A forward osmosis apparatus is improved. A forward osmosis apparatus, comprising a diluting means for bringing a feed solution and a draw solution comprising a cation source and an anion source in an ionized state into contact through a semi-permeable membrane and diluting the draw solution with water separated from the feed solution by means of the semi-permeable membrane; a separating means for separating the draw solution that has been diluted by the diluting means into the cation source and anion source and into water; and a dissolving means, returning the cation source and the anion source that have been separated by the separating means to, and dissolving the cation source and anion source in, the draw solution that has been diluted; wherein the molecular weight of the cation source in an uncharged state is 31 or greater and the Henry's law constant of each of the anion source and cation source is 1.0?10.sup.4 (Pa/mol.Math.fraction) or greater in a standard state.

The present disclosure provides a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound having general formula (I) and an organic photoelectric apparatus thereof. ##STR00001## where A.sub.1, A.sub.2, A.sub.3, A.sub.4, A.sub.5, A.sub.6, A.sub.7, and A.sub.8 are independently selected from a hydrogen atom, at least one compound having the general formula (II) and at least one compound having the general formula (III), ##STR00002## where Y.sub.1, Y.sub.2, and Y.sub.3 are independently selected from C and N; R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently selected from C.sub.6-30 aromatic group and C.sub.2-30 heterocyclic aromatic group, ##STR00003## wherein X is selected from any one of oxyl group (O), sulfhydryl group (S), substituted or non-substituted imino group, substituted or non-substituted methylene group, and substituted or non-substituted silicylene group; R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.10, R.sub.11, and R.sub.12 are independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, C.sub.1-30 alkyl group, C.sub.6-30 aromatic group, or C.sub.2-30 heterocyclic aromatic group.

Different polymorphs of bromfenac sodium may be prepared and interconverted using crystallization/recrystallization, drying and/or hydration techniques.

The object is to prevent deterioration and loss of dicyanobenzene in producing dicyanobenzene by ammoxidation of xylene to thereby achieve industrial and economical advantage in producing of dicyanobenzene. The method for producing dicyanobenzene of the present invention includes: contacting a xylene-ammoxidation reaction gas containing dicyanobenzene in ammoxidation of xylene with an organic solvent so as to obtain a dicyanobenzene-absorbing solution; contacting the dicyanobenzene-absorbing solution with a basic aqueous solution containing a salt such as ammonium carbonate so as to extract a water-soluble salt formed by neutralization reaction between carboxylic acid in the dicyanobenzene-absorbing solution and a base in the basic aqueous solution into an aqueous phase; separating the mixture of the dicyanobenzene-absorbing solution and the basic aqueous solution into an organic phase and an aqueous phase; decomposing the salt such as ammonium carbonate contained in the organic phase for separation of the salt from the organic phase; and distilling the organic phase to separate low boiling point compounds contained in the organic phase from the organic phase so as to obtain dicyanobenzene.

The present disclosure relates to Tapentadol Hydrochloride in the polymorphic crystalline Form B, which is substantially free of polymorphic Form A as well as essentially free of low alkyl carboxylic acids or esters of such acids. Furthermore, the present disclosure provides a process to produce this polymorphic Form B substantially free of Form A and its preparation and use for pharmaceutical compositions. This process as well as the specific crystalline form is uncommon, improved and industrially advantageous. Furthermore, the disclosure relates to pharmaceutical compositions and uses thereof.

A functionalized asphaltene, obtained by refluxing with an acid solution. The functionalized asphaltene contains elevated levels of oxygen content due to nitration and oxidation of the refluxing process. The refluxing process also imparts organic functional groups including at least amines, nitro groups carbonyl groups, carboxylic groups and hydroxyl groups to the functionalized asphaltene, and these functional groups are attached to, thereby coating the surface of a functionalized asphaltene particle. A method for removing dye compounds from an aqueous sample with the functionalized asphaltene is also described.

A hydrophobic cationic steroidal anti-microbial (ceragenin) compound forms an amphiphilic compound having a hydrophobic sterol face and a hydrophilic cationic face. Medical devices can be made incorporating the ceragenin compound.

A hydrophobic cationic steroidal anti-microbial (ceragenin) compound forms an amphiphilic compound having a hydrophobic sterol face and a hydrophilic cationic face. Medical devices can be made incorporating the ceragenin compound.

A forward osmosis apparatus includes a diluting means for bringing a feed solution and a draw solution containing a cation source and an anion source in an ionized state into contact through a semi-permeable membrane and diluting the draw solution with water separated from the feed solution by means of the semi-permeable membrane; a separating means for separating the diluted draw solution into the cation source and anion source and into water; and a dissolving means, returning the separated cation source and the separated anion source to, and dissolving the cation source and anion source in, the draw solution that has been diluted. The molecular weight of the cation source in an uncharged state is 31 or greater and the Henry's law constant of each of the anion source and cation source is 1.010.sup.4 (Pa/mol.Math.fraction) or greater in a standard state.

The present invention relates to a novel stable benzo[h]hexaphene compound and an organic light-emitting device including the compound. The present invention provides a benzo[h]hexaphene shown in claim 1.