Disclosed is a process for the reductive carbonylation of a low molecular weight alcohol to produce the homologous aldehyde and/or alcohol. The process includes conducting the reaction to produce the aldehyde in the presence of a single component catalyst complex composed of cobalt, an onium cation and iodide in a ratio of 1:2:4 without additional promoters. A ruthenium co-catalyst is used in the production of the homologous alcohol. The reductive carbonylation reaction does not require an additional iodide promoter and produces a crude reductive carbonylation product substantially free of methyl iodide.

A process for the preparation of ethylene glycol comprising the steps of hydrogenating a composition comprising C.sub.2-oxygenate compounds in the gas phase in the presence of a catalyst.

A novel catalyst blend for processing of feedstocks into monoaromatics in a single stage, comprising at least one cracking catalyst, one heterogeneous transition metal catalyst, and optionally at least one hydrogenation catalyst. The process occurs in one-step or single stage with substantially no solvents or external additives, or when the feedstock contains less than 15% oxygen, the process includes additional water or steam to enable sufficient amounts of H.sub.2 being produced in-situ.

A novel catalyst blend for processing of feedstocks into monoaromatics in a single stage, comprising at least one cracking catalyst, one heterogeneous transition metal catalyst, and optionally at least one hydrogenation catalyst. The process occurs in one-step or single stage with substantially no solvents or external additives, or when the feedstock contains less than 15% oxygen, the process includes additional water or steam to enable sufficient amounts of H.sub.2 being produced in-situ.

A method for converting lignin to a phenol product, the method comprising contacting a zeolite catalyst with a lignin under reaction conditions sufficient to produce the phenol product at a yield of equal to or greater than about 50%. A method for converting lignin to a mixed phenol product, the method comprising contacting a large-pore zeolite catalyst with a Kraft lignin under reaction conditions comprising a reaction temperature of from about 550 C. to about 850 C. to produce the mixed phenol product at a yield of equal to or greater than about 50%.

A process for the preparation of ethylene glycol comprising the steps of pyrolysing a monosaccharide and hydrogenating the product composition in the presence of a catalyst and a solvent, wherein the pressure of the hydrogenation reaction is 40 bar or greater.

A process for converting organic MSW into liquid fuels or chemical products in almost quantitative yield via catalytic one-pot hydrolytic depolymerization of organic MSW. The organic MSW comprises all organic materials that exists in municipal solid waste, such as paper and paperboard, food scraps, yard trimmings, rubber, leather, textiles, wood, plastics, etc. The process is the first one over the world for resourcing municipal solid waste.

A process for converting organic MSW into liquid fuels or chemical products in almost quantitative yield via catalytic one-pot hydrolytic depolymerization of organic MSW. The organic MSW comprises all organic materials that exists in municipal solid waste, such as paper and paperboard, food scraps, yard trimmings, rubber, leather, textiles, wood, plastics, etc. The process is the first one over the world for resourcing municipal solid waste.

Disclosed herein are methods for selective synthesis of specific phenolic products by means biomass or biomass products liquefaction, manipulation of the said selectivity in favor of one specific phenolic compound or a mixture of specific phenolic compounds, and the synthesis of the phenolic compounds from a liquid or biomass organic fraction produced in presence of a homogeneous catalyst in supercritical state or a mixture of said homogeneous and one or several heterogeneous catalysts mixed with water in sub-critical, near-critical, or supercritical condition.

A growth inhibitor for forming a thin film, a method for forming a thin film using the same, and a semiconductor substrate prepared therefrom are disclosed. The growth inhibitor is represented by Chemical Formula 1 [AnBmXo]. In the Chemical Formula 1, A is carbon or silicon, B is hydrogen or a C1-C3 alkyl, X is a halogen, n is an integer from 1 to 15, o is an integer of 1 or more, and m is from 0 to 2n+1. Side reactions are suppressed to appropriately lower a thin film growth rate and remove process byproducts in the thin film, thereby preventing corrosion or deterioration and greatly improving step coverage and thickness uniformity of a thin film even when the thin film is formed on a substrate having a complicated structure.