The present invention discloses a steel for bolts, which comprises the following chemical elements in percentage by mass in addition to Fe and inevitable impurities: C: 0.37 to 0.45%; Si: 0.01 to 0.08%; Mn: 0.45 to 0.80%; Cr: 0.90 to 1.30%; Mo: 0.20 to 0.45%; Ni: 0.10 to 0.30%; V: 0.15 to 0.30%; and Al: 0.015 to 0.035%. The present invention further discloses a method for manufacturing the steel for bolts, which comprises the following steps: (1) smelting; (2) casting; (3) rough rolling; (4) high-speed wire rolling; (5) Stelmor controlled cooling; and (6) heat treatment, wherein the holding temperature of spheroidizing heat treatment is 760 to 790? C. and the holding time is 4 to 12 h, followed by a slow cooling process after the holding with a cooling speed of lower than 40? C./h. The drawing area reduction rate of a coil rod is controlled to 5 to 30%. The heating temperature of quenching and tempering heat treatment is 850 to 950? C. The tempering temperature is 500 to 600? C. The steel for bolts disclosed in the present invention has a uniform structure and performance, has low production costs, and has high strength and good delayed fracture resistance.

The present invention is about the design and manufacturing method of constructing nano-structured lattices. The design of the four periodic two-dimensional lattices (hexagonal, triangulated, square and Kagome) is described; and the process of making nano-structured lattices is outlined in the present invention.

Embodiments of the present invention provide an electromagnetic sensor (400) for detecting a microstructure of a metal target, comprising: a magnetic device (410, 420) for providing an excitation magnetic field; a magnetometer (430) for detecting a resultant magnetic field induced in a metal target; and a calibration circuit (450, 551, 552, 553, 554) for generating a calibration magnetic field for calibrating the electromagnetic sensor, wherein the calibration reference magnetic field is generated by an electrical current induced in the calibration circuit by the excitation magnetic field.

A method for producing a hot-dip aluminum-coated steel wire, including dipping a steel wire in molten aluminum, and drawing up the steel wire from the molten aluminum, wherein at the time of drawing up the steel wire from the molten aluminum, a stabilization member is contacted with a surface of the molten aluminum and the steel wire at the boundary between the steel wire and the surface of the molten aluminum, a nozzle having a tip end of which inside diameter is 1 to 15 mm is disposed so that the tip end is positioned at a place away from the steel wire by a distance of 1 to 50 mm, and an inert gas having a temperature of 200 to 800 C. is blown out from the tip end to the boundary at a volume flow rate of 2 to 200 L/min.

In various embodiments, electronic devices such as touch-panel displays incorporate interconnects featuring a conductor layer and, disposed above the conductor layer, a capping layer comprising an alloy of Cu and one or more refractory metal elements selected from the group consisting of Ta, Nb, Mo, W, Zr, Hf, Re, Os, Ru, Rh, Ti, V, Cr, and Ni.

In various embodiments, electronic devices such as touch-panel displays incorporate interconnects featuring a conductor layer and, disposed above the conductor layer, a capping layer comprising an alloy of Cu and one or more refractory metal elements selected from the group consisting of Ta, Nb, Mo, W, Zr, Hf, Re, Os, Ru, Rh, Ti, V, Cr, and Ni.

A method for producing a hot-dip aluminum-coated steel wire, including dipping a steel wire in molten aluminum, and drawing up the steel wire from the molten aluminum, wherein at the time of drawing up the steel wire from the molten aluminum, a stabilization member is contacted with a surface of the molten aluminum and the steel wire at the boundary between the steel wire and the surface of the molten aluminum, a nozzle having a tip end of which inside diameter is 1 to 15 mm is disposed so that the tip end is positioned at a place away from the steel wire by a distance of 1 to 50 mm, and an inert gas having a temperature of 200 to 800 C. is blown out from the tip end to the boundary at a volume flow rate of 2 to 200 L/min.

Provided is a steel sheet having a predetermined chemical composition and structure wherein (Fe, Mn).sub.2B precipitates having a circle equivalent diameter of 50 to 300 nm are present in a number density of 1/500 m.sup.2 or more in a surface layer region down to a depth of 100 m from the surface in the sheet thickness direction. Further, provided is a method for producing a steel sheet comprising continuously casting a molten steel having a predetermined chemical composition to form a steel slab, wherein the continuously casting includes introducing more than 10 ppm and less than 100 ppm of oxygen into the surface layer of the steel slab, hot rolling including finish rolling the steel slab, wherein a completion temperature of the finish rolling is 650 to 950 C., coiling the obtained hot rolled steel sheet at a coiling temperature of 400 to 700 C., and cold rolling the hot rolled steel sheet, then annealing it.

A hot-rolled steel sheet has an average value of the X-ray random intensity ratio of a {100} <011> to {223} <110> orientation group at least in a sheet thickness central portion that is in a sheet thickness range of to from a steel sheet surface of 1.0 to 6.0, an X-ray random intensity ratio of a {332} <113> crystal orientation of 1.0 to 5.0, rC which is an r value in a direction perpendicular to a rolling direction of 0.70 to 1.10, and r30 which is an r value in a direction that forms an angle of 30 with respect to the rolling direction of 0.70 to 1.10.

The present invention relates to an austenitic stainless steel, consisting of: C0.10 mass %, Si0.50 mass %, 3.0 mass %Mn8.0 mass %, P0.30 mass %, S0.30 mass %, 7.0 mass %Ni12.0 mass %, 18.0 mass %Cr 28.0 mass %, 1.0 mass %Mo3.0 mass %, 0.03 mass %V0.50 mass %, 0.0003 mass %B0.0300 mass %, 0.0001 mass %Ca0.0300 mass %, 0.35 mass %N0.80 mass %, and 0.001 mass %Co1.00 mass %, and optionally, W2.0 mass %, Zr0.20 mass %, and Ta0.50 mass %, with a balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities, and having a number density of coarse alloy carbonitrides of 310.sup.5 pieces/mm.sup.2 or less.