The invention relates to a method for purifying halogenated oligosilanes in the form of a pure compound or a mixture of compounds with respectively at least one direct SiSi bond, the substituents thereof being exclusively made from halogen or from halogen and hydrogen and in the composition thereof, the atomic ratio of the substituents:silicon is at least 3:2, by the action of at least one purification agent on the halogenated oligosilane and by isolating the halogenated oligosilanes with improved purity. According to prior art, halogenated monosilanes such as HSiCl.sub.3 are purified by treating with organic compounds, preferably polymers, containing amino groups, and are separated from said mixtures. Based on the contained amino groups, said method can not be used for halogenated oligosilanes as the secondary reactions lead to a decomposition of the products. The novel method is used to provide the desired products in a high yield and purity without using the amino groups.

The invention relates to a method for purifying halogenated oligosilanes in the form of a pure compound or a mixture of compounds with respectively at least one direct SiSi bond, the substituents thereof being exclusively made from halogen or from halogen and hydrogen and in the composition thereof, the atomic ratio of the substituents:silicon is at least 3:2, by the action of at least one purification agent on the halogenated oligosilane and by isolating the halogenated oligosilanes with improved purity. According to prior art, halogenated monosilanes such as HSiCl.sub.3 are purified by treating with organic compounds, preferably polymers, containing amino groups, and are separated from said mixtures. Based on the contained amino groups, said method can not be used for halogenated oligosilanes as the secondary reactions lead to a decomposition of the products. The novel method is used to provide the desired products in a high yield and purity without using the amino groups.

The present specification relates to an organic solar cell and a method for manufacturing the same.

The present specification relates to an organic solar cell and a method for manufacturing the same.

The invention provides a material comprising (i) a crown ether of formula (I), (ii) a crown ether of formula (II), and/or (iii) a crown ether of formula (III), or a salt thereof, wherein each m independently is an integer from 1 to 8, p is an integer from 1 to 1000, each designates an optionally present bond and/or structure, each X is an optionally present substituent, each * independently represents H, ?0, or a bond to a remainder of the material, provided that at least one * is a bond to the remainder of the material, and wherein the remainder of the material is bound via a sp3-sp3 carbon-carbon bond, a method of making the material, and a method of using the material.

The invention provides a material comprising (i) a crown ether of formula (I), (ii) a crown ether of formula (II), and/or (iii) a crown ether of formula (III), or a salt thereof, wherein each m independently is an integer from 1 to 8, p is an integer from 1 to 1000, each designates an optionally present bond and/or structure, each X is an optionally present substituent, each * independently represents H, ?0, or a bond to a remainder of the material, provided that at least one * is a bond to the remainder of the material, and wherein the remainder of the material is bound via a sp3-sp3 carbon-carbon bond, a method of making the material, and a method of using the material.

The invention provides a material comprising (i) a crown ether of formula (I) and/or (ii) a crown ether of formula (II), or a salt thereof, wherein each m independently is an integer from 1 to 8, each designates an optionally present bond and/or structure, each X independently is N(R.sub.1).sub.2, N*(R.sub.1), N**, N*(R.sub.1).sub.2.sup.+Z.sup.?, or N**(R.sub.1).sup.+Z.sup.?, provided at least one X is N*(R.sub.1), N**, N*(R.sub.1).sub.2.sup.+Z.sup.?, or N**(R.sub.1).sup.+Z.sup.?, wherein each R.sub.1 independently is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6 alkyl, each Z is optionally present and independently is a counterion to balance the charge on nitrogen, and * represents a bond to a remainder of the material, a method of making the material, and a method of using the material.

The invention provides a material comprising (i) a crown ether of formula (I) and/or (ii) a crown ether of formula (II), or a salt thereof, wherein each m independently is an integer from 1 to 8, each designates an optionally present bond and/or structure, each X independently is N(R.sub.1).sub.2, N*(R.sub.1), N**, N*(R.sub.1).sub.2.sup.+Z.sup.?, or N**(R.sub.1).sup.+Z.sup.?, provided at least one X is N*(R.sub.1), N**, N*(R.sub.1).sub.2.sup.+Z.sup.?, or N**(R.sub.1).sup.+Z.sup.?, wherein each R.sub.1 independently is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6 alkyl, each Z is optionally present and independently is a counterion to balance the charge on nitrogen, and * represents a bond to a remainder of the material, a method of making the material, and a method of using the material.

The present disclosure provides immunogenic compositions comprising: a) hepatitis C virus (HCV) E1E2 heterodimers, HCV E2, or HCV E1; and b) an adjuvant, where the adjuvant is a cyclic dinucleotide or an archaeosome. The present disclosure provides methods of inducing an immune response in an individual to HCV, the methods comprising administering to an individual an effective amount of an immunogenic composition of the present disclosure.

The present disclosure provides immunogenic compositions comprising: a) hepatitis C virus (HCV) E1E2 heterodimers, HCV E2, or HCV E1; and b) an adjuvant, where the adjuvant is a cyclic dinucleotide or an archaeosome. The present disclosure provides methods of inducing an immune response in an individual to HCV, the methods comprising administering to an individual an effective amount of an immunogenic composition of the present disclosure.