A method of making a vacuum insulating panel, the vacuum insulating panel comprising a first glass substrate, a second glass substrate, a plurality of spacers provided in a gap between at least the first and second glass substrates, and a seal provided between at least the first and second glass substrates, the seal comprising a first seal layer and/or a second seal layer. The method may include heating, e.g., via laser, seal material in order to form the first seal layer.

A vacuum insulating panel may include: a first glass substrate; a second glass substrate; a plurality of spacers provided in a gap between at least the first and second substrates, wherein the gap is at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure; a seal provided between at least the first and second substrates, the seal including a first ceramic seal layer and a second ceramic seal layer, wherein the second ceramic seal layer is located between at least the first ceramic seal layer and the first glass substrate; and wherein one or more of: (i) a thermal (TC) conductivity of the first ceramic seal layer is be less than a thermal conductivity of the first glass substrate, and wherein the thermal conductivity of the first glass substrate is less than a thermal conductivity of the second ceramic seal layer, so that the thermal conductivity of the second ceramic seal layer is greater than the thermal conductivity of the first substrate and greater than the thermal conductivity of the first ceramic seal layer; (ii) a thermal conductivity of the second ceramic seal layer is greater than a thermal conductivity of the first ceramic seal layer; and/or (iii) a ratio TDpl/TDg, where TDpl represents a thermal diffusivity (TD) of the second ceramic seal layer and TDg represents a thermal diffusivity of the first glass substrate, is at least 1.020 and wherein the thermal diffusivity of the second ceramic seal layer is greater than a thermal diffusivity of the first ceramic seal layer.

A vacuum insulating panel includes first and second substrates (e.g., glass substrates), a hermetic edge seal, a pump-out port, and spacers sandwiched between at least the two substrates. The gap between the substrates may be at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure to provide insulating properties. The vacuum insulating panel may include a multi-layer edge seal structure with coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) of layers of the seal structure optimized for CTE grading.

A vacuum insulating panel includes may include: a first substrate; a second substrate; a plurality of spacers provided in a gap between at least the first and second substrates, wherein the gap is at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure; a seal provided between at least the first and second substrates, the seal comprising a first seal layer and/or a second seal layer; and wherein the first seal layer may include from about 20-80 wt. % tellurium oxide, the tellurium oxide comprising TeO.sub.4 and TeO.sub.3, and wherein the first seal layer comprises more TeO.sub.3 than TeO.sub.4 by wt. %.

A vacuum insulating panel may include: a first substrate; a second substrate; a plurality of spacers provided in a gap between at least the first and second substrates, wherein the gap is at pressure less than atmospheric pressure; a pump-out/evacuation tube extending at least partly into an aperture in one of the substrates; and a pump-out/evacuation tube seal. The pump-out/evacuation tube seal may include at least one of: (a) from about 20-80 wt. % tellurium oxide, the tellurium oxide comprising TeO.sub.4 and TeO.sub.3, wherein the pump-out tube seal comprises more TeO.sub.3 than TeO.sub.4 by wt. %; and/or (b) tellurium oxide and from about 10-50 wt. % vanadium oxide, wherein the pump-out tube seal by wt. % comprises more tellurium oxide than vanadium oxide, and wherein the vanadium oxide comprises VO.sub.2 and V.sub.2O.sub.5, and wherein more V in the pump-out tube seal is in a form of VO.sub.2 than V.sub.2O.sub.5. A substantially donut-shaped laser beam may be used to heat pump-out tube material in order to form a pump-out tube seal.

The present disclosure relates to an enamel composition, a method for preparation thereof, and a cooking appliance using the same, which provide excellent cleaning performance, reduce a defect caused by carbon gases when an enamel coating is implemented on a base material made of cast iron, and provides excellent thermal shock resistance and durability. In the enamel composition according to the disclosure, components implementing glass and components having catalytic performance have an optimal component system, thereby ensuring excellent thermal shock resistance and durability. The enamel composition of the present disclosure has a component system that helps enamel cast iron as well as low carbon steel, thereby ensuring excellent cleaning performance, thermal shock resistance and durability. The enamel composition of the present disclosure is appropriate for a cooktop grate, a hob burner, and the like which directly contact a fire and are exposed to repetitive thermal shock.

A vacuum insulating panel may include a first substrate; a second substrate; a plurality of spacers provided in a gap between at least the first and second substrates, wherein the gap is at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure; a seal provided between at least the first and second substrates, the seal including a first seal layer, a second seal layer, and a third seal layer, wherein the first seal layer may be located between at least the second and third seal layers; wherein, for at least one location of the seal, the first seal layer has a first thickness, the second seal layer has a second thickness, and the third seal layer has a third thickness; and wherein the first thickness may be greater than the second thickness and less than the third thickness.

A vacuum insulating panel includes first and second substrates (e.g., glass substrates), a hermetic edge seal, a pump-out port, and spacers sandwiched between at least the two substrates. The gap between the substrates may be at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure to provide insulating properties. The panel may include a getter. The getter may be a thin film getter and/or may be elongated in shape.

A vacuum insulating panel may include: a first substrate; a second substrate; a plurality of spacers provided in a gap between at least the first and second substrates, wherein the gap is at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure; a seal provided between at least the first substrate and the second substrate, the seal comprising a first seal layer; wherein the first seal layer comprises tellurium oxide and vanadium oxide; wherein the first seal layer comprises, on a wt. %, more tellurium oxide than vanadium oxide, and has a density of from about 2.8-4.0 g/cm.sup.3.

An enamel composition for a glass-ceramic article, includes glass and talc. There is also provided a method for producing the enamel composition, which includes mixing a frit of glass and talc, and optional attrition of the mixture obtained.