Organic electroluminescent device comprising an anode, a cathode, at least one emission layer and an organic semiconducting layer; wherein the organic semiconducting layer is arranged between the at least one emission layer and the cathode; wherein the organic semiconducting layer comprises; a) a first organic compound comprising a first C.sub.10 to C.sub.42 arene structural moiety and/or a first C.sub.2 to C.sub.42 heteroarene structural moiety, wherein i) the dipole moment of the first organic compound, computed by the TURBOMOLE V6.sub..5 program package using hybrid functional B3LYP and Gaussian 6-.sub.31G* basis set, is from 0 to 2.5 Debye; and ii) the LUMO energy level of the first organic compound in the absolute scale taking vacuum energy level as zero, computed by the TURBOMOLE V6.sub..5 program package using hybrid functional B.sub.3LYP and Gaussian 6-.sub.31G* basis set, is in the range from −1.7 eV to −2.1 eV; and b) a second organic compound comprising a second C.sub.10 to C.sub.42 arene structural moiety and/or a second C.sub.2 to C.sub.42 heteroarene structural moiety and in addition at least one polar group selected from phosphine oxide and phosphine sulfide, wherein in) the dipole moment of the second organic compound, computed by the TURBOMOLE V6.sub..5 program package using hybrid functional B.sub.3LYP and Gaussian 6-.sub.31G* basis set, is from 1.5 to 10 Debye; and iv) the LUMO energy level of the second organic compound in the absolute scale taking vacuum energy level as zero is less than 0.25 eV higher or lower than the LUMO energy level of the first organic compound; wherein it is provided that the first organic compound and the second organic compound are different from each other.

The invention relates to metal complex compounds of the formula M.sub.k(L).sub.x(Y).sub.kz-nx, where the ligand L has the formula (I), and to metal complex compounds which include the reaction product of at least one salt or a complex of a transition metal or a main group metal element of the groups 13 to 15 and at least one 1,3-ketoamide. Such complex compounds are suitable in particular as catalysts for polyurethane compositions. The invention also relates to two-component polyurethane compositions including at least one polyisocyanate as the first component, at least one polyol as the second component, and at least one such metal complex compound as the catalyst. The invention additionally relates to different uses of the two-component polyurethane compositions.

Provided in the present invention is a preparation method for a phosphonic salt, comprising the step of: reacting 3,7,11-trimethyldodec-1,4,6,10-tetraene-3-ol with triarylphosphine and an acid in an alcohol solvent at 50-100° C. to form the phosphonic salt, wherein the acid is a sulfamic acid or methanesulfonic acid, and the alcohol solvent is a straight chain monohydric alcohol containing 1-5 carbon atoms. The method is performed in nearly neutral conditions, greatly reducing the generation of impurities and greatly obtaining phosphonic salt with an increased E content. The yield of lycopene obtained by using the phosphonic salt as a raw material is high.

Processes for producing a disubstituted oxalate are disclosed. The process includes contacting a mixture of cesium salt and gamma alumina with one or more alcohols and carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) under reaction conditions sufficient to produce a composition comprising a disubstituted oxalate.

Processes for producing a disubstituted oxalate are disclosed. The process includes contacting a mixture of cesium salt and gamma alumina with one or more alcohols and carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) under reaction conditions sufficient to produce a composition comprising a disubstituted oxalate.

A cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery includes a lithium metal oxide particle and a thio-based compound formed on at least portion of a surface of the lithium metal oxide particle. The thio-based compound has a double bond that contains a sulfur atom. Chemical stability of the lithium metal oxide particle may be improved and surface residues may be reduced by the thio-based compound.

A group 5 metal compound according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is represented by any one of the following <Chemical Formula 1> and <Chemical Formula 2>:

##STR00001##

In <Chemical Formula 1> and <Chemical Formula 2>, M is any one selected from group 5 metal elements, n is any one selected from an integer of 1 to 5, R.sub.1 is any one selected from a linear alkyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms and a branched alkyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each independently any one selected from hydrogen, a linear alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and a branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

A group 5 metal compound according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is represented by any one of the following <Chemical Formula 1> and <Chemical Formula 2>:

##STR00001##

In <Chemical Formula 1> and <Chemical Formula 2>, M is any one selected from group 5 metal elements, n is any one selected from an integer of 1 to 5, R.sub.1 is any one selected from a linear alkyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms and a branched alkyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each independently any one selected from hydrogen, a linear alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and a branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

The invention relates to a method for producing dialkylamido element compounds. In particular, the invention relates to a method for producing dialkylamido element compounds of the type E(NRR′).sub.x, wherein first WAIN is reacted with HNRR′ in order to form M[Al(NRR′).sub.4] and hydrogen, and then the formed M[Al(NRR′).sub.4] is reacted with EX.sub.x in order to form E(NRR′).sub.x and M[AlX.sub.4], wherein M=Li, Na, or K, R=C.sub.nH.sub.2n+1, where n=1 to 20, and independently thereof R′=C.sub.nH.sub.2n+1, where n=1 to 20, E is an element of the groups 3 to 15 of the periodic table of elements, X=F, Cl, Br, or I, and x=2, 3, 4 or 5.

An organometallic compound and a method of manufacturing an integrated circuit (IC) device, the organometallic compound being represented by Formula (I),

##STR00001##