A method for transforming organic waste into carbon using sequential physical and biological degradation, including fermentation, drying under vacuum and elevated temperature followed by heating to a temperature of between 300° C. and 500° C. to promote carbonization and production of charcoal.

A microwave thermosolar method and device used in a tubular reactor (110) includes a conveyor for substrates defined as materials thus conveyed. According to this method, a step is provided for circulating an electric current in the conveyor in order to produce heat in this conveyor by Joule effect and optionally to cause, in the substrates, at least some of the following: curing, pyrolyses, gasifications, fusions and chemical reactions including oxidation-reduction reactions, under the action of the electric current.

A microwave thermosolar method and device used in a tubular reactor (110) includes a conveyor for substrates defined as materials thus conveyed. According to this method, a step is provided for circulating an electric current in the conveyor in order to produce heat in this conveyor by Joule effect and optionally to cause, in the substrates, at least some of the following: curing, pyrolyses, gasifications, fusions and chemical reactions including oxidation-reduction reactions, under the action of the electric current.

A method for converting agricultural biomass or industrial bio waste into biofuel using concentrated radiated energy is disclosed. Biomass or bio waste is stored inside a batch reactor in either solid or semisolid state. Unwanted moisture and unwanted oxygen are removed from the stored agricultural biomass or industrial bio waste. Concentrated radiated energy is directed towards the biomass or bio waste through a radiated energy concentrator that focuses the concentrated radiated energy. Biomass or bio waste is kept within the depth of focus of the concentrated radiated energy during the conversion operation. Due to substantial matching of the absorption peak of biomass or bio waste with the emission peak of the concentrated radiated energy, the biomass or bio waste that is within the depth of focus instantaneously decomposes into biofuel. The biofuel thus generated is at ambient temperature with higher energy density.

A method for converting agricultural biomass or industrial bio waste into biofuel using concentrated radiated energy is disclosed. Biomass or bio waste is stored inside a batch reactor in either solid or semisolid state. Unwanted moisture and unwanted oxygen are removed from the stored agricultural biomass or industrial bio waste. Concentrated radiated energy is directed towards the biomass or bio waste through a radiated energy concentrator that focuses the concentrated radiated energy. Biomass or bio waste is kept within the depth of focus of the concentrated radiated energy during the conversion operation. Due to substantial matching of the absorption peak of biomass or bio waste with the emission peak of the concentrated radiated energy, the biomass or bio waste that is within the depth of focus instantaneously decomposes into biofuel. The biofuel thus generated is at ambient temperature with higher energy density.

The delayed coking method includes directing a heated secondary feedstock, which contains heated primary feedstock and recirculate, from a reaction furnace to a coking chamber. Vapor-liquid coking products formed in the coking chamber are then directed to a fractionation column, which fractionates hydrocarbon gas, gasoline, light and heavy gas oils, and bottom residues. Heavy gas oil from the fractionation column is directed to a thermal cracking furnace, the products of which are cooled by cooled light gas oil and directed to an evaporator for separation. In the evaporator, gases and light boiling products are removed by evaporation and returned to the fractionation column, and the remaining distillate cracking residue is separated and used as a component of the recirculate, along with bottom residues from the fractionation column. The resulting process produces high quality and high yield needle and anode cokes.

The delayed coking method includes directing a heated secondary feedstock, which contains heated primary feedstock and recirculate, from a reaction furnace to a coking chamber. Vapor-liquid coking products formed in the coking chamber are then directed to a fractionation column, which fractionates hydrocarbon gas, gasoline, light and heavy gas oils, and bottom residues. Heavy gas oil from the fractionation column is directed to a thermal cracking furnace, the products of which are cooled by cooled light gas oil and directed to an evaporator for separation. In the evaporator, gases and light boiling products are removed by evaporation and returned to the fractionation column, and the remaining distillate cracking residue is separated and used as a component of the recirculate, along with bottom residues from the fractionation column. The resulting process produces high quality and high yield needle and anode cokes.

A superheated steam generating apparatus (12) is made of a material capable of generating heat upon energization. The superheated steam generating apparatus (12) comprises a superheated steam generating pipe (12) which includes a flow path (129) in which steam can flow and transfers the heat to the steam in the flow path (129) to generate superheated steam. In the superheated steam generating apparatus (12), a length of a cross-sectional shape of a wall forming the flow path (129) of the superheated steam generating pipe (12) is longer than a length of a circumference of an exact circle having a same sectional area as a sectional area of the flow path (129).

A superheated steam generating apparatus (12) is made of a material capable of generating heat upon energization. The superheated steam generating apparatus (12) comprises a superheated steam generating pipe (12) which includes a flow path (129) in which steam can flow and transfers the heat to the steam in the flow path (129) to generate superheated steam. In the superheated steam generating apparatus (12), a length of a cross-sectional shape of a wall forming the flow path (129) of the superheated steam generating pipe (12) is longer than a length of a circumference of an exact circle having a same sectional area as a sectional area of the flow path (129).

Electrolysis devices and systems include a first plate having first and second outlets; a first screen extending below the first plate proximate to the first outlet wherein a inner diameter of the first screen?an inner diameter of the first outlet; a tube extending below the first plate wherein the tube is disposed around the first screen with a first gap between the first screen and the tube; a second screen extending below the first plate such that the second screen is disposed around the tube with a second gap between the tube and the second screen; the second outlet is either disposed between the tube and the second screen or outside of the second screen; and wherein a length of the first screen is less that a length of the second screen, and a length of the tube is greater than the length of the second screen.