A purified acid composition including 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid is prepared by a process including a) providing an acid composition solution of a crude acid composition in a polar solvent, the crude acid composition including 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and 2-formyl-furan-5-carboxylic acid (FFCA); b) contacting the acid composition solution with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst to hydrogenate FFCA to hydrogenation products, such that the hydrogenation products contain a minor amount of 2-methyl-furan-5-carboxylic acid (MFA) or no MFA, yielding a hydrogenated solution; c) separating at least a portion of the FDCA from the hydrogenated solution by crystallization.

Novel selective synthesis route to introduce primary alkyl groups on aromatic compounds is disclosed. The synthesis route is based on electrophilic aromatic substitutions of thionium ion species that are generated in-situ from aldehydes and thiols, affording benzyl sulfide that can be reduced with triethylsilane.

Novel selective synthesis route to introduce primary alkyl groups on aromatic compounds is disclosed. The synthesis route is based on electrophilic aromatic substitutions of thionium ion species that are generated in-situ from aldehydes and thiols, affording benzyl sulfide that can be reduced with triethylsilane.

Embodiments herein concerns the eco-friendly conversion of simple alcohols to linear or branched functionalized alkanes, by integrated catalysis. The alcohols are firstlyoxidized either chemically or enzymatically to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones, followed by aldol condensations using a catalyst to give the corresponding enals or enones. The enals or enones are subsequently and selectively hydrogenated using a recyclable heterogeneous metal catalyst, organocatalyst or an enzyme to provide linear or branched functionalized alkanes with an aldehyde, keto- or alcohol functionality. The process is also iterative and can be further extended by repeating the above integrated catalysis for producing long-chain functionalized alkanes from simple alcohols.

Described herein are methods of producing hexenols including: a) contacting a hydroperoxide of a polyunsaturated fatty acid with a modified hydroperoxide lyase to form a hexenal; and b) reducing the hexenal to a hexenol in the presence of a hydride donor, a ketoreductase, and a co-factor, where the contacting and reducing steps are carried out at essentially the same time in the substantial absence of baker's yeast.

Described herein are methods of producing hexenols including: a) contacting a hydroperoxide of a polyunsaturated fatty acid with a modified hydroperoxide lyase to form a hexenal; and b) reducing the hexenal to a hexenol in the presence of a hydride donor, a ketoreductase, and a co-factor, where the contacting and reducing steps are carried out at essentially the same time in the substantial absence of baker's yeast.

The present invention relates to a method for reducing unsaturated organic compounds chosen from the group formed by the aldehydes, the ketones, the imines, the carboxylic acids, the amides, and the esters with a boron formate having the formula (I) in the presence of a solvent and optionally a base. The invention also relates to the use of the method for reducing unsaturated organic compounds chosen from the group formed by the aldehydes, the ketones, the imines, the carboxylic acids, the amides, and the esters according to the invention in the preparation of methanol, methylated amines, formaldehyde and alcohols; for the preparation of reactants for Suzuki coupling reactions; and in the manufacturing of vitamins, pharmaceutical products, glues, acrylic fibers, synthetic leather, pesticides.

The present invention relates to a method for reducing unsaturated organic compounds chosen from the group formed by the aldehydes, the ketones, the imines, the carboxylic acids, the amides, and the esters with a boron formate having the formula (I) in the presence of a solvent and optionally a base. The invention also relates to the use of the method for reducing unsaturated organic compounds chosen from the group formed by the aldehydes, the ketones, the imines, the carboxylic acids, the amides, and the esters according to the invention in the preparation of methanol, methylated amines, formaldehyde and alcohols; for the preparation of reactants for Suzuki coupling reactions; and in the manufacturing of vitamins, pharmaceutical products, glues, acrylic fibers, synthetic leather, pesticides.

A system and process are disclosed for electrochemically upgrading bio-oils and bio-crudes that enhance yields of selected reduction products for subsequent production of bio-based fuels.

A system and process are disclosed for electrochemically upgrading bio-oils and bio-crudes that enhance yields of selected reduction products for subsequent production of bio-based fuels.