Disclosed herein is a hermetically sealed flow-through reactor for non-oxidative thermal degradation of a rubber containing waste into a char product, the reactor having an internal cylindrical surface, and the reactor including: an inlet and an outlet; one or more thermal reaction zones arranged between the inlet and the outlet, wherein each thermal reaction zone is provided with: one or more heating elements controllable to heat the thermal reaction zone to an operating temperature for mediating the non-oxidative thermal degradation of rubber in the rubber containing waste, and one or more gas outlets for withdrawing gas or gases evolved during the non-oxidative thermal degradation of the rubber; and a screw auger located within the reactor, the screw augur configured to rotate in both the forward and reverse directions to agitate and transport the rubber containing waste through the one or more thermal reaction zones in both the forward and reverse directions and to the outlet, wherein flighting on the screw auger tracks the internal cylindrical surface of the reactor in close relationship to minimise or prevent the transport of material through a clearance space between outer edges of the flighting and the internal cylindrical surface of the reactor.

A process for the non-oxidative thermal degradation of a rubber containing waste including: transporting the rubber containing waste along a horizontal axis of a hermetically sealed cylindrical reactor including: an inlet and an outlet, one or more thermal reaction zones arranged between the inlet and the outlet, wherein each thermal reaction zone is provided with: one or more heating elements controllable to heat the thermal reaction zone to an operating temperature for mediating the non-oxidative thermal degradation of rubber in the rubber containing waste, and one or more gas outlets for withdrawing volatile gas or gases evolved during the non-oxidative thermal degradation of the rubber; and a screw auger located within the reactor, the screw augur configured to rotate in both the forward and reverse directions to agitate and transport the rubber containing waste through the one or more thermal reaction zones in both the forward and reverse directions and to the outlet; heating the rubber containing waste, in the one or more thermal treatment zones, to a temperature above the degradation temperature of rubber for a time sufficient to produce the volatile gas or gases and the char product; operating the screw auger in both the forward and reverse directions to agitate the rubber containing waste within the reactor; and advancing the rubber containing waste along the horizontal axis to the outlet.

A gas generation plant for generating hydrogen-containing synthesis gas includes a gas generation reactor which is oriented in the vertical direction being greater in length vertically than width. A gas inlet is designed for the passage of superheated water vapor into the gas generation reactor. Through an upper outlet, a gas/water vapor mixture can exit the gas generation reactor and be reused in the second heating element after having been superheated. Synthesis gas can exit through a lower gas outlet. In the vertical direction, the gas inlet is arranged at a smaller distance from the lower end than the lower gas outlet. The upper gas outlet is arranged at a smaller vertical distance from the upper end than the lower gas outlet. The vertical distance between the upper gas outlet and the lower gas outlet is greater than the vertical distance between the lower gas outlet and the gas inlet.

The presently disclosed subject matter relates to torrefied biomass briquettes and methods for producing the same that make use of a mixture of lightly torrefied material (LTM) and highly torrefied material (HTM) and/or make use of torrefied materials that are subjected to a hydrolysis pretreatment prior to being torrefied.

The presently disclosed subject matter relates to torrefied biomass briquettes and methods for producing the same that make use of a mixture of lightly torrefied material (LTM) and highly torrefied material (HTM) and/or make use of torrefied materials that are subjected to a hydrolysis pretreatment prior to being torrefied.

A method for producing an electrically-conductive pellet includes reducing a size of a first material. The method also includes wetting the first material to produce a first slurry. The method also includes introducing the first slurry into a fluidizer to produce a first pellet. The method also includes reducing a size of a second material. The second material is an electrically-conductive material. The method also includes wetting the second material to produce a second slurry. The method also includes applying the second slurry to the first pellet.

A method for recovering fibers embedded in a composite material including loading a furnace chamber with a volume of the composite material; thermolyzing the composite material in the furnace chamber, resulting in a gaseous fraction that is continuously evacuated from the furnace chamber, and a residue of fibers covered with char that is left in the furnace chamber; cracking the gaseous fraction from the thermolyzing operation, resulting in a mixture of condensable and non-condensable gases that can be recycled; injecting a stream of an oxygen-containing gas into the still hot furnace chamber after the thermolyzing is completed therein, to burn the char from the fibers in an exothermic combustion.

A hermetically sealed flow-through reactor for non-oxidative thermal degradation of a rubber containing waste into a char product, the reactor having an internal cylindrical surface, and the reactor including: one or more thermal reaction zones arranged between the inlet and the outlet, wherein each zone is provided with: one or more heating elements controllable to heat the zone to an operating temperature, and one or more gas outlets for withdrawing gas or gases evolved during the degradation of the rubber; and a screw auger located within the reactor, the screw augur configured to rotate in both the forward and reverse directions to agitate and transport the rubber containing waste to the outlet, wherein fighting on the screw auger tracks the internal cylindrical surface of the reactor in close relationship to minimise or prevent the transport of material through a clearance space between outer edges of the fighting and the internal cylindrical surface of the reactor.

The present invention includes a system and a method for the refinement of char and the manufacture of regenerated carbon black through waste tire pyrolysis, wherein, in a process of refining char obtained through a pyrolysis process of a waste tires, volatile constituents of char are preferentially removed prior to molding using a pyrolysis furnace having a continuous-type configuration and capable of operating in a continuous manner, and microparticular or microparticle-type regenerated carbon black is produced using the resulting char of increased purity as a material and then molded into spheres with water serving as a binder, whereby regenerated carbon black of high quality can be produced, with the concomitant achievement of cost reduction and an increase in output in the process of producing corresponding spherical regenerated carbon black.

The invention provides a carbonaceous feed pyrolysis apparatus including two or more hot particle fluidised beds, and material transfer means for the transfer of hot catalyst particles between two or more of the beds, wherein one or more of the 5 fluidised beds is a gasifier which contains a gasification zone and one or more of the fluidised beds is a pyrolysis reactor which contains a pyrolysis zone, so that the particles are recirculated and serve as an energy carrier to drive pyrolysis in the pyrolysis zone. The invention extends to a carbonaceous feed pyrolysis process using said apparatus.