Described are a solid material which has ionic conductivity for lithium ions, a process for preparing said solid material, a use of said solid material as a solid electrolyte for an electrochemical cell, a solid structure selected from the group consisting of a cathode, an anode and a separator for an electrochemical cell, and an electrochemical cell comprising such solid structure.

Single-step, inexpensive, scalable, and eco-friendly methods and systems for exfoliation and deposition of 2D reduced phosphorene nanosheets are provided, as well as deposited phosphorene nanosheets with high specific capacitance. The exfoliation and deposition can be in situ and can include exfoliation from bulk black phosphorus (BP) into a solvent and deposition onto a negative feeding electrode. The positive feeding electrode can be a noble metal, such as a platinum wire.

Single-step, inexpensive, scalable, and eco-friendly methods and systems for exfoliation and deposition of 2D reduced phosphorene nanosheets are provided, as well as deposited phosphorene nanosheets with high specific capacitance. The exfoliation and deposition can be in situ and can include exfoliation from bulk black phosphorus (BP) into a solvent and deposition onto a negative feeding electrode. The positive feeding electrode can be a noble metal, such as a platinum wire.

A method of producing black phosphorus which includes the steps of: weighing and mixing reaction raw materials which comprises metallic tin, red phosphorus and monocrystalline iodine, wherein a weight ratio of tin: red phosphorus: iodine is 0.6-3.5: 5-45: 0.1-0.8; feeding the mixture to a high-temperature resistant metal reaction tube; removing air by introducing inert gas and sealing the reaction tube tightly; placing the metal reaction tube inside a muffle furnace for carrying out calcination reaction by first increasing a temperature at a preset rate to a maximum temperature and keeping warm and then decreasing a temperature at a preset rate and keeping warm, then to room temperature so that the black phosphorus is produced. The conversion rate is very high and the quality of the produced product is classified as high quality.

A device for producing black phosphorus which includes a reactor having one end connected to a feeding pipe and another end connected to a discharge pipe; a propeller blade unit including a rotating shaft mounted between the two ends of the reactor and a blade element mounted on the rotating shaft; a motor connected to the rotating shaft for controlling a rotation speed of the blade element; a heating device enclosing the reactor at an outer side and defines the reactor into a plurality of heating zones; and an inert gas input connected to the discharge pipe. The device is simple and safe in operation, can optimize the production process at low cost, and has high level of automation, thus facilitating a continuous production of black phosphorus under normal pressure.

The invention relates to a method for producing a multi-purpose isotropic hydroxylapatite/gelatine composite material, involving at least the following steps: a) providing a suspension of powdered hydroxylapatite in a liquid medium selected from the group comprising a C1-C10 alcohol, particularly ethanol, another dispersing agent that can be mixed with water, water, and mixtures thereof; b) adding an aqueous solution of gelatine, preferably at a concentration of 5 to 25 wt. % gelatine, to the suspension; c) agitating the mixture at a predefined temperature for a predefined period of time, preferably in the region of 1 to 10 hours, until the liquid medium has been fully or partially evaporated; and d) optionally drying the product obtained in step c). In a specific embodiment, the method is characterised in that the product obtained in step c) or d) is additionally infiltrated with at least one aliphatic polyether in an additional step e1). In another specific embodiment, the method is characterised in that the product obtained in step c), d) or e1) is additionally brought into contact with at least one agent for crosslinking the gelatine chains, in step e2). A further aspect of the invention relates to the composite material produced using the method described above, and the use of same, particularly as artificial ivory.

A composition includes a few-layer phosphorene nanomaterial comprising at least one of mono-, bi-, and n-layer phosphorene nanosheets, where n is an integer selected from 3 to 6; deoxygenated water; and at least one amphiphilic surface active component.

A phosphorus production method can include reducing feed containing phosphate ore and providing a silica ratio from 0.3 to 0.7 in a reaction chamber from 1250 to 1380 C. Less than 20% of the phosphate remains in the residue. Another phosphorus production method includes continuously moving a reducing bed through the reaction chamber with the feed agglomerates substantially stable while in the reducing bed. Reaction chamber temperature can be from 1250 to 1380 C. A phosphorus production system includes a barrier wall segmenting the reaction chamber into a reduction zone differentiated from a preheat zone. The bed floor is configured to move continuously from the preheat zone to the reduction zone during operation. A method for producing a reduction product includes exothermically oxidizing reduction/oxidation products in the reaction chamber, thereby adding heat to the reducing bed from the freeboard as a second heat source.

Phosphonate based lithium complexes of formula (I) and their use in electrolyte compositions for electrochemical cells. ##STR00001##

Phosphonate based lithium complexes of formula (I) and their use in electrolyte compositions for electrochemical cells. ##STR00001##