Computer-implemented methods and apparatus are provided for predicting/estimating (i) a non-equilibrium viscosity for at least one given time point in a given temperature profile for a given glass composition, (ii) at least one temperature profile that will provide a given non-equilibrium viscosity for a given glass composition, or (iii) at least one glass composition that will provide a given non-equilibrium viscosity for a given time point in a given temperature profile. The methods and apparatus can be used to predict/estimate stress relaxation in a glass article during forming as well as compaction, stress relaxation, and/or thermal sag or thermal creep of a glass article when the article is subjected to one or more post-forming thermal treatments.

Provided are a vitrification equipment starting method and starting unit. The vitrification equipment starting method includes: preparing an ignition module; putting the ignition module into a chamber of a low-temperature melting furnace; and performing an ignition operation inside the chamber of the low-temperature melting furnace using the ignition module connected to a high-frequency heating unit outside the low-temperature melting furnace, wherein the ignition module is put into the chamber of the low-temperature melting furnace in an initial state before a form thereof is changed and, when put into the chamber of the low-temperature melting furnace, becomes a variable state in which the form thereof is changed from the initial state and performs the ignition operation.

Methods and systems include melting or augmenting a melt rate of material in a melter using electromagnetic radiation with a frequency between 0.9 GHz and 10 GHz. In some examples, a power and/or frequency of radiation used may be selected so as to control a temperature of a cold cap in the melter while maintaining emissions from the melter below a threshold level. In this manner, examples described herein may provide for efficient and safe melting and vitrification of radioactive wastes.

A method of and an arrangement for recycling mineral wool waste to mineral wool production includes at least one melting furnace for melting virgin mineral wool raw material, the melting furnace including an inlet for virgin mineral wool raw material and an outlet for molten mineral wool material, a production line connected to the outlet for molten mineral wool material for producing a mineral wool product from the molten mineral wool material. The production line includes a curing oven, a fluidized bed reactor including an exhaust gas duct, an inlet for predetermined primary fuel, an inlet for predetermined bed material, and an outlet for an ash material, the ash material including bottom ash discharged via a bottom outlet from the fluidized bed reactor or fly ash separated by a particle separator from exhaust gas in the exhaust gas duct or a mixture of the bottom ash and the fly ash.

A fabrication method of a mass-produced glass containers with visible light shielding using recovered post-consumer glass, the method comprising obtaining successive batches of raw material for glass manufacture, each batch including between 80% and 100% by weight of a mixture of pieces of soda-lime-silica recovered post-consumer glass with a heterogeneous chromatic composition predominantly transparent; mixing to the successive batches of raw material visible light shielding additives including at least cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, manganese oxide, chromium oxide and iron oxide; melting the successive batches of raw material and automatically manufacturing therewith the mass-produced glass containers with a glass thickness of at least 2 mm through an automatic blow molding process; automatically detecting and rejecting manufactured containers with permeability against visible light between 450 nm and 680 nm wavelength above 3% or above 1%.

A glass product manufacturing apparatus and a method of manufacturing glass products are disclosed. The glass product manufacturing apparatus includes a melting vessel, a support grating configured to support an outer wall of the melting vessel, a cooling module configured to cool the outer wall of the melting vessel, on the support grating, and a support frame detachably fastened to the support grating to limit a movement of the support grating. By using the glass product manufacturing apparatus and the method of manufacturing glass products, high energy efficiency is maintained even when operating, and a defect rate is reduced.

Described are cementitious reagent materials produced from globally abundant inorganic feedstocks. Also described are methods for the manufacture of such cementitious reagent materials and forming the reagent materials as microspheroidal glassy particles. Also described are apparatuses, systems and methods for the thermochemical production of glassy cementitious reagents with spheroidal morphology. The apparatuses, systems and methods makes use of an in-flight melting/quenching technology such that solid particles are flown in suspension, melted in suspension, and then quenched in suspension. The cementitious reagents can be used in concrete to substantially reduce the CO.sub.2 emission associated with cement production.

Described are cementitious reagent materials produced from globally abundant inorganic feedstocks. Also described are methods for the manufacture of such cementitious reagent materials and forming the reagent materials as microspheroidal glassy particles. Also described are apparatuses, systems and methods for the thermochemical production of glassy cementitious reagents with spheroidal morphology. The apparatuses, systems and methods makes use of an in-flight melting/quenching technology such that solid particles are flown in suspension, melted in suspension, and then quenched in suspension. The cementitious reagents can be used in concrete to substantially reduce the CO.sub.2 emission associated with cement production.

A method of preparing a carbon-negative glass along with products and uses of said carbon-negative glass. The method comprising: (a) selecting an oxide glass having a composition characterized as comprising: 0-60 mol % SiO.sub.2; 0-60 mol % B.sub.2O.sub.3; 20-50 mol % MO, wherein M is one or more alkaline earth elements; 5-50 mol % R.sub.2O, wherein R is one or more alkaline elements; 0-60 mol % P.sub.2O.sub.5; 0-3 mol % Al.sub.2O.sub.3; and 0-15 mol % Fe.sub.2O.sub.3; (b) selecting raw materials that comprise about 5 mol % or less of carbon at amounts suitable to form a batch that yields the oxide glass upon heating the batch to at least the melting temperature; (c) heating the batch to at least the melting temperature to produce molten oxide glass; and (d) decreasing the temperature of the molten oxide glass to produce solid oxide glass thereby forming the carbon-negative glass.

Described are cementitious reagent materials produced from globally abundant inorganic feedstocks. Also described are methods for the manufacture of such cementitious reagent materials and forming the reagent materials as microspheroidal glassy particles. Also described are apparatuses, systems and methods for the thermochemical production of glassy cementitious reagents with spheroidal morphology. The apparatuses, systems and methods makes use of an in-flight melting/quenching technology such that solid particles are flown in suspension, melted in suspension, and then quenched in suspension. The cementitious reagents can be used in concrete to substantially reduce the CO.sub.2 emission associated with cement production.