Non-lethal payloads including at least one of boron and silicon, at least one fuel, and at least one oxidizer. The non-lethal payload may be a single-component or dual-component payload. Methods of producing the non-lethal payloads are also disclosed.

Non-lethal payloads including at least one of boron and silicon, at least one fuel, and at least one oxidizer. The non-lethal payload may be a single-component or dual-component payload. Methods of producing the non-lethal payloads are also disclosed.

A method of treating a subterranean formation by contacting the formation with the following: (a) ammonium compound; (b) an oxidizing agent selected from a perchlorate or a nitrite or combinations thereof; and (c) sulfamic acid.

A method of treating a subterranean formation by contacting the formation with the following: (a) ammonium compound; (b) an oxidizing agent selected from a perchlorate or a nitrite or combinations thereof; and (c) sulfamic acid.

The present application belongs to the field of energetic compounds, and particularly relates to the use of a perovskite-type compound ABX.sub.3 as an energetic material. As a finding of the present application, the structural characteristics of the perovskite type enables the type of compound to be highly stable, thus overcoming the unsafety of an explosive having poor stability in the prior art. Meanwhile, the structural characteristics of the compound, such as rich energetic ligands, as well as the alternately arranged oxidizing energetic anions and reducing organic cations in the space, endow the compound with excellent performance on instantaneously releasing energy at detonation. The resulting three-dimensional structure allows the compound to not only have an energetic material effect but also overcome shortcomings of some existing energetic materials.

A product includes a three-dimensional scaffold structure having an open cell geometry with interconnected channels for allowing continuous communication throughout a volume of the scaffold structure. The scaffold structure is configured to enhance mechanical strength of an energetic material. A fuel material is present in the scaffold structure and/or a second material is coupled to the scaffold structure. The fuel material is configured to increase an output of energy release relative to an output of energy release from the scaffold structure having the fuel material not present.

A product includes a three-dimensional scaffold structure having an open cell geometry with interconnected channels for allowing continuous communication throughout a volume of the scaffold structure. The scaffold structure is configured to enhance mechanical strength of an energetic material. A fuel material is present in the scaffold structure and/or a second material is coupled to the scaffold structure. The fuel material is configured to increase an output of energy release relative to an output of energy release from the scaffold structure having the fuel material not present.

O-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) based self-combustible pyrotechnic compositions containing polycarbonate (PC) as a binder and 9,10-anthraquinone as a smoke component capable of producing tear gas smoke upon ignition. The pyrotechnic composition comprises an oxidizer and fuel. The formulation further comprises a stabilizer.

O-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) based self-combustible pyrotechnic compositions containing polycarbonate (PC) as a binder and 9,10-anthraquinone as a smoke component capable of producing tear gas smoke upon ignition. The pyrotechnic composition comprises an oxidizer and fuel. The formulation further comprises a stabilizer.

A propellant may comprise a primary oxidizer having a density of greater than or equal to 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter; a secondary oxidizer having a density of less than 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter; and/or a fuel comprising at least one of zirconium metal, tin metal, titanium metal, aluminum metal, magnesium metal, or a metal hydride. The propellant may be substantially free of lead.