The invention provides compounds and methods, for example, to carry out organocatalytic Michael additions of aldehydes to cyclically constrained nitroethylene compounds catalyzed by a proline derivative to provide cyclically constrained α-substituted-γ-nitro-aldehydes. The reaction can be rendered enantioselective when a chiral pyrrolidine catalyst is used, allowing for Michael adducts in nearly optically pure form (e.g., 96 to >99% e.e.). The Michael adducts can bear a single substituent or dual substituents adjacent to the carbonyl. The Michael adducts can be efficiently converted to cyclically constrained protected γ-amino acid residues, which are essential for systematic conformational studies of γ-peptide foldamers. New methods are also provided to prepare other γ-amino acids and peptides. These new building blocks can be used to prepare foldamers, such as α/γ-peptide foldamers, that adopt specific helical conformations in solution and in the solid state.

The invention provides compounds and methods, for example, to carry out organocatalytic Michael additions of aldehydes to cyclically constrained nitroethylene compounds catalyzed by a proline derivative to provide cyclically constrained α-substituted-γ-nitro-aldehydes. The reaction can be rendered enantioselective when a chiral pyrrolidine catalyst is used, allowing for Michael adducts in nearly optically pure form (e.g., 96 to >99% e.e.). The Michael adducts can bear a single substituent or dual substituents adjacent to the carbonyl. The Michael adducts can be efficiently converted to cyclically constrained protected γ-amino acid residues, which are essential for systematic conformational studies of γ-peptide foldamers. New methods are also provided to prepare other γ-amino acids and peptides. These new building blocks can be used to prepare foldamers, such as α/γ-peptide foldamers, that adopt specific helical conformations in solution and in the solid state.

Primarily, the present invention relates to compounds of the formula (I) defined below and to their use as herbicides, in particular for controlling broad-leaved weeds and/or weed grasses in crops of useful plants and/or as plant growth regulators for influencing the growth of crops of useful plants. The present invention also relates to herbicidal or plant growth-regulating compositions comprising one or more compounds of the formula (I). Moreover, the present invention relates to processes for preparing the compounds of the formula (I).

Primarily, the present invention relates to compounds of the formula (I) defined below and to their use as herbicides, in particular for controlling broad-leaved weeds and/or weed grasses in crops of useful plants and/or as plant growth regulators for influencing the growth of crops of useful plants. The present invention also relates to herbicidal or plant growth-regulating compositions comprising one or more compounds of the formula (I). Moreover, the present invention relates to processes for preparing the compounds of the formula (I).

The present invention relates a new process to synthesize 6-(7-((1-aminocyclo-propyl)-methoxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-4-yloxy)-N-methyl-1-naphthamide (AL3810) by deprotection of substituted benzyl 1-((6-methoxy-4-(5-(methylcarbamoyl)naphthalen-2-yloxy)quinolin-7-yloxy)-methyl)cyc-lopropylcarbamate (Formula I) under a diluted or weak acidic condition. A stable crystalline form of 6-(7-((1-aminocyclo-propyl)-methoxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-4-yloxy)-N-methyl-1-naphthamide has also been prepared. ##STR00001##

The present invention relates a new process to synthesize 6-(7-((1-aminocyclo-propyl)-methoxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-4-yloxy)-N-methyl-1-naphthamide (AL3810) by deprotection of substituted benzyl 1-((6-methoxy-4-(5-(methylcarbamoyl)naphthalen-2-yloxy)quinolin-7-yloxy)-methyl)cyc-lopropylcarbamate (Formula I) under a diluted or weak acidic condition. A stable crystalline form of 6-(7-((1-aminocyclo-propyl)-methoxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-4-yloxy)-N-methyl-1-naphthamide has also been prepared. ##STR00001##

Described herein is a process for preparing urethane (meth)acrylates. In a first step, a hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate is reacted with a lactone (B) in the presence of at least one zinc compound and/or bismuth compound (C) to produce a resulting zinc-containing product and/or a bismuth-containing product, and, in a further step, the zinc-containing product and/or the bismuth-containing product is reacted with at least one cycloaliphatic or asymmetric aliphatic diisocyanate (D).

A process of converting a carbon-carbon multiple bond to a cyclopropane ring, comprising the addition of a N-alkyl-N-nitroso compound to a mixture of alkene precursor, aqueous base and Pd(II)-catalyst, with the N-alkyl-N-nitroso compound obtained directly from an alkyl amine derivative, NaNO.sub.2 and an acid via phase separation of the N-alkyl-N-nitroso compound from the aqueous phase.

The invention pertains to an integrated process for capturing CO.sub.2. The process involves desorbing gaseous CO.sub.2 from a CO.sub.2 containing aqueous solution comprising carbonate, bicarbonate, sesquicarbonate, carbamate, or a mixture thereof. The desorbing of gaseous CO.sub.2 is conducted in the presence of a suitable water soluble substance. If desired, the process may also at least partially recover the soluble substance using a membrane, distillation, or another technique.

The invention pertains to an integrated process for capturing CO.sub.2. The process involves desorbing gaseous CO.sub.2 from a CO.sub.2 containing aqueous solution comprising carbonate, bicarbonate, sesquicarbonate, carbamate, or a mixture thereof. The desorbing of gaseous CO.sub.2 is conducted in the presence of a suitable water soluble substance. If desired, the process may also at least partially recover the soluble substance using a membrane, distillation, or another technique.