Disclosed herein are fluid ionized compositions, such as fluid calcium cyanamide fertilizer compositions, methods of preparation and uses thereof. In some examples, a fluid composition includes a mixture of about 40 to 20 parts of dissolved acid or acid-formed approximately neutral pH nitrogen plant nutrient compounds (such as urea ammonium nitrate and H.sub.2O) and about 1 to about 5 parts of a mixture of insoluble or weakly soluble high pH calcium-formed plant nutrient compounds (such as calcium cyanamide and H.sub.2O). The disclosed compositions and methods stabilize the compositions' contained active nutrient ions and digested carbon. The disclosed compositions and methods facilitate controllable site-directed delivery of the contents of the compositions. The compositions and methods are effective for microbes nourishment plant fertilizing, soil amending, heavy metals leaching inhibition, and digesting organic proteinaceous excreta. The compositions are stable, easily calibrated, and non-clogging for soil injection, spray and irrigation water delivery to target sites.

The present invention provides a system to aid in the time-release of molybdenum in soil. The system comprises a dry, powdered blend of a calcium source, a molybdenum source, and a second source of calcium and/or molybdenum. The blend is preferably coated onto a dry agronomic carrier (e.g., urea) for application to soil. Advantageously, the calcium sources sequentially contribute to making the soil pH more molybdenum-friendly (i.e., the pH is increased) for an extended period of time.

The disclosure relates to systems, compositions and methods for providing nutrients, fertilizers, crop protection agents and other crop inputs for a plant. The disclosure also relates to methods for increasing the uptake of a crop active compound into a growing plant.

A reactor system that includes a single reactor or a plurality of parallel reactors. A method that includes injecting a mixture including liquid water and a gas, into at least one electrically-conductive inlet capillary tube of a continuously-flowing plasma reactor to generate a flowing liquid film region on one or more internal walls of the continuously-flowing plasma reactor with a gas stream flowing through the flowing liquid film region; propagating a plasma discharge along the flowing liquid film region from at least one electrically-conductive inlet capillary to an electrically-conductive outlet capillary tube at an opposing end of the continuously-flowing plasma reactor; dissociating the liquid water in the plasma discharge to form a plurality of dissociation products; producing hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen oxides from the plurality of dissociation products.

A reactor system that includes a single reactor or a plurality of parallel reactors. A method that includes injecting a mixture including liquid water and a gas, into at least one electrically-conductive inlet capillary tube of a continuously-flowing plasma reactor to generate a flowing liquid film region on one or more internal walls of the continuously-flowing plasma reactor with a gas stream flowing through the flowing liquid film region; propagating a plasma discharge along the flowing liquid film region from at least one electrically-conductive inlet capillary to an electrically-conductive outlet capillary tube at an opposing end of the continuously-flowing plasma reactor; dissociating the liquid water in the plasma discharge to form a plurality of dissociation products; producing hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen oxides from the plurality of dissociation products.

A method for capturing material extracted from biochar is provided comprising the steps of: (i) providing a biochar; (ii) contacting the biochar with an extraction media, where the extraction media causes the removal of residual compounds from the pores and surface of the biochar, creating a resulting extract comprised of the extraction media and removed compounds; and (iii) collecting the resulting extract. The method also can include other steps of extraction and purification. The method further comprises the step of applying the resulting extract to seeds, plants, soil, other agricultural products, or for use in other applications. A biochar having high levels of soluble signaling compounds is also provided, where the biochar is derived from a biomass source that together with predefined pyrolysis parameters produces resulting biochar having increased levels of soluble signaling compounds that are known to increase seed germination rates and early plant growth. Such soluble signaling compounds can then be collected in a biochar extract by contacting the biochar with an extraction media.

A method for capturing material extracted from biochar is provided comprising the steps of: (i) providing a biochar; (ii) contacting the biochar with an extraction media, where the extraction media causes the removal of residual compounds from the pores and surface of the biochar, creating a resulting extract comprised of the extraction media and removed compounds; and (iii) collecting the resulting extract. The method also can include other steps of extraction and purification. The method further comprises the step of applying the resulting extract to seeds, plants, soil, other agricultural products, or for use in other applications. A biochar having high levels of soluble signaling compounds is also provided, where the biochar is derived from a biomass source that together with predefined pyrolysis parameters produces resulting biochar having increased levels of soluble signaling compounds that are known to increase seed germination rates and early plant growth. Such soluble signaling compounds can then be collected in a biochar extract by contacting the biochar with an extraction media.

Biochars and methods for producing biochar aggregate particles where the method for producing the aggregate particles comprise the steps of (i) producing or collecting biochar fines; (ii) adding a binding agent to the biochar fines; and (iii) forming the biochar fines and binding agent into solid aggregate particles.

Biochars and methods for producing biochar aggregate particles where the method for producing the aggregate particles comprise the steps of (i) producing or collecting biochar fines; (ii) adding a binding agent to the biochar fines; and (iii) forming the biochar fines and binding agent into solid aggregate particles.

Provided herein is a process for preparing a nitrate comprising contacting a nitrogen oxide with a metal oxide under milling conditions to form a nitrate.