To provide a near infrared cutoff filter glass which is excellent in optical properties such that the transmittance of light in the visible range is high and the transmittance of near infrared light is low. A near infrared cutoff filter glass comprising P, F, O, Cu and Ce, wherein by cation %, from 0.1 to 15% of Cu.sup.2+ is contained, and the ratio of Cu.sup.2+ to Ce.sup.4+ (Cu.sup.2+/Ce.sup.4+) is from 3.5 to 15.

Gradient refractive index (GRIN) materials can include multi-phase composites having substances with differing refractive indices disposed non-uniformly within one another. Particular glass composites having a gradient index of refraction can include: an amorphous phase, and a phase-separated region disposed non-uniformly within the amorphous phase. The glass composites include a mixture containing: GeZ.sub.2 and A.sub.2Z.sub.3 in a combined molar ratio of about 60% to about 95%, and CsX and PbZ in a combined molar ratio of about 5% to about 40%, where A is As, Sb or Ga, X is Cl, Br or I, and Z is S or Se. When A is As, the glass composites include PbZ in a molar ratio of about 15% or less. The amorphous phase and the phase-separated region have refractive indices that differ from one another. More particularly, A is Ga or As, X is Cl, and Z is Se.

A method of producing glass using submerged combustion melting is disclosed. The method includes introducing a vitrifiable feed material into a glass melt contained within a submerged combustion melter. The glass melt contained in the melter has a redox ratio defined as a ratio of Fe.sup.2+ to total iron in the glass melt. The method further includes combusting a combustible gas mixture supplied to each of the submerged burners to produce combustion products, and discharging the combustion products directly into the glass melt. Still further, the method includes adjusting the redox ratio of the glass melt by controlling one or more operating conditions of the submerged combustion melter selected from (1) an oxygen-to-fuel ratio of the combustible gas mixture supplied to each of the submerged burners, (2) a residence time of the glass melt, and (3) a gas flux through the glass melt.

A glass tube for pharmaceutical containers and a manufacturing process for a glass tube are provided. The glass tubes are characterized by a homogenous and low alkali leachability on the inner surface.

Methods for reducing a defective area in a strengthened substrate to produce a non-defective substrate are provided. The methods include contacting a strengthened defective substrate with a heated salt bath containing at least one monovalent salt, and removing the strengthened substrate from the bath. The strengthened substrate, before being contacted with the salt bath, is a defective substrate having at least one defective area and one or more non-defective area. Upon removal from the salt bath, at least one defective area has been reduced or substantially removed to produce a non-defective substrate.

A method of forming a multi-colored glass substrate comprises: irradiating a first region of a glass substrate with a first high energy source to form a first irradiated glass substrate; and subjecting the irradiated glass substrate to a first heat treatment to form a first heat treated glass substrate, wherein the first heat treated glass substrate comprises a second region having a different transmittance color coordinate in the CIELAB color space, as measured at an article thickness of 1.33 mm under F2 illumination and a 10° standard observer angle, than the first region.

A glass-based article comprising a thickness t; a first clad layer having a first thickness t.sub.C1; a second clad layer having a first thickness t.sub.C2; and a core layer having a first thickness t.sub.o, which core layer is disposed between and bonded to the first and second clad layers. A first compressive stress region extends from a surface of the first clad layer to a first depth of compression DOC.sub.1. A second compressive stress region extends from a surface of the second clad layer to a second depth of compression DOC.sub.2. The first and second compressive stress regions comprise a maximum compressive stress greater than or equal to 500 MPa. A central tension region extends from DOC.sub.1 to DOC.sub.2 and has a maximum central tension CT greater than or equal to 250 MPa. A difference in flaw sizes that produce delayed fracture is less than or equal to 3 μm.

A glass-ceramic article comprises a petalite crystalline phase and a lithium silicate crystalline phase. The weight percentage of each of the petalite crystalline phase and the lithium silicate crystalline phase in the glass-ceramic article are greater than each of the weight percentages of other crystalline phases present in the glass-ceramic article. The glass-ceramic article has a transmittance color coordinate in the CIELAB color space of: L*=from 20 to 90; a*=from −20 to 40; and b*=from −60 to 60 for a CIE illuminant F02 under SCI UVC conditions. In some embodiments, the colorant is selected from the group consisting of TiO.sub.2, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, NiO, Co.sub.3O.sub.4, MnO.sub.2, Cr.sub.2O.sub.3, CuO, Au, Ag, and V.sub.2O.sub.5.

Methods of synthesizing particles and the resulting particles are disclosed. The methods include synthesizing the particles in the presence of one or more additives. The resulting particles are smaller and easier to disperse in solution. Also described are methods of processing particles and the resulting particles. In particular embodiments, the particles are suited for incorporation into films.

A mixed silver powder and a conductive paste comprising the powder are disclosed. The mixed silver powder is obtained by mixing two or more spherical silver powders having different properties from each other. The mixed powder may minimize the disadvantages of the respective types of the two or more powders and maximize the advantages thereof, thereby improving the characteristics of products. In addition, by comprehensively controlling the particle size distribution of surface-treated mixed silver powder and the particle diameter and specific gravity of primary particles, a high-density conductor pattern, a precise line pattern, and the suppression of aggregation over time can be simultaneously achieved.