provides a nutritional formula comprising alpha-lactalbumin enriched whey protein concentrate; beta-casein enriched milk protein; mildly hydrolyzed milk protein; osteopontin; lactoferrin; oleic acid-palmitic acid-oleic acid triglyceride, wherein palmitic acid is at the SN-2 position of the glycerol backbone of the triglyceride; lactose, wherein the lactose is reduced lactose; lutein; docosahexanoic acid; arachidonic acid; galactooligosaccharides; and polydextrose. The provided nutritional formulas may be useful in providing nutrition and/or promoting postnatal development of a subject (e.g., promoting postnatal development of an infant's gastrointestinal functions, nutrient absorption, immune system development, etc.). Also provided are powder forms, reconstituted formulas, kits, methods, and uses that include or involve a nutritional formula described herein.

The present disclosure discloses a casein micelle with composition and structural features simulating human milk and a preparation method thereof. The method includes the following steps: adding a citrate ion, a calcium ion, and a phosphate ion to a solution of compound casein to obtain a mixed solution; and then adjusting the pH of the mixed solution to 6.7-7.4, and achieving a constant volume with water to obtain a solution of the casein micelle simulating human milk. Wherein β-casein, κ-casein, and α.sub.s1-casein have a mass proportion of 65-71%, 17-23%, and 9-15% in the compound casein respectively. In the solution of the casein micelle simulating human milk, the concentrations of compound casein, citrate ion, calcium ion and phosphate ion were 0.3-0.6%, 1.5-4.2 mM, 4.5-10.8 mM, and 1.1-4.5 mM, respectively. The casein micelle simulating human milk of the present disclosure is similar to human milk casein micelle, and has low allergenicity.

Disclosed are methods of reducing the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in an infant, toddler, or child using nutritional compositions including human milk oligosaccharides. The nutritional compositions including the human milk oligosaccharides are effective in reducing inflammation and the incidence of inflammatory diseases.

Embodiments of the disclosure include particular amyloglucosidase (AMG) compositions formulated as a nutriceutical or medicinal food, for example. The AMG compositions are formulated at a specific dosage and/or are lacking in one or more toxins or have substantially reduced levels of toxin, such as deoxynivalenol (vomit toxin). The AMG compositions are provided to individuals in need thereof, such as an individual with or at risk for congenital sucrase isomaltase syndrome, functional bowel disorders, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, protein-calorie malnutrition (marasmus), radiochemotherapy-induced mucositis and/or short-gut syndrome.

Disclosed herein is an isolated strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus TW01, which is deposited at Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH under an accession number DSM 33990. Also disclosed herein are uses of the isolated strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus TW01 for alleviating an inflammation-related disorder and for improving gut health.

The present invention discloses a capsule supplement that can boost the immune system and offer advanced protection. The food supplement is a food composition for oral administration as an anti-inflammatory and immune booster. The invention achieves the results by using its anti-inflammatory properties, fats, carbohydrates, protein, fruits, minerals and vitamins, antioxidant and is fortified with: vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, and bromelain. It improves overall health and wellness. The said supplement increases the body defenses against viruses and other illnesses. Unlike therapeutic interventions, this supplement composes of ingredients that are in the food category, which is the primary source of nutrients for the human body. It helps the body maintains its healthy normal functions by using its natural source of sustenance.

An energy composition includes a methylated xanthine, a choline derivative, and at least one flavorant in a sufficient amount to render the energy composition palatable. The energy composition may also include vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, preservatives, and the like.

A method for treating autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases includes a step of identifying a subject having a gastrointestinal autoimmune/inflammatory disease. A fasting mimicking diet (FMD) is administered to the subject for a first time period.

A method for treating autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases includes a step of identifying a subject having a gastrointestinal autoimmune/inflammatory disease. A fasting mimicking diet (FMD) is administered to the subject for a first time period.

The present invention provides a system for providing a health benefit to a companion animal comprising: a maintenance pet food comprising fat, protein, and carbohydrates, where the maintenance pet food can be complete and balanced and has a density ranging from 400 g/l to 600 g/l; and a reduced caloric pet food comprising fat, protein, and carbohydrates, where the reduced caloric pet food can be complete and balanced and has a density ranging from 300 g/l to 450 g/l. Generally, the reduced caloric pet food can have a caloric content of 50% to 90% of the maintenance pet food in about the same volume and the reduced caloric pet food can have a density of 70% to 85% of the maintenance pet food.