An electrode comprising KVOPO.sub.4 as an active ingredient, wherein the electrode is capable of electrochemical insertion and release of alkali metal ions, e.g., sodium ions. The KVOPO.sub.4 may be milled to carbon particles to increase conductivity. A method of forming an electrode is provided, comprising milling a mixture of ammonium metavanadate, ammonium phosphate monobasic, and potassium carbonate; heating the milled mixture to a reaction temperature, and holding the reaction temperature until a solid phase synthesis of KVOPO.sub.4 occurs; milling the KVOPO.sub.4 together with conductive particles to form a conductive mixture of fine particles; and adding binder material to form a conductive cathode. A sodium ion battery is provided having a conductive KVOPO.sub.4 cathode, a sodium ion donor anode, and a sodium ion transport electrolyte. The VOPO.sub.4, preferably has a volume greater than 90 Å.sup.3 per VOPO.sub.4.

The present invention relates to a coating of the surface of an electrical household appliance comprising a decoration (a) comprising a pigmentary compound B1VO4 having a ΔE* in the coating greater than or equal to 11 between ambient temperature and 150° C., ΔE* being defined by the formula CIE1976 in the CIELAB colour space: Formula (I): L1*, a1* and b1* characterising the values L*a*b* of said compound at ambient temperature; L2*, a2* and b2* characterising the values L*a*b* of said compound at 150° C.

Embodiments relate to systems and methods for regenerating and recirculating a CO, H.sub.2 or combinations thereof utilized for metal oxide reduction in a reduction furnace. The reduction furnace receives the reducing agent, reduces the metal oxide, and generates an exhaust of the oxidized product. The oxidized product is transferred to a mixing vessel, where the oxidized product, a calcium oxide, and a vanadium oxide interact to regenerate the reducing agent from the oxidized product. The regenerated reducing agent is transferred back to the reduction furnace for continued metal oxide reductions.

Embodiments relate to systems and methods for regenerating and recirculating a CO, H.sub.2 or combinations thereof utilized for metal oxide reduction in a reduction furnace. The reduction furnace receives the reducing agent, reduces the metal oxide, and generates an exhaust of the oxidized product. The oxidized product is transferred to a mixing vessel, where the oxidized product, a calcium oxide, and a vanadium oxide interact to regenerate the reducing agent from the oxidized product. The regenerated reducing agent is transferred back to the reduction furnace for continued metal oxide reductions.

The present application provides vanadium dioxide doped with Ti, or vanadium dioxide further doped with other atoms selected from the group of W, Ta, Mo, and Nb. The vanadium dioxide of the present application is excellent in moisture resistance and in which deterioration of endothermic characteristics due to moisture is suppressed.

The present application provides vanadium dioxide doped with Ti, or vanadium dioxide further doped with other atoms selected from the group of W, Ta, Mo, and Nb. The vanadium dioxide of the present application is excellent in moisture resistance and in which deterioration of endothermic characteristics due to moisture is suppressed.

The present disclosure relates generally to electrocatalytic process for conversion of a hydrocarbon reactant, comprising: introducing the hydrocarbon reactant into an acidic solution in a presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst includes a d° transition metal-oxo moiety; and applying an electrical input to the catalyst to convert the hydrocarbon reactant into a product. The present disclosure also relates to a catalyst for conversion of a hydrocarbon reactant, comprising a d° transition metal-oxo moiety and a sulfonic moiety bonded to the d° transition metal.

The present invention discloses a method for preparing a vanadium battery electrolyte by using a waste vanadium catalyst. The method includes step A: soaking a waste vanadium catalyst in an oxalic acid solution for 2-8 h, to generate a solution containing vanadyl oxalate; step B: cleaning the waste vanadium catalyst, and collecting the vanadyl oxalate solution; and step C: adding a polyacid ester into the vanadyl oxalate solution; and after full reaction, removing impurities by filtration, and concentrating the filtrate to obtain a vanadyl oxalate mother solution. The method for preparing a vanadium battery electrolyte by using a waste vanadium catalyst according to the present invention does not generate wastes which cause environmental pollution in the treatment process, and can make a solution in the waste vanadium catalyst treatment process generate the electrolyte for preparing a vanadium battery. The process is simple and the treatment cost is low.

The present invention discloses a method for preparing a vanadium battery electrolyte by using a waste vanadium catalyst. The method includes step A: soaking a waste vanadium catalyst in an oxalic acid solution for 2-8 h, to generate a solution containing vanadyl oxalate; step B: cleaning the waste vanadium catalyst, and collecting the vanadyl oxalate solution; and step C: adding a polyacid ester into the vanadyl oxalate solution; and after full reaction, removing impurities by filtration, and concentrating the filtrate to obtain a vanadyl oxalate mother solution. The method for preparing a vanadium battery electrolyte by using a waste vanadium catalyst according to the present invention does not generate wastes which cause environmental pollution in the treatment process, and can make a solution in the waste vanadium catalyst treatment process generate the electrolyte for preparing a vanadium battery. The process is simple and the treatment cost is low.

Provided is a vanadium oxide film which shows substantially no hysteresis of resistivity changes due to temperature rising/falling, has a low resistivity at room temperature, has a large absolute value of the temperature coefficient of resistance, and shows semiconductor-like resistance changes in a wide temperature range. In the vanadium oxide film, a portion of the vanadium has been replaced by aluminum and copper, and the amount of substance of aluminum is 10 mol % based on the sum total of the amount of substance of vanadium, the amount of substance of aluminum, and the amount of substance of copper. This vanadium oxide film has a low resistivity, has a large absolute value of the temperature coefficient of resistance, and shows substantially no hysteresis of resistivity changes due to temperature rising/falling. This vanadium oxide film is produced by applying a mixture solution containing a vanadium organic compound, an aluminum organic compound, and a copper organic compound to a substrate, calcining the substrate at a temperature lower than the temperature at which the substrate decomposes, and irradiating the surface of the substrate onto which the mixture solution has been applied with ultraviolet light.