A high-refractive-index hardcoat layer of a sufficiently reduced haze value can be obtained from an aqueous composition containing Si, Al and at least one of Ti and Zr, in which the ratio of the number of atoms of Ti and Zr with respect to the number of atoms of Si is 2.5 to 18, the ratio of the number of atoms of Al with respect to the number of atoms of Si is 0.08 to 0.22, and the aqueous composition has a haze value of 0.5% or less.

A reflective particulate composition includes a particulate mixture that includes a particulate substrate, a hardness enhancer and a pigment. The reflective particulate substrate has a hydrophobic coating on the particulate mixture. The composition may have a solar reflectance of 70% or greater. The pigment may include a clay, and the particulate substrate may include a feldspar. A method of making the composition may include mixing the particulate substrate, the hardness enhancer, and the pigment to form a particulate mixture, heat treating the particulate mixture, and coating the heat treated mixture with the hydrophobic coating.

A reflective particulate composition includes a particulate mixture that includes a particulate substrate, a hardness enhancer and a pigment. The reflective particulate substrate has a hydrophobic coating on the particulate mixture. The composition may have a solar reflectance of 70% or greater. The pigment may include a clay, and the particulate substrate may include a feldspar. A method of making the composition may include mixing the particulate substrate, the hardness enhancer, and the pigment to form a particulate mixture, heat treating the particulate mixture, and coating the heat treated mixture with the hydrophobic coating.

An anti-microbial coating formulation consisting essentially of triethanolamine and a silane.

Provided is a heat insulating window film including a flexible support, and a fibrous metal particles-containing layer containing fibrous metal particles, in which the fibrous metal particles contain silver or an alloy of silver, an average short diameter of the fibrous metal particles is equal to or smaller than 35 nm and an average long diameter is equal to or greater than 5 m, and a content per unit area of fibrous metal particles of the fibrous metal particles-containing layer is equal to or greater than 10 mg/m.sup.2.

Provided is a heat insulating window film including a flexible support, and a fibrous metal particles-containing layer containing fibrous metal particles, in which the fibrous metal particles contain silver or an alloy of silver, an average short diameter of the fibrous metal particles is equal to or smaller than 35 nm and an average long diameter is equal to or greater than 5 m, and a content per unit area of fibrous metal particles of the fibrous metal particles-containing layer is equal to or greater than 10 mg/m.sup.2.

An anti-reflection film (X) includes a laminated structure including a substrate (11), a hard coat layer (12), and an anti-reflection layer (13), and a luminous reflectance of the anti-reflection layer (13) side is 2% or less. A minimum value of a mandrel diameter indicating the bending resistance is in a range of 6 mm or less in a bending test according to a cylindrical mandrel method in which the test piece of the anti-reflection film (X) is bent with the anti-reflection layer (13) side inward. Additionally or alternatively, a minimum value of the mandrel diameter indicating the bending resistance is in a range of 10 mm or less in a bending test according to a cylindrical mandrel method in which the test piece of the anti-reflection film (X) is bent with the anti-reflection layer (13) side outward. Such an anti-reflection film is suitable for achieving high bending resistance together with high anti-reflective properties.

An anti-reflection film (X) includes a laminated structure including a substrate (11), a hard coat layer (12), and an anti-reflection layer (13), and a luminous reflectance of the anti-reflection layer (13) side is 2% or less. A minimum value of a mandrel diameter indicating the bending resistance is in a range of 6 mm or less in a bending test according to a cylindrical mandrel method in which the test piece of the anti-reflection film (X) is bent with the anti-reflection layer (13) side inward. Additionally or alternatively, a minimum value of the mandrel diameter indicating the bending resistance is in a range of 10 mm or less in a bending test according to a cylindrical mandrel method in which the test piece of the anti-reflection film (X) is bent with the anti-reflection layer (13) side outward. Such an anti-reflection film is suitable for achieving high bending resistance together with high anti-reflective properties.

Thermoset ceramic compositions and a method of preparation of such compositions. The compositions are advanced organic/inorganic hybrid composite polymer ceramic alloys. The material combines strength, hardness and high temperature performance of technical ceramics with the strength, ductility, thermal shock resistance, density, and easy processing of the polymer. Consisting of a branched backbone of silicon, alumina, and carbon, the material undergoes sintering at 7 to 300 centigrade for 2 to 94 hours from water at a pH between 0 to 14, humidity of 0 to 100%, with or without vaporous solvents.

Thermoset ceramic compositions and a method of preparation of such compositions. The compositions are advanced organic/inorganic hybrid composite polymer ceramic alloys. The material combines strength, hardness and high temperature performance of technical ceramics with the strength, ductility, thermal shock resistance, density, and easy processing of the polymer. Consisting of a branched backbone of silicon, alumina, and carbon, the material undergoes sintering at 7 to 300 centigrade for 2 to 94 hours from water at a pH between 0 to 14, humidity of 0 to 100%, with or without vaporous solvents.