In embodiments, a precursor glass composition comprises from about 55 wt. % to about 80 wt. % SiO.sub.2; from about 2 wt. % to about 20 wt. % Al.sub.2O.sub.3; from about 5 wt. % to about 20 wt. % Li.sub.2O; greater than 0 wt % to about 3 wt. % Na.sub.2O; a non-zero amount of P.sub.2O.sub.5 less than or equal to 4 wt. %; and from about 0.2 wt. % to about 15 wt. % ZrO.sub.2. In embodiments, ZrO.sub.2 (wt. %)+P.sub.2O.sub.5 (wt. %) is greater than 3. When the precursor glass composition is converted to a glass-ceramic article, the glass-ceramic article may include grains having a longest dimension of less than 100 nm.

Glass-based articles comprise stress profiles providing improved scratch resistance. A glass-based article comprises a lithium aluminosilicate composition and a molar ratio of potassium oxide (K.sub.2O) to sodium oxide (Na.sub.2O) averaged over a distance from the surface to a depth of 0.4 micrometers that is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1.8. The article comprises sodium having a non-zero varying concentration extending from a surface of the glass-based article to a depth of the glass-based article and a spike depth of layer that is greater than or equal to 4 micrometers and less than or equal to 8 micrometers. The article may comprise an average compressive stress of greater than or equal to 150 MPa over a depth from 15 micrometers to 40 micrometers.

The present disclosure discloses a ceramic glass powder and a solar cell metallization paste containing the ceramic glass powder, and belongs to the technical field of solar cells. The present disclosure provides a novel formula mode of a glass powder including a crystallization nucleus component and a glass network component, that is, a formula of a ceramic glass powder that has a special crystallization behavior, a low crystallinity before sintering and a high crystallinity after the sintering, and a conductive metallization paste containing the ceramic glass powder is further obtained. The present disclosure solves the technical problem that by using metallization pastes in the prior art, a balance between corrosion of a silicon wafer and an ohmic contact is difficult to achieve. The efficiency of a solar cell is improved.

The present invention relates to a glass for a pharmaceutical container that is excellent in ultraviolet shielding ability, and is also excellent in chemical durability. The glass for a pharmaceutical container of the present invention includes as a glass composition, in terms of mass %, 67% to 81% of SiO.sub.2, more than 4% to 7% of Al.sub.2O.sub.3, 7% to 14% of B.sub.2O.sub.3, 3% to 12% of Na.sub.2O+K.sub.2O, 0% to 1.8% of CaO+BaO, 0.5% to less than 2% of Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, and 1% to 5% of TiO.sub.2, and satisfies a relationship of CaO/BaO≤0.5.

A glass-ceramic comprising, in weight percent on an oxide basis, of 50 to 70% SiO.sub.2, 0 to 20% Al.sub.2O.sub.3, 12 to 23% MgO, 0 to 4% Li.sub.2O, 0 to 10% Na.sub.2O, 0 to 10% K.sub.2O, 0 to 5% ZrO.sub.2, and 2 to 12% F, wherein the predominant crystalline phase of said glass-ceramic is a trisilicic mica, a tetrasilicic mica, or a mica solid solution between trisilicic and tetrasilicic, and wherein the total of Na.sub.2O+Li.sub.2O is at least 2 wt. %; wherein the glass-ceramic can be ion-exchanged.

Glass-based articles that include a compressive stress layer extending from a surface of the glass-based article to a depth of compression are formed by exposing glass-based substrates to water vapor containing environments. The glass-based substrates have compositions selected to avoid the formation of haze during the treatment process. The methods of forming the glass-based articles may include elevated pressures and/or multiple exposures to water vapor containing environments selected to avoid the formation of haze during the treatment process.

The present invention relates to a spinel glass-ceramic made from a composition with the components 25 to 50% by weight SiO.sub.2, 10 to 35% by weight Al.sub.2O.sub.3, 1 to 15% by weight MgO, 1 to 15% by weight P.sub.2O.sub.5, 1 to 25% by weight ZrO.sub.2 and/or TiO.sub.2, 0 to 20% by weight La.sub.2O.sub.3, 0 to 10% by weight B.sub.2O.sub.3, and 0 to 15% by weight additives. The spinel glass-ceramic contains at least one spinel phase, but no high quartz solid solution phase. The glass-ceramic according to the invention exhibits very high mechanical stability, for example, very high flexural strength, wherein its optical properties can be simultaneously adjusted. In addition, the present invention also relates to a method for producing and the use of the spinel glass-ceramic. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a shaped dental product containing the spinel glass-ceramic.

The present disclosure provides a novel glass composition that has a low permittivity and is suitable for mass production. A glass composition provided satisfies, in wt %, for example, 40≤SiO.sub.2≤60, 25≤B.sub.2O.sub.3≤45, 0≤Al.sub.2O.sub.3≤18, 0<R.sub.2O≤5, and 0≤RO≤12, and satisfies at least one of: i) SiO.sub.2+B.sub.2O.sub.3≥80 and SiO.sub.2+B.sub.2O.sub.3+Al.sub.2O.sub.3≤99.9; and ii) SiO.sub.2+B.sub.2O.sub.3≥78, SiO.sub.2+B.sub.2O.sub.3+Al.sub.2O.sub.3≤99.9, and 0<RO<10. Another glass composition provided includes SiO.sub.2, B.sub.2O.sub.3, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, R.sub.2O, and 3<RO<8 at the same contents as the above, and satisfies SiO.sub.2+B.sub.2O.sub.3≥75 and SiO.sub.2+B.sub.2O.sub.3+Al.sub.2O.sub.3<97, where R.sub.2O═Li.sub.2O+Na.sub.2O+K.sub.2O and RO═MgO+CaO+SrO.

Crystallized glass and strengthened crystallized glass with a novel composition, which have a high refractive index and high hardness, are provided. A crystallized glass, including, by mass % in terms of oxide, 20.0% or more and less than 40.0% of a SiO.sub.2 component, more than 0% and 20.0% or less of a Rn.sub.2O component, where Rn is one or more selected from Li, Na, and K, 7.0% to 25.0% of an Al.sub.2O.sub.3 component, 0% to 25.0% of a MgO component, 0% to 45.0% of a ZnO component, and 0% to 20.0% of a Ta.sub.2O.sub.5 component, in which a total amount of the MgO component, the ZnO component, and the Ta.sub.2O.sub.5 component is 10.0% or more.

The present invention relates to a chemically strengthened glass article including: a first surface; a second surface facing the first surface; and an end portion in contact with the first surface and the second surface, in which the first surface has a compressive stress value of 400 MPa to 1000 MPa, in which, when a compressive stress value of an inside of the glass is expressed with a depth from the first surface as a variable, a depth m [μm] at which the compressive stress value is maximum is larger than 0 μm, and a value of CS.sub.m−CS.sub.0 [MPa] is 30 MPa or more, and in which a depth DOL at which the compressive stress value is 0 is 50 μm to 150 μm.