Disclosed are methods of extracting metal ions using ionic liquids (ILs), IL complexes, and mixtures comprising an IL and a metal-chelating group. Also disclosed are IL complexes, and mixtures comprising an IL and a metal-chelating group.

Disclosed are methods of extracting metal ions using ionic liquids (ILs), IL complexes, and mixtures comprising an IL and a metal-chelating group. Also disclosed are IL complexes, and mixtures comprising an IL and a metal-chelating group.

Disclosed is a process for carrying out a cyclization reaction, a polymerization reaction, an enzymatic reaction showing substrate inhibition, an enzymatic reaction showing product inhibition, a reaction showing precipitation of the substrate or of a reactant, the process comprising the steps of a) diluting a fresh substrate with solvent to form a diluted substrate-solvent mixture, and supplying this mixture to a reactor, b) causing the reaction medium in the reactor to react, c) discharging reaction mixture comprising reaction product, solvent, and substrate that has not reacted, to a first filtration membrane which is permeable to the solvent and impermeable to the substrate and to the catalyst or at least one of the reactants, d) returning solvent from the permeate side of the first membrane to dilute the fresh substrate, and e) returning retentate comprising substrate which has not reacted, from the first filtration membrane to the reactor.

Disclosed is a process for carrying out a cyclization reaction, a polymerization reaction, an enzymatic reaction showing substrate inhibition, an enzymatic reaction showing product inhibition, a reaction showing precipitation of the substrate or of a reactant, the process comprising the steps of a) diluting a fresh substrate with solvent to form a diluted substrate-solvent mixture, and supplying this mixture to a reactor, b) causing the reaction medium in the reactor to react, c) discharging reaction mixture comprising reaction product, solvent, and substrate that has not reacted, to a first filtration membrane which is permeable to the solvent and impermeable to the substrate and to the catalyst or at least one of the reactants, d) returning solvent from the permeate side of the first membrane to dilute the fresh substrate, and e) returning retentate comprising substrate which has not reacted, from the first filtration membrane to the reactor.

Compounds of Formula (I) or (Ia) or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts can inhibit the G12C mutant of Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) protein and are expected to have utility as therapeutic agents, for example, for treating cancer. The disclosure also provides pharmaceutical compositions which comprise compounds of Formula (I) or (Ia) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The disclosure also relates to methods for use of the compounds or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts in the therapy and prophylaxis of cancer and for preparing pharmaceuticals for this purpose.

The invention relates to compounds that inhibit DUBs, particularly USP9X. The invention also includes methods of inhibiting DUBs, including USP9X, and methods of treating cancers.

A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (II) where Et=ethyl; Bn=benzyl and Ph=phenyl; comprises the step of reacting a cyclic amine with an alkylating agent to form a compound of formula II, wherein the process is solvent-free. The chloroalkyl N-substituted cyclic amines of formula II may be used in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients or intermediates therefor comprising these moieties in their molecular structure.

A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (II) where Et=ethyl; Bn=benzyl and Ph=phenyl; comprises the step of reacting a cyclic amine with an alkylating agent to form a compound of formula II, wherein the process is solvent-free. The chloroalkyl N-substituted cyclic amines of formula II may be used in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients or intermediates therefor comprising these moieties in their molecular structure.

The present invention provides a new class of thermosetting ring-opening metathesis polymerization materials based on norbornene and oxanorbornene dicarboximide moieties containing at least one acetal ester group linkage. The acetal ester group is degradable when subjected to heat or acidic aqueous hydrolysis. The polymerization materials can be used in reworkable thermosetting compositions. R1-Rs, X, and n are defined herein.

##STR00001##

The application relates to macrocyclic compounds and related polymers, as well as to processes for synthesizing them, e.g., using olefins as starting material.