Disclosed herein are porous electrochromic niobium oxide films comprising a plurality of niobium oxide nanocrystals, wherein the plurality of niobium oxide nanocrystals comprise niobium oxide having a formula of NbO.sub.x where x represents the average Nb:O ratio in the niobium oxide and where x is from 2 to 2.6. Also disclosed herein are methods of making the porous electrochromic niobium oxide films, methods of use of the porous electrochromic niobium oxide films, and devices comprising the porous electrochromic niobium oxide films.

According to one embodiment, provided is a tungsten oxide powder including primary particles having an average particle size of 100 nm or less. Each of the primary particles include a crystal phase and an amorphous phase coexisting in each primary particle.

According to one embodiment, provided is a tungsten oxide powder including primary particles having an average particle size of 100 nm or less. Each of the primary particles include a crystal phase and an amorphous phase coexisting in each primary particle.

Articles comprises iron oxide colloidal nanocrystals arranged within chains, wherein the chains of nanocrystals are embedded within a material used to form the article or a transfer medium used to transfer a color to the article are described. The material or transfer medium includes elastic properties that allow the nanocrystals to display a temporary color determined by the strength of an external force applied to the article, and the material or transfer medium includes memory properties that cause the displayed temporary color to dissipate when the external force is removed, wherein the dissipation of the displayed temporary color is sufficiently slow as to be visually observable by an average observer's unaided eye.

Articles comprises iron oxide colloidal nanocrystals arranged within chains, wherein the chains of nanocrystals are embedded within a material used to form the article or a transfer medium used to transfer a color to the article are described. The material or transfer medium includes elastic properties that allow the nanocrystals to display a temporary color determined by the strength of an external force applied to the article, and the material or transfer medium includes memory properties that cause the displayed temporary color to dissipate when the external force is removed, wherein the dissipation of the displayed temporary color is sufficiently slow as to be visually observable by an average observer's unaided eye.

Articles comprises iron oxide colloidal nanocrystals arranged within chains, wherein the chains of nanocrystals are embedded within a material used to form the article or a transfer medium used to transfer a color to the article are described. The material or transfer medium includes elastic properties that allow the nanocrystals to display a temporary color determined by the strength of an external force applied to the article, and the material or transfer medium includes memory properties that cause the displayed temporary color to dissipate when the external force is removed, wherein the dissipation of the displayed temporary color is sufficiently slow as to be visually observable by an average observer's unaided eye.

Articles comprises iron oxide colloidal nanocrystals arranged within chains, wherein the chains of nanocrystals are embedded within a material used to form the article or a transfer medium used to transfer a color to the article are described. The material or transfer medium includes elastic properties that allow the nanocrystals to display a temporary color determined by the strength of an external force applied to the article, and the material or transfer medium includes memory properties that cause the displayed temporary color to dissipate when the external force is removed, wherein the dissipation of the displayed temporary color is sufficiently slow as to be visually observable by an average observer's unaided eye.

An electrochromic glass pane includes an assembly of a first part, including a first glass plate forming a first conductive substrate having a first conductive surface and a first non-conductive surface opposite the first conductive surface, and a negative semiconducting film on the first conductive surface, a second part, including a second glass plate forming a second conductive substrate having a second conductive surface and a second non-conductive surface opposite the second conductive surface, and a positive semiconducting film on the second conductive surface, the negative and positive semiconducting films being configured to function as negative and positive electrodes of the electrochromic glass pane, respectively, the first conductive surface facing the second conductive surface, an electrolyte being arranged between the first and second conductive surfaces, and the negative and positive semiconducting films being formed by jet printing first and second electrochromic inks onto the first and second conductive surfaces, respectively.

An electrochromic glass pane includes an assembly of a first part, including a first glass plate forming a first conductive substrate having a first conductive surface and a first non-conductive surface opposite the first conductive surface, and a negative semiconducting film on the first conductive surface, a second part, including a second glass plate forming a second conductive substrate having a second conductive surface and a second non-conductive surface opposite the second conductive surface, and a positive semiconducting film on the second conductive surface, the negative and positive semiconducting films being configured to function as negative and positive electrodes of the electrochromic glass pane, respectively, the first conductive surface facing the second conductive surface, an electrolyte being arranged between the first and second conductive surfaces, and the negative and positive semiconducting films being formed by jet printing first and second electrochromic inks onto the first and second conductive surfaces, respectively.

Disclosed are a method for producing a photoresponsive automatic color change precursor and a photoresponsive automatic color change element, and a photoresponsive automatic color change element produced thereby. A method for producing a photoresponsive automatic color change precursor and a photoresponsive automatic color change element, and a photoresponsive automatic color change element produced thereby according to the present invention are characterized in that the method includes a step for adding or adsorbing a ligand material to a reducing color change material, a semiconductor material, or an electron transfer material to produce a reducing color change mixture that changes color through a photoresponse. Accordingly, effects are exhibited wherein handleability and storability are facilitated by means of a simple structure, discoloration and color change can be performed by driving the photoresponsive automatic color change element by using electrical power self-generated using external light, and the rate of discoloration in particular is remarkably improved.