In embodiments, a precursor glass composition comprises from about 55 wt. % to about 80 wt. % SiO.sub.2; from about 2 wt. % to about 20 wt. % Al.sub.2O.sub.3; from about 5 wt. % to about 20 wt. % Li.sub.2O; greater than 0 wt % to about 3 wt. % Na.sub.2O; a non-zero amount of P.sub.2O.sub.5 less than or equal to 4 wt. %; and from about 0.2 wt. % to about 15 wt. % ZrO.sub.2. In embodiments, ZrO.sub.2 (wt. %)+P.sub.2O.sub.5 (wt. %) is greater than 3. When the precursor glass composition is converted to a glass-ceramic article, the glass-ceramic article may include grains having a longest dimension of less than 100 nm.

Ion-exchanged glass ceramic articles described herein have a stress that decreases with increasing distance according to a substantially linear function from a depth of about 0.07t to a depth of about 0.26t from the outer surface of the ion-exchanged glass ceramic article from a compressive stress to a tensile stress. The stress transitions from the compressive stress to the tensile stress at a depth of from about 0.18t to about 0.25t from the outer surface of the ion-exchanged glass ceramic article. An absolute value of a maximum compressive stress at the outer surface of the ion-exchanged glass article is from 1.8 to 2.2 times an absolute value of a maximum central tension (CT) of the ion-exchanged glass article, and the glass ceramic article has a fracture toughness of 1 MPa√m or more as measured according to the double cantilever beam method.

The present disclosure discloses a ceramic glass powder and a solar cell metallization paste containing the ceramic glass powder, and belongs to the technical field of solar cells. The present disclosure provides a novel formula mode of a glass powder including a crystallization nucleus component and a glass network component, that is, a formula of a ceramic glass powder that has a special crystallization behavior, a low crystallinity before sintering and a high crystallinity after the sintering, and a conductive metallization paste containing the ceramic glass powder is further obtained. The present disclosure solves the technical problem that by using metallization pastes in the prior art, a balance between corrosion of a silicon wafer and an ohmic contact is difficult to achieve. The efficiency of a solar cell is improved.

A glass-ceramic comprising, in weight percent on an oxide basis, of 50 to 70% SiO.sub.2, 0 to 20% Al.sub.2O.sub.3, 12 to 23% MgO, 0 to 4% Li.sub.2O, 0 to 10% Na.sub.2O, 0 to 10% K.sub.2O, 0 to 5% ZrO.sub.2, and 2 to 12% F, wherein the predominant crystalline phase of said glass-ceramic is a trisilicic mica, a tetrasilicic mica, or a mica solid solution between trisilicic and tetrasilicic, and wherein the total of Na.sub.2O+Li.sub.2O is at least 2 wt. %; wherein the glass-ceramic can be ion-exchanged.

The present invention relates to a spinel glass-ceramic made from a composition with the components 25 to 50% by weight SiO.sub.2, 10 to 35% by weight Al.sub.2O.sub.3, 1 to 15% by weight MgO, 1 to 15% by weight P.sub.2O.sub.5, 1 to 25% by weight ZrO.sub.2 and/or TiO.sub.2, 0 to 20% by weight La.sub.2O.sub.3, 0 to 10% by weight B.sub.2O.sub.3, and 0 to 15% by weight additives. The spinel glass-ceramic contains at least one spinel phase, but no high quartz solid solution phase. The glass-ceramic according to the invention exhibits very high mechanical stability, for example, very high flexural strength, wherein its optical properties can be simultaneously adjusted. In addition, the present invention also relates to a method for producing and the use of the spinel glass-ceramic. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a shaped dental product containing the spinel glass-ceramic.

Crystallized glass and strengthened crystallized glass with a novel composition, which have a high refractive index and high hardness, are provided. A crystallized glass, including, by mass % in terms of oxide, 20.0% or more and less than 40.0% of a SiO.sub.2 component, more than 0% and 20.0% or less of a Rn.sub.2O component, where Rn is one or more selected from Li, Na, and K, 7.0% to 25.0% of an Al.sub.2O.sub.3 component, 0% to 25.0% of a MgO component, 0% to 45.0% of a ZnO component, and 0% to 20.0% of a Ta.sub.2O.sub.5 component, in which a total amount of the MgO component, the ZnO component, and the Ta.sub.2O.sub.5 component is 10.0% or more.

Crystallized glass and strengthened crystallized glass with a novel composition, which have a high refractive index and high hardness, are provided. A crystallized glass, including, by mass % in terms of oxide, 20.0% or more and less than 40.0% of a SiO.sub.2 component, more than 0% and 20.0% or less of a Rn.sub.2O component, where Rn is one or more selected from Li, Na, and K, 7.0% to 25.0% of an Al.sub.2O.sub.3 component, 0% to 25.0% of a MgO component, 0% to 45.0% of a ZnO component, and 0% to 20.0% of a Ta.sub.2O.sub.5 component, in which a total amount of the MgO component, the ZnO component, and the Ta.sub.2O.sub.5 component is 10.0% or more.

The present invention relates to a chemically strengthened glass article including: a first surface; a second surface facing the first surface; and an end portion in contact with the first surface and the second surface, in which the first surface has a compressive stress value of 400 MPa to 1000 MPa, in which, when a compressive stress value of an inside of the glass is expressed with a depth from the first surface as a variable, a depth m [μm] at which the compressive stress value is maximum is larger than 0 μm, and a value of CS.sub.m−CS.sub.0 [MPa] is 30 MPa or more, and in which a depth DOL at which the compressive stress value is 0 is 50 μm to 150 μm.

Optically transparent glass ceramic materials comprising a glass phase containing and a crystalline tungsten bronze phase comprising nanoparticles and having the formula M.sub.xWO.sub.3, where M includes at least one H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cu, Ag, Sn, Cd, In, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and U, and where 0<x<1. Aluminosilicate and zinc-bismuth-borate glasses comprising at least one of Sm.sub.2O.sub.3, Pr.sub.2O.sub.3, and Er.sub.2O.sub.3 are also provided.

Disclosed in the present invention is a beam coherence eliminating element. The optical medium material of the element comprises microcrystalline glass, wherein microcrystalline particles therein have a size of 0.1-1000 nm and are distributed randomly. As the crystals in the microcrystalline glass can change the phase of light beams, the microcrystalline glass can change the phase of the light beams randomly, thereby eliminating the coherence of the beams. The crystal size of the microcrystalline glass is small, and thus does not affect the transmission efficiency of light beams. The element of the present invention has a simple structure and is convenient to use, and can be added in the process of beam transmission to easily eliminate beam coherence.